The University of al-Qarawiyyin is a university located in Fes, Morocco. The al-Qarawiyyin mosque-religious school / college was founded by Fatima al-Fihri in 859 with an associated school, or madrasa, which subsequently became one of the leading spiritual and educational centers of the historic Muslim world. It was incorporated into Morocco's modern state university system in 1963. It is the oldest existing, continually operating and the first degree awarding educational institution in the world according to UNESCO and Guinness World Records and is sometimes referred to as the oldest university.
Education at al-Qarawiyyin University concentrates on the Islamic religious and legal sciences with a heavy emphasis on, and particular strengths in classical Arabic grammar/linguistics and Maliki law, although a few lessons on other non-Islamic subjects such as French, English, and even IT are also offered to students.
Ez-Zitouna University is located in Montfleury, Tunis. It is claimed to be the oldest teaching establishment in the Arab world, since the Ez-Zitouna madrassa was founded in 737 as the teaching arm of the Olive-Tree Mosque (Djemaa ez-Zitouna) and has been in continuous existence since then.
Following Tunisia's Independence, the modern Zitouna University was established on April 26, 1956.
The University of Salerno has very ancient origins as it is one of the oldest universities in Europe together with Paris and Bologna.
The Salerno School of Medicine was founded in the 8th century and was the principal institution in Europe for the study of medecine, reaching its utmost splendour during the Middle Ages. The School marked an enormous step forward in the evolution of medical science and easily fitted into the city of Salerno, which had been thriving economically and culturally since it had been part of Magna Graecia.
The university remained active until 1811, when it was closed by royal decree under the Napoleonic government of Joachim Murat.
In 1944 the university was re-opened by king Vittorio Emanuele II, and the Istituto Universitario di Magistero "Giovanni Cuomo" was founded, which became state-controlled in 1968 as the Facolta? di Magistero of the University of Salerno.
The Rochester Subway was plagued by limited resources and a transportation and land-use system that already was becoming more and more automobile-oriented. Rochester abandoned all surface streetcars by 1940, leaving the subway as a single line of what had been a much more comprehensive system. While ridership peaked during WWII due to gasoline and rubber rationing, it quickly declined after the war. The region's population was growing, but in an auto-oriented way as new, low density developments sprawled across suburban towns far from the route of the subway, which was never extended.
In addition, the subway suffered from the meandering, northwest to southeast route that was pre-determined by the route of the old Erie Canal. While this route had advantages for a long-distance canal built in the 1810s and 1820s, it was not necessarily a good route for intra-city transit in the 20th century. Federal funds sought to extend the eastern terminus to Monroe Avenue in Brighton in the 1930s were denied.
By the late 1940s and early 1950s, plans were developed for the system of high-speed expressways in and around Rochester. The eastern part of the subway route was chosen for a portion of Interstate 490. With declining ridership and governmental policies that supported private automobile over public transportation, there was little resistance to the abandonment of the subway. Passenger service ceased June 30, 1956.
ワルシャワラジオ塔（ポーランド語：Maszt radiowy w Konstantynowie）はかつてポーランドのマゾフシェ県プウォツク郡ゴンビンのコンスタンティヌフという集落にあった高さ646.38mの電波塔。1991年8月8日、支線の設置に伴う補修中の人為的ミスにより倒壊した。ブルジュ・ハリーファが建築中の2008年5月19日に649.7mに達するまで、人工建造物としては史上最高の記録を保持していた。
1970年7月に建造開始され、1974年5月18日に完成した。はしごとエレベーターを備えていたが、エレベーターで最上部に上るには30分を要した。自立型の塔ではなく、3角柱の鉄塔を3方向に設置された支線（ワイヤー）の張力で固定する方式（支線型）の塔であったが、補修中の作業ミスにより支線の張力のバランスが崩れて倒壊した。
It was in 1092 that this first Cathedral at Lincoln built by Bishop Remigius was consecrated. Remigius, a Benedictine monk was the first Norman Bishop of the largest diocese in medieval England, extending from the Humber to the Thames. The cathedral of this diocese had been at Dorchester, near Oxford, but in 1072 William instructed that the Bishopric should be moved to Lincoln.
A castle had already been established in Lincoln by William, located in the south-west corner of the old Roman upper city. The new cathedral was built of Lincolnshire oolitic limestone opposite the castle in the south-east corner.
In 1141, or possibly earlier, there was a fire which severely damaged the Cathedral. An earthquake caused structural damage to Lincoln Cathedral in 1185. St Hugh (Bishop of Lincoln, 1186-1200) began work on reconstructing the Cathedral in 1192. He used the Gothic style, where pointed arches, ribbed vaults and flying buttresses made it possible to make larger windows (for stained glass) and larger roof spans.
Between 1307 and 1311 the central tower was raised to its present height. Then around 1370 to 1400 the western towers were heightened. All three towers had spires until 1549 when the central tower’s spire blew down. It had been the tallest building in the world.
プローラ（Prora）はドイツのバルト海に面した島、リューゲン島にナチス（国家社会主義ドイツ労働者党）が計画した保養所・海水浴場である。この海水浴場が有名である理由は、砂浜に面した松林の中に長さ4.5kmにわたって伸びている、「Koloss von Prora（プローラの巨人）」と呼ばれるコンクリート製のビル群の存在である。
一棟500mの長さのビルが8つ連なる巨大建築は、1936年から1939年にかけて、ナチスの労働者組織ドイツ労働戦線の下部組織・歓喜力行団（Kraft durch Freude、KdF、国民に余暇活動を供給した組織）が巨大保養施設として建設を進めたものであった。それぞれのビルは全く同じ形をしており、20,000人の労働者が休暇を過ごすために計画されていたが、ついに使用されることはなかった。プローラは残存している第三帝国の建築の中でも、その統一感とヒューマンスケールを超える巨大さが印象的な建物で、ナチス建築の典型といえるものである。
The idea of a bridge spanning Lake Pontchartrain dates back to the early 19th Century and Bernard de Marigny, the founder of Mandeville. He started a ferry service that continued to operate into the mid 1930s. In the 1920s, a proposal called for the creation of artificial islands that would then be linked by a series of bridges. The financing for this plan would come from selling homesites on the islands. The modern Causeway started to take form in 1948 when Ernest M Loeb Jr envisioned the project. Due to his lobbying and vision the Louisiana Legislature created what is now the Causeway Commission. The Louisiana Bridge Company was formed to construct the bridge, who in turn appointed James E. Walters, Sr to direct the project.
The original Causeway was a two-lane span, measuring 23.86 miles (38.40 km) in length, that opened in 1956 at a cost of $30.7 million. A parallel two-lane span, 1/100th of a mile (15 m) longer than the original, opened on May 10, 1969 at a cost of $26 million. The Causeway has always been a toll bridge. Until 1999, tolls were collected from traffic going in each direction. To alleviate congestion on the south shore, toll collections were eliminated on the northbound span. The standard tolls for cars changed from $1.50 in each direction to a $3.00 toll collected on the North Shore for southbound traffic only.
Google Mapの地図や航空写真で見ると、ポンチャートレイン湖を南北に一本の線が貫く感じでとても美しい。
このようにポンチャートレイン湖コーズウェイは「連続して水上に架かる橋("continuous")」でありそのカテゴリーでは現在でも世界最長なのだが、2011年に竣工された青島膠州湾大橋(Jiaozhou Bay Bridge、42.5km)が「連続しない水上に架かる橋("aggregate")」として上回ることになった。
Jiaozhou Bay Bridge is a roadway bridge in eastern China's Shandong province. It transects Jiaozhou Bay, connecting Huangdao District, the city of Qingdao and Hongdao Island (the bridge is "T" shaped with 3 entry/exit points, see map). Opened on 30 June 2011, it reduces the road distance between Qingdao and Huangdao. The bridge opened at the same time as the nearby Qing-Huang Tunnel, both part of the Jiaozhou Bay Connection Project.
Jiaozhou Bay Bridge is 42.5 kilometres (26.4 mi) long, making it according to Guinness World Records the world's longest bridge over water (aggregate length) as of July 2011. The longest bridge over water "continuous length" is the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway, the difference being the latter runs continuously over water while Jiaozhou Bay Bridge has parts over land. It is estimated Jiaozhou Bay Bridge is over water for 25.5 kilometres (15.8 mi).
The bridge is located between Shanghai and Nanjing in East China’s Jiangsu province. It includes a 9-kilometre long (5.6 mi) section over water that crosses Yangcheng Lake in Suzhou. It was completed in 2010 and opened in 2011. Employing 10,000 people, construction took four years and cost about $8.5 billion. Danyang?Kunshan Grand Bridge currently holds the Guinness World Record for the longest bridge in the world in any category as of June 2011.
兄は97歳、父は94歳、母は86歳まで生きた。夫（1942年没）、娘 （イヴォンヌ(Yvonne)、1934年没） と孫（1963年没、モーターバイク事故）を超えて長生きした。
国際的に有名になったきっかけは、1988年にゴッホの百年記念の際、直接会った人としてインタビューを受けた時に、カルマンがゴッホの事を「汚くて、格好も性格も悪い人」だったと語った事であった。
114歳の時に本人役で映画「Vincent and Me」に出演して史上最年長の女優にもなった。
Calment's remarkable health presaged her later record. At age 85, she took up fencing, and at 100, she was still riding a bicycle. She was reportedly neither athletic, nor fanatical about her health. Calment lived on her own until shortly before her 110th birthday, when it was decided that she needed to be moved to a nursing home after a cooking accident (she was having complications with sight) started a small fire in her flat.
However, Calment was still in good shape, and was able to walk until she fractured her femur during a fall at age 114 years and 11 months, which required surgery. After her operation, Calment needed to use a wheelchair. She weighed 45 kilograms (99 lb) in 1994. Calment became ill with influenza shortly before her 116th birthday. She smoked until the age of 117, only five years before her death. Calment smoked from the age of 21 (1896), though according to an unspecified source, she smoked no more than two cigarettes per day.
Li Ching-Yuen was supposedly born in 1677 in Qi Jiang Xian, Szechuan province.
By his own account, he was born in 1736. However, in 1930, Professor Wu Chung-chieh of the University of Chengdu discovered Imperial Chinese government records from 1827, congratulating one Li Ching-Yuen on his 150th birthday, and further documents later congratulating him on his 200th birthday in 1877. In 1928, a New York Times correspondent wrote that many of the old men in Li's neighborhood asserted that their grandfathers knew him when they were boys, and that he at that time was a grown man.
さて、過去に存在したミクロネーションの中で気になる国がひとつある。1964年に設立されたニューアトランティス Repunbic of New Atlantisがそれで、なぜならその設立者が「老人と海」で有名なアーネスト・ヘミングウェイの実弟レスター・ヘミングウェイなのである。先ほどのLomwikiを参照してみよう。
The Republic of New Atlantis was a micronation created by Leicester Hemingway (1 April 1915 - 13 September 1982), the younger brother and biographer of writer Ernest Hemingway.
As the location of what he would later describe as "the world's smallest political entity", Hemingway chose a site above a small seamount in what were then international waters, 12.87 kilometres southwest of Jamaica.
At the time of it's foundation, on 4 July 1964, the territorial pretensions of New Atlantis anticipated the future construction of a large, habitable man-made island; in practice they were limited to a 2.44 x 9.14 metre bamboo raft, which Hemingway anchored to the floor of the Carribean Sea with the aid of an old Ford engine block.
The project came to an abrupt end in 1966, when the raft was destroyed during a tropical storm.
