CO₂ laser excitation process

CO₂ laser, the main substance of the work by the CO₂, nitrogen, helium three gases composition. Wherein CO₂ laser radiation is generated gas, nitrogen gas and helium as the secondary gas. Added helium, can accelerate the pre-010 level thermal relaxation process, thus facilitating laser level 100 and 020 evacuated. Mainly from the nitrogen added in CO₂ laser energy transfer role for CO₂ laser tube output level and the number of particles accumulate high-power high efficiency play a strong role on the laser. CO₂ laser transition of molecular energy level diagram of CO₂ laser excitation conditions: discharge usually enter tens or hundreds mA mA DC current. Discharge nitrogen molecules in the discharge vessel within the gas mixture due to the collision of electrons which are aroused. Then they are excited nitrogen molecules and CO₂ molecules collide, N2 molecules transfer their energy to the CO₂molecule, CO₂ molecules from the low energy level transition to the formation of the number of particles emitted laser energy level inversion.

CO₂ laser resonator cavity common concave mirror with K8 optical glass or optical quartz, processed by the National Cheng Kung University radius of curvature of the concave mirror coated with a metal film with a high reflectance - gold-plated film at a wavelength 10.6μm the reflection rate of 98.8%, and chemically stable. Light infrared light emitted carbon dioxide. Therefore, the mirror needs to be applied infrared light through the material, because ordinary optical glass impervious to infrared light. It requires the total reflection mirror in the center of a small hole open. Resealing on a permeable material 10.6μm infrared laser, to seal gas. This makes the laser resonator from the outer part of the cavity output orifice to form a laser beam.
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About a storage tank

Storage tank are containers that hold liquids, compressed gases (gas tank) or mediums used for the short- or long-term storage of heat or cold. The term can be used for reservoirs (artificial lakes and ponds), and for manufactured containers. The usage of the word tank for reservoirs is uncommon in American English but is moderately common in British English. In other countries, the term tends to refer only to artificial containers.

In the USA, storage tank operate under no (or very little) pressure, distinguishing them from pressure vessels. Storage tank are often cylindrical in shape, perpendicular to the ground with flat bottoms, and a fixed or floating roof. There are usually many environmental regulations applied to the design and operation of storage tank, often depending on the nature of the fluid contained within. Above ground storage tank (AST) differ from underground (UST)steel tank in the kinds of regulations that are applied.

Reservoirs can be covered, in which case they may be called covered or underground storage tank or reservoirs. Covered water tanks are common in urban areas.

Storage tank are available in many shapes: vertical and horizontal cylindrical; open top and closed top; flat bottom, cone bottom, slope bottom and dish bottom. Large tanks tend to be vertical cylindrical, or to have rounded corners transition from vertical side wall to bottom profile, to easier withstand hydraulic hydrostatically induced pressure of contained liquid. Most container tanks for handling liquids during transportation are designed to handle varying degrees of pressure.

A large storage tank is sometimes mounted on a lorry (truck) or on an articulated lorry trailer, which is then called a tanker.

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For the ball valve used in toilet tanks

A ball valve is a form of quarter-turn valve which uses a hollow, perforated and pivoting ball (called a "floating ball") to control flow through it. It is open when the ball's hole is in line with the flow and closed when it is pivoted 90-degrees by the valve handle. The handle lies flat in alignment with the flow when open, and is perpendicular to it when closed, making for easy visual confirmation of the valve's status.

Ball valve are durable, performing well after many cycles, and reliable, closing securely even after long periods of disuse. These qualities make them an excellent choice for shutoff applications, where they are often preferred to gates and globe valve, but they lack their fine control in throttling applications.

The ball valve's ease of operation, repair, and versatility lend it to extensive industrial use, supporting pressures up to 1000 bar and temperatures up to 752 °F (500 °C), depending on design and materials used. Sizes typically range from 0.2 to 48 inches (0.5 cm to 121 cm). Valve bodies are made of metal, plastic, or metal with a ceramic; floating balls are often chrome plated for durability.

A ball valve should not be confused with a "ball-check valve", a type of check valve that uses a solid ball to prevent undesired backflow.

Other types of quarter-turn valves include the butterfly valve and plug valve.

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