Auto Parts Science: Reasons and Precautions for Excessive Temperature of Diesel Engines

Excessive water temperature in the diesel engine usually causes the coolant in the radiator to boil, the diesel engine power to drop, the viscosity of the lubricating oil to decrease, the friction between the diesel engine parts to be intensified, and even the diesel engine to pull the cylinder and the cylinder head to burn out. This paper summarizes the main reasons for the high temperature of diesel engines, and proposes some improvement measures:

1. Long time overload operation

When the diesel engine is overloaded for a long time, it will increase its fuel consumption and increase the heat load, resulting in excessive water temperature. To this end, the diesel engine should be prevented from overloading for a long time.

2. Insufficient coolant

If the coolant is missing in the diesel engine cooling system, it will affect the heat dissipation effect of the diesel engine and cause the diesel engine to have a high temperature. In this regard, the amount of coolant in the radiator and expansion tank should be checked frequently. When the liquid level is low, it should be replenished in time.

3. Heat sinks interfere with each other (construction machinery)

If the hydraulic oil radiator and the water radiator are placed one after the other, when the temperature of the hydraulic oil is too high, the temperature of the cold air on the inlet side of the water radiator will be high, which will affect the heat dissipation of the water radiator. More oil information oil information oil transfer technology, please pay attention to WeChat public number oil circle. In this regard, the heat dissipation of the hydraulic system should be overhauled, and the effect of the hydraulic oil radiator on the poor heat dissipation of the diesel water radiator should be reduced.

4. The fan belt is too loose or the fan is deformed

If the fan belt is too loose, it will easily cause the fan speed to decrease, causing the radiator to fail to exert its proper heat dissipation capacity, resulting in excessive diesel engine temperature. In addition, fan deformation can also cause the heat dissipation capability of the heat sink to be insufficient. In this regard, the diesel fan belt should be regularly checked for looseness and abnormal fan shape.

5. The surface of the radiator is attached with debris

The attachment of debris on the surface of the heat sink not only reduces the heat dissipation area of the heat sink, but also reduces the windward area of the heat sink, which causes the heat dissipation capability of the heat sink to decrease, causing high temperature of the diesel engine. It is the most common phenomenon that the surface of the radiator is attached with debris. This paper introduces the precautions in the cleaning process in combination with the structural characteristics of the radiator.

Since the heat sink is not easily disassembled as a whole, only certain related parts can be disassembled. More oil information oil information oil transfer technology, please pay attention to WeChat public number oil circle. After removing the air filter, use a brush or other tool to remove large debris. Then use a high-pressure water or gas to flush the air filter. The water flow or air pressure should be kept above 1 MPa. In order to facilitate the cleaning of the core of the radiator, parts such as the air hood and the fan guard should be removed.

When flushing the heat sink, the nozzle should be as perpendicular as possible to the plane of the heat sink. The nozzle should be kept at a distance of 10 to 30 mm from the heat sink. The nozzle pressure should be adjusted according to the thickness of the radiator core. If conditions permit, use a high pressure water stream to clean it again with compressed air, as above. If the condition can only use compressed air, the radiator should be wetted with water first, then cleaned directly with compressed air. The gas pressure should be above 2.5MPa. After the cleaning is completed, the parts that have been removed and removed are cleaned.

6. Coolant circulation is not smooth

Insufficient opening of the thermostat will reduce the heat dissipation capacity of the diesel engine cooling system. If the diesel engine is hot, you can put the thermostat into the water for heating inspection. The opening distance of the general thermostat is 8~10mm.

Poor performance of the pump will cause the coolant flow to decrease, causing the diesel engine to heat up. In this regard, the upper and lower water chambers of the radiator should be inspected. The temperature difference between the upper and lower water chambers is generally 6 to 12 ° C. If it is too small, the pump can be replaced.

Excessive scale will also affect the heat dissipation efficiency of the fins inside the radiator and reduce the thermal conductivity of the coolant and cold air. In this regard, the diesel engine cooling system should be cleaned regularly, while avoiding the use of inferior coolant to reduce scale formation.

7. The fuel injection timing is wrong or the fuel injection amount is too much.

Insufficient injection timing or excessive injection can cause changes in the thermal load of the diesel engine, increase the cooling load on the cooling system, and cause high temperatures in the diesel engine. In this regard, check the injection advance angle or the fuel injection pump. If there is a problem, re-adjust the injection timing or re-calibrate the pump.

What are the car accessories?

Auto parts are the units that make up the whole car and the products that serve the car are collectively called auto parts. The main categories are:

1, engine parts

Mainly includes engine, engine assembly, throttle body, cylinder block, tensioner, etc.;

2, transmission system accessories

Mainly include clutches, transmissions, shifting shift lever assemblies, reducers, magnetic materials, etc.;

3, brake system accessories

Mainly includes brake master cylinder, brake cylinder, brake assembly, brake pedal assembly, compressor, brake disc, brake drum, etc.;

4, steering system accessories

Mainly including the main pin, steering gear, steering knuckle, ball pin, etc.;

5, walking accessories

It mainly includes rear axle, air suspension system, balance block, steel plate, etc.

6, electrical instrument accessories

Mainly includes sensors, automotive lamps, spark plugs, batteries, etc.;

7, car lamps

Mainly include decorative lights, fog lights, ceiling lamps, headlights, brake lights, backup lights, turn signals, instrument lights, indicator lights, searchlights and other automotive lights;

8, car modification accessories

Mainly include tire air pump, car top box, car top frame, electric winch, etc.;

9, security anti-theft accessories

Mainly includes steering wheel lock, wheel lock, seat belt, camera, etc.;

10, car interior accessories

Mainly including car carpet (foot pad), steering wheel cover, steering wheel booster ball, curtains, sun gear, etc.;

11, car exterior accessories

Mainly including rim cover, body color strip sticker, license plate frame, sun and rain gear, etc.;

12, comprehensive accessories

Mainly including adhesives, sealants, vehicle tools, automotive springs, plastic parts, etc.;

13, audio and video electrical accessories

Mainly include tire pressure monitoring system, decoder, display, car radio, etc.;

14, chemical physical accessories

It mainly includes coolant, brake fluid, antifreeze, lubricating oil, etc.

15, car body and accessories

It mainly includes wiper, automobile glass, seat belt, airbag, instrument panel, etc.

16, car repair parts

Mainly including sheet metal equipment, purification systems, tire removal machines, calibration instruments, and electric tools such as electric punching, hot air guns, electric jacks, and electric wrenches;

17, automotive electrical accessories

Automotive electrical accessories are one of the most important accessories for automobiles, including battery, battery clamp, battery cable, wire tail, starter, magnetic switch, one-way device, rotor, stator, carbon brush, carbon brush holder, copper sleeve, bearing , start relay, ignition switch, regulator, engine, wiper motor, heater motor, heater resistor, heater switch, wiper intermittent relay, wiper switch, headlight, small lamp, fog lamp, taillight assembly, Brake light switch, reversing light switch, light switch, fog light switch, double flash switch, various relays, light bulbs, insurance, wiper blades, flashers, etc. (too much, generally speaking), in addition, GPS/navigation, GPS accessories, car GPS, Bluetooth GPS, handheld GPS, all-in-one GPS, GPS module, GPS charger, car map and other electronic devices.

18, other auto parts

It mainly includes other auto parts such as tires, car mats, car oxygen bar and so on.

China outsourcing agencies

How to standardize the labor outsourcing industry?
Through the above summary, we can see that there are still many social insurance rights and interests in the employment mode under the current labor outsourcing situation. Therefore, the author suggests to regulate the labor outsourcing industry from the following aspects:

01 Raising the threshold for registered capital of labor China outsourcing agencies
For legal persons or other social organizations engaged in outsourcing services, a high standard of minimum registered capital should be set.
When the rights of laborers are infringed, especially after personal injury, labor disputes are often caused by high compensation fees. Labor service outsourcing units do not bear joint liability when labor dispatch and employer undertake joint and several liability. And the flexible employment model of labor outsourcing has led many outsourcing organizations to start their own business with only one office space.
Under this premise, if there is no guarantee of the legal person's property of the outsourcing organization, once the outsourcing agency “runs the road” problem, it will not be able to investigate the liability of the outsourcing organization. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the minimum registered capital of the outsourcing organization. The scale of the outsourcing project and the number of employees are levied on the margin to ensure the maximum amount of compensation for the labor dispute.

02 Strictly define labor outsourcing service projects
Because the main body of labor outsourcing is rather chaotic, from individual to corporate legal person and social organization can engage in labor outsourcing. Outsourcing projects are also varied. Just for human resources service companies, in addition to human resources job outsourcing such as recruitment outsourcing, file outsourcing, salary and welfare outsourcing, and training development outsourcing, human resources companies are also engaged in production outsourcing and labor dispatch. Other industries, such as consultants, can be described as mixed operations.
However, the essence of labor outsourcing is that the enterprise organizes and utilizes the external superior resources to achieve a management mode that reduces costs and improves efficiency, so that it can exert its core competitiveness. Generally speaking, it is to let professional people do things that they are not good at.
For example, many small and medium-sized enterprises rely on accounting firms for financial management. Similarly, they are also employed as outsourcing workers. It should be that the contracting entity uses its expertise in a certain field to contract projects that the contracting unit is not good at, but the mixed business model is very It is easy to appear big but not fine, but not specific. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt legislation to regulate the industry, and clarify that labor outsourcing is limited to the outsourcing of non-core business or post functions of enterprises, and strictly define the types of outsourcing projects, especially individuals as contracting entities, which are not too much compared with corporate legal persons and other organizations. Many advantageous resources should strictly limit the types of outsourcing projects, and it is strictly prohibited to cross-industry cross-type outsourcing.

03 Strengthening the supervision of the qualifications of labor contracting contractors and employees
Due to the large number of industries covered by labor outsourcing projects, especially for the outsourcing of production projects of labor-intensive enterprises such as manufacturing, contractors should have corresponding contracting qualifications, wage quality and safe production conditions in order to be allowed to engage in contracting operations.
At the same time, an annual contracting system for contracting qualifications should be established. Once the qualification of the contracting unit is revoked by the administrative organ, the enterprise shall terminate the labor outsourcing contract in a timely manner. However, the qualifications of employees in labor outsourcing should also be clearly defined. Since the nature of labor outsourcing is to give full play to the professional advantages of external resources, there should be a clear standard for its professionalism, especially in the financial and IT industries. Labor outsourcing, the professional requirements for employees are relatively high, and must have relevant industry qualifications to be able to carry out labor outsourcing operations.

04 Standardize the way social insurance contributions are paid by labor outsourcing agencies
Article 18 of the Interim Provisions on Labor Dispatch stipulates that: if a labor dispatching unit dispatches laborers across regions, it shall, at the place where the employer is employed, be a worker who is dispatched to participate in social insurance, pay social insurance premiums according to the regulations of the place where the employer is located, and be dispatched to work. Those who enjoy social insurance benefits in accordance with state regulations.
As an independent management, labor service outsourcing organizations can only choose to pay social insurance at the place where the company is registered. Due to the current fragmentation of social insurance policies, various insurance payment and treatment payment standards have led labor outsourcing institutions to engage in economically developed areas. Outsourcing management, the issue of paying social insurance for workers in underdeveloped areas is frequent. Although it has achieved the effect of implicitly reducing the cost of labor, it also harms the interests of workers, and the fairness of social insurance is gone! Therefore, through the improvement of legislation, labor service outsourcing agencies refer to the labor dispatch mode when paying social insurance, and pay for the insurance in accordance with national and local standards in the actual employment location, and enjoy social insurance benefits according to state regulations.

05 Improve the flexible payment mode of social insurance
Due to the diversification of labor outsourcing labor mode, labor outsourcing practitioners have broken the traditional way of working in working hours and activities. Freelance workers have begun to expand their labor service outsourcing as a new form of business.
Compared with the traditional methods of employment, freelancers are more mobile, it is difficult to sign labor contracts, and there is no labor relationship management. The most typical representative is the laborers who work on orders and micro-businesses on the Internet platform. The other category is laborers with strong mobility, represented by express delivery, food delivery, wedding, home improvement and other industries.
The "Opinions on Doing a Good Job of Employment and Entrepreneurship in the Current and Future Periods" promulgated by the State Council in April 2017 proposed that emerging business practitioners cannot sign labor contracts, and can participate in pension and medical insurance as flexible employees, and explore flexible employment. Unemployment and work injury insurance protection methods for personnel.
However, the "Opinions" are only mandatory for new business practitioners to be insured according to the status of flexible employment. It is not mandatory, but from the perspective of the probability of social insurance risks and the full coverage of the social security system, the mandatory characteristics of social insurance should be brought into play. By including all of them in the social insurance system, it is possible to improve the legislation and require individuals to be the mainstay of labor outsourcing, and should participate in pension and medical insurance in accordance with the status of flexible employment.
For laborers engaged in express delivery, food delivery, wedding, and home improvement labor services, in order to protect the rights and interests of work-related injury insurance, the construction industry may participate in the work-related injury insurance model according to the project, and the contractor shall pay the work-related injury insurance for the workers based on the total operating income.

Human resource outsourcing is complicated? An article teaches you to read it!

What is HR outsourcing?
Human resources outsourcing, referred to as HRO, refers to the outsourcing of one or several human resources management tasks or functions as required by the enterprise and management by other enterprises or organizations to reduce labor costs and maximize efficiency. In general, human resource management outsourcing will infiltrate all personnel business within the enterprise, including human resource planning, system design and innovation, process integration, employee satisfaction survey, salary survey and program design, training, labor arbitration, employee relations. , corporate culture design and other aspects.

Human resource outsourcing is not simply a combination of human resource meaning and outsourcing meaning, it has its specific rich meaning. It refers to the use of resources outside the organization to more economically and effectively address the work involved in the organization's internal human resources activities. The meaning of “human resources” in “human resources outsourcing” has been expanded to “the work involved in human resources activities”.

What are the benefits of human resources outsourcing is?
Benefits to the business
1 reduce the personnel cost of the enterprise
First of all, because the current level of social security contributions varies from place to place, the employment method of talent leasing can pay social security fees through different places, thereby significantly reducing the social security costs of enterprises; secondly, it can be determined by the human resources company according to the supply and demand relationship of the labor market. The salary level of employees is easy to control the salary cost of the enterprise. Thirdly, for the rental position, the human resources company can recruit the employees for free, which greatly saves the recruitment cost of the enterprise.

2 reduce the employment risk of enterprises
According to the relevant national laws, regulations and labor and personnel policies, the employer and the human resources company signed a talent leasing (personnel outsourcing) service agreement, and the human resources company and the hired personnel signed an employment contract. The employees were legally assigned by the human resources company. Employing enterprises and they are only labor relations, employees have problems during their work, and employers have no direct responsibility. Therefore, the employment method of talent leasing can not only reduce personnel costs, but also reduce the employment risks caused by work accidents and labor disputes.

3 exempt from the annoyance of transactional work
As the enterprise grows and develops, the enterprise human resources department needs to change its functions and focus resources on the core business of the enterprise. Handing some transactional human resource management work to a professional human resources company requires only a small amount of fees. In the shortest time, professionals complete the personnel business, and the input and output are more cost-effective.

4 flexible work methods
When an employer uses a leased employee, it only needs to make a relevant management system, manage and evaluate according to the assigned work tasks, and the initiative to renew the contract at the expiration of the contract is in the employer's enterprise. Employers can increase the number of employees when they increase their business volume, and reduce the number of employees when the business volume is reduced. The relevant procedures are handled by human resources companies, and the users are very convenient and flexible. The original temporary workers of the employer enterprise and the reemployed employees after the enterprise restructuring can also be regulated by the lease method. The state-owned enterprises and government agencies can also solve the problem of over-compilation by renting.

Benefits to employees
1 Effectively protect the legitimate rights and interests of employees
The human resources company promises to lease employees the following: signing labor contracts, purchasing social insurance, paying wages on time, conducting on-the-job training, providing re-employment opportunities, and so on.

2 employees have more employment opportunities
If the hired employee is dismissed by the employer, the human resources company can arrange for it to work for other enterprises free of charge; and if it is sent to a different enterprise, the payment of social security and housing provident fund can be kept continuous, which is conducive to the enjoyment of relevant treatment.

3 employees can get a better working environment
The human resources company acts as a communication bridge between the employer and the leased employee, and handles labor-management conflicts and disputes in a timely manner, so as to better provide a harmonious and comfortable working environment for employees.

14 frequently asked questions in the field of mold manufacturing [Part 2]

8. Why do you most often use round insert milling cutters as the first choice for mold roughing tools?
If a square shoulder milling cutter is used for rough milling of the cavity, a large amount of stepped cutting allowance is removed in the semi-finishing process. This will cause the cutting force to change and the tool to bend. The result is an uneven machining allowance for the finishing process, which affects the geometric accuracy of the mold. If a square shoulder cutter with a weaker tip (with a triangular blade) is used, an unpredictable cutting effect can result. Triangular or diamond-shaped inserts also produce greater radial cutting forces, and because of the small number of cutting edges, they are less economical roughing tools. On the other hand, round inserts can be milled in a variety of materials and in all directions. If used, smooth transitions between adjacent passes can also result in smaller and more uniform processing for semi-finishing. margin. One of the characteristics of round inserts is that the chip thickness they produce is variable. This allows them to use a higher feed rate than most other blades. The main blade of the circular blade changes from almost zero (very shallow cutting) to 90 degrees, and the cutting action is very smooth. At the maximum depth of the cut, the lead angle is 45 degrees, and when cutting along a straight wall with an outer circle, the lead angle is 90 degrees. This also explains why the strength of the circular insert tool is large - the cutting load is gradually increasing. Roughing and semi-roughing should always be the first choice for round insert milling cutters such as CoroMill 200 (see mould manufacturing sample C-1102:1). In 5-axis cutting, the round insert is very suitable, especially without any restrictions. By using good programming, round insert milling cutters can largely replace ball end mills. The combination of a circular blade with a small amount of runout, combined with a finely ground, positive rake and light cutting geometry, can also be used for semi-finishing and some finishing operations.

9. What is the effective cutting speed (ve) and why it is always very important to calculate the effective cutting speed on a high productivity diameter.
Since the table feed depends on the speed at a certain cutting speed, if the effective speed is not calculated, the table feed will be calculated incorrectly. If the tool's nominal diameter value (Dc) is used in calculating the cutting speed, the effective or actual cutting speed is much lower than the calculated speed when the cutting depth is shallow. Such as round insert CoroMill200 tools (especially in the small diameter range), ball end mills, large nose arc end mills and CoroMill390 end mills (see the mold manufacturing of Sandvik Coromant for these tools) Sample C-1102: 1). As a result, the calculated feed rate is also much lower, which severely reduces productivity. More importantly, the cutting conditions of the tool are lower than its capabilities and recommended application range. When performing 3D cutting, the diameter at the time of cutting is varied, which is related to the geometry of the mold. One solution to this problem is to define the steep wall area of ​​the mold and the shallow area of ​​the part. Good compromises and results can be achieved if specialized CAM procedures and cutting parameters are programmed for each zone.

10. What are the important application parameters for successful hardened die steel milling?
When finishing high-speed milling of hardened die steel, one of the main factors to be observed is shallow cutting. The depth of cut should not exceed 0.2/0.2mm (ap/ae: axial depth of cut / radial depth of cut). This is to avoid excessive bending of the tool holder/cutting tool and to maintain a small tolerance and high precision of the machined tool.
It is also important to choose a very rigid clamping system and tool. When using solid carbide tools, it is important to use tools with the largest core diameter (maximum flexural rigidity). A rule of thumb is that if the diameter of the tool is increased by 20%, for example from 10mm to 12mm, the bending of the tool will be reduced by 50%. It can also be said that if the tool overhang/extension is shortened by 20%, the bending of the tool will be reduced by 50%. Large diameter and tapered shanks further increase stiffness. When using ball end mills with indexable inserts (see mold manufacturing sample C-1102:1), if the shank is made of solid carbide, the bending rigidity can be increased by 3-4 times. When finishing hardened die steel with high speed milling, it is also important to choose a special geometry and grade. It is also important to choose a coating with a high heat hardness like TiAlN.

11. When should I use down-cutting and when should I use up-cut milling?
The main recommendation is to use as much milling as possible. When the cutting edge is just cutting, the chip thickness can reach its maximum value in the down-cut milling. In the case of up-cut milling, it is the minimum value. In general, tool life in up-cut milling is shorter than in down-cut milling because the heat generated in up-cut milling is significantly higher than in down-cut milling. When the chip thickness is increased from zero to maximum in up-cut milling, more heat is generated because the cutting edge is subjected to a higher friction than in the down-milling. The radial force is also significantly higher in up-cut milling, which has an adverse effect on the spindle bearings. In down-cut milling, the cutting edge is mainly subjected to compressive stress, which is much more advantageous for cemented carbide or solid carbide tools than for the tensile forces generated in up-cut milling. of course there are exceptions. When using a solid carbide end mill (see tool in Mold C-1102:1) for side milling (finishing), especially in hardened materials, up-cut milling is preferred. This makes it easier to obtain wall straightness with a smaller tolerance and a better 90 degree angle. If there is a misalignment between the different axial passes, the tool marks are also very small. This is mainly due to the direction of the cutting force. If a very sharp cutting edge is used in the cutting, the cutting force tends to "pull" the knife toward the material. Another example of the use of up-cut milling is the use of old-fashioned manual milling machines for milling, where the screw of the old-fashioned milling machine has a large gap. Up-cut milling produces a cutting force that eliminates the gap, making the milling movement smoother.

12. Copy milling or contour cutting?
In pocket milling, the best way to ensure a successful path to a milling tool is to use a contour milling path.
Milling cutters (eg ball end mills, see Mold Making Sample C-1102:1) Milling of the outer circle along the contour often results in high productivity because more teeth are being cut on larger tool diameters. . If the spindle speed of the machine is limited, contour milling will help maintain cutting speed and feed rate. With this tool path, the change in workload and direction is also small. This is especially important in high speed milling applications and in hardened material processing. This is because if the cutting speed and the feed rate are high, the cutting edge and the cutting process are more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in the workload and direction, and changes in the working load and direction cause changes in the cutting force and the bending of the tool. Profiling along the steep wall should be avoided as much as possible. When copy milling, the chip thickness at low cutting speed is large. In the center of the ball-end knife, there is a danger of the blade being broken. If the control is poor, or the machine has no read-ahead function, it cannot be decelerated quickly enough, and the risk of chipping at the center is most likely to occur. The upper profile milling along the steep wall is better for the cutting process because the chip thickness is at its maximum at favorable chip speeds. In order to achieve the longest tool life, the cutting edge should be kept in continuous cutting for as long as possible during the milling process. If the tool enters and exits too frequently, the tool life will be significantly shortened. This will exacerbate thermal stress and thermal fatigue on the cutting edge. It is more advantageous for modern carbide tools to have uniform and high temperatures in the cutting area than to have large fluctuations. The profiling milling path is often a mixture of up-cut and down-cut (zigzag), which means that the knife is frequently eaten and retracted during cutting. This tool path also has a bad influence on the quality of the mold. Each time a knife is used, it means that the tool is bent and there is a mark on the surface. When the tool exits, the cutting force and the bending of the tool are reduced, and there is a slight material "overcutting" in the exit portion.

13. Why do some milling cutters have different pitches?
Milling cutters are multi-edge cutting tools, the number of teeth (z) is changeable, and there are several factors that can help determine the pitch or number of teeth for different machining types. Materials, workpiece dimensions, overall stability, overhang dimensions, surface quality requirements, and available power are processing-related factors. Tool-related factors include enough feed per tooth, at least two teeth at the same time, and the chip capacity of the tool, which are only a small part of it. The pitch (u) of the milling cutter is the distance from the point on the cutting edge of the insert to the same point on the next cutting edge. Milling cutters are divided into sparse, dense and ultra-tight pitch milling cutters. Most of the Coromant milling cutters have these three options. See mold manufacturing sample C-1102:1. The dense pitch means that there are more teeth and proper chip space, which can be cut with high metal removal rate. Generally used for medium load milling of cast iron and steel. The fine pitch is the first choice for general purpose milling cutters and is recommended for mixed production. The sparse pitch means that there are fewer teeth and a large chip space on the circumference of the milling cutter. Spacing is often used for roughing to finishing of steel. Vibration in steel processing has a great influence on the processing results. Spalling is a truly effective solution to problems. It is the first choice for long overhang milling, low power machines or other applications where cutting forces must be reduced. The ultra-precision tool has a very small chip space and can be fed with a higher table. These tools are suitable for cutting of interrupted cast iron surfaces, cast iron roughing and small residual machining of steel, such as side milling. They are also suitable for applications where low cutting speeds must be maintained. Milling cutters can also have uniform or unequal pitches. The latter refers to the unequal spacing of the teeth on the tool, which is also an effective way to solve the vibration problem. When there is a vibration problem, it is recommended to use a toothless unequal pitch milling cutter as much as possible. Since there are fewer blades, the possibility of increased vibration is small. Small tool diameters can also improve this situation. A combination of well-adapted troughs and grades should be used – a combination of sharp cutting edges and toughness.

14. How to position the milling cutter for optimum performance?
The cutting length is affected by the position of the milling cutter. Tool life is often related to the length of cutting that the cutting edge must bear. The milling cutter positioned in the center of the workpiece has a short cutting length. If the milling cutter is offset from the center line in either direction, the cutting arc is long.
Keep in mind how the cutting force works and must achieve a compromise. With the tool positioned at the center of the workpiece, the direction of the radial cutting force changes as the cutting edge of the blade enters or exits the cutting. The gap in the machine tool spindle also exacerbates the vibration, causing the blade to vibrate. By deviating the tool from the center, a constant and favorable cutting force direction is obtained. The longer the overhang, the more important it is to overcome all possible vibrations. Another advantageous effect of a constant machining allowance is the small adverse effect on the machine tool, the guide rails, the ball screw and the spindle bearings.