cylinder head

The cylinder head is mounted on the upper surface of the cylinder block, and the cylinder is sealed from the upper portion to constitute a combustion chamber. It is often in contact with high temperature and high pressure gas and is therefore subject to large thermal and mechanical loads. The cylinder head of the water-cooled engine is internally provided with a cooling water jacket, and the cooling water hole at the lower end surface of the cylinder head communicates with the cooling water hole of the cylinder block. The circulating water is used to cool a high temperature portion such as a combustion chamber.
The cylinder head is mounted on the upper side of the cylinder block to seal the cylinder from the upper portion and constitute a combustion chamber. It is often in contact with high temperature and high pressure gas and is therefore subject to large thermal and mechanical loads. The cylinder head of the water-cooled engine is internally provided with a cooling water jacket, and the cooling water hole at the lower end surface of the cylinder head communicates with the cooling water hole of the cylinder block. The circulating water is used to cool a high temperature portion such as a combustion chamber.
The cylinder head is also equipped with inlet and exhaust valve seats, valve guide holes for installing inlet and exhaust valves, as well as intake and exhaust passages. The cylinder head of the gasoline engine is machined with a hole for installing a spark plug, and the cylinder head of the diesel engine is machined with a hole for installing the injector. A camshaft bearing bore is also formed in the cylinder head of the overhead camshaft engine for mounting the camshaft.

The cylinder head is generally cast from gray cast iron or alloy cast iron. The aluminum alloy has good thermal conductivity and is beneficial to increase the compression ratio. Therefore, the aluminum alloy cylinder head has been used more and more in recent years.

The cylinder head is a component of the combustion chamber. The shape of the combustion chamber has a great influence on the operation of the engine. Because of the different combustion modes of the gasoline engine and the diesel engine, the parts of the cylinder head that make up the combustion chamber are quite different. The combustion chamber of the gasoline engine is mainly on the cylinder head, and the combustion chamber of the diesel engine is mainly in the pit at the top of the piston.

What are the auto parts?

Engine parts: cylinder head, body, oil sump, etc.;
Crank and link mechanism: piston, connecting rod, crankshaft, connecting rod, crankshaft, piston ring, etc.;
Gas distribution mechanism: camshaft, intake valve, exhaust valve, rocker arm, rocker shaft, tappet, push rod, etc.;
Intake system: air filter, throttle, intake resonator, intake manifold, etc.;
Exhaust system: three-way catalyst, exhaust manifold, exhaust pipe;
Drive train accessories: auto parts flywheel, pressure plate, clutch plate, transmission, shifting shift control mechanism, drive shaft (universal joint), wheel hub, etc.
Brake system accessories: brake master cylinder, brake cylinder, vacuum booster, brake pedal assembly, brake disc, brake drum, brake pad, brake oil pipe, ABS pump, etc.;
Steering gear accessories: steering knuckle, steering gear, steering column, steering wheel, steering lever, etc.;
Driving accessories: steel ring, tires, suspension;
Hanging accessories: front axle, rear axle, swing arm, ball head, shock absorber, coil spring, etc.;
Ignition accessories: spark plug, high voltage line, ignition coil, ignition switch, ignition module, etc.;
Fuel system accessories: fuel pump, fuel pipe, fuel filter, fuel injector, oil pressure regulator, fuel tank, etc.;
Cooling system accessories: water pump, water pipe, radiator (water tank), radiator fan;
Lubrication accessories: oil pump, oil filter, oil pressure sensor;
Electrical instrument accessories: sensors, lamps, ECUs, switches, air conditioners, wire harnesses, fuses, motors, relays, speakers, actuators;
Lamps: decorative lights, anti-fog lights, indoor lights, headlights, front turn signals, side turn signals, rear combination lights, license plate lights, various types of light bulbs;
Switch type: combination switch, glass lift switch, temperature control switch, etc.;
Air conditioning: compressors, condensers, drying bottles, air conditioning pipes, evaporation boxes, blowers, air conditioning fans;
Sensors: water temperature sensor, intake pressure sensor, intake air temperature sensor, air flow meter, oil pressure sensor, oxygen sensor, knock sensor, etc.
Other accessories: airbags, seat belts, etc.

What you can benefit from our heating pad (heat therapy pad) ??

First of all, you should know what is Heat therapy (heat treatment)?? also known as thermotherapy, is the use of heat in treatment. Applying heat to an area increases the blood flow, bringing along proteins and oxygen. The overall benefits of heat therapy are very prevalent. This therapy method is great to decrease joint stiffness, reduce pain and inflammation, and relieve muscle spasms.

Relieves Soreness
Heat therapy can provide relaxation, comfort and reassurance by taking the edge off of several kinds of body pain. Soreness can come from over-exertion or just from a simple workout if the area being exercised has not been worked in a while. Heat therapy can relieve this pain and soreness forcing the muscles to relax. This is also why heat therapy can stop muscle spasms as well.
Soothe Body Stiffness
Body stiffness can occur for many reasons, one of them being from sleeping in the wrong position. Stiffness can cause lack of mobility and an uncomfortable feeling. Heat therapy can help this by providing a warm, comforting sensation. A heating pad and light stretching combined can ease the pain of muscle stiffness.
About our heating pad, its powered by electric (battery) or just a normal power bank you use everyday, so forget the plugs, outlets or the microwavable heat packs, you just need to press the button to start the heat therapy, for more information you can send us email (joyce@mainiko.com) or follow up on social media.

Talent Spot | China’s New Individual Income Law

China's top legislature adopted an amendment to the Individual Income Tax Law, raising the minimum threshold for paying personal income tax from 3,500 yuan ($510) to 5,000 yuan per month, or 60,000 yuan per year. The new tax threshold is set to take effect on Oct 1, before the whole amendment comes into force on Jan 1. However, there is a transition period starting from October 2018, which will include some of the new policies, such as the additional income allowance, and some of the current policies, as it will not include the additional deduction categories.

The aim of the new amendment of the Individual Income Tax Law is to ease the tax burden for low to middle-income earners while taking a higher standard on higher income earners. Overall the new tax system plans to reduce the tax burden on the middle class and deepen income distribution.

What are the changes?

Tax Residence Rule

The Draft draws from international practice and introduces the concepts of “resident taxpayers” and “non-resident taxpayers” for tax purposes. It also intends to modify China’s personal tax residence rule to a 183-day test from the existing one-year test.

Consolidating Income with Similar Nature for Taxation

The Draft grouped four categories of labor income, including income from salary and wages, income from the provision of independent personal services, income from author’s remuneration, and income from royalties, into the scope of “Comprehensive Income,” and one set of progressive tax rates will apply for determining the IIT. Resident taxpayers will be taxed on an annual basis while non-resident taxpayers will still be taxed on monthly taxable income or as and when taxable income arises.

At the same time, income from a production or business operation conducted by the self-employed will be re-classified as "Income of Operations," and income from contractual or leasing operations to enterprises and institutions will be incorporated into Comprehensive Income or Income from Operations depending on the nature of the income.

Income from operations, interest income, dividends, income from property leasing, income from the transfer of an asset, incidental income, and other income will still be taxed separately at the rate prescribed for that category of income.

Income Tax Brackets

Personal income tax in China ranges from three percent for monthly taxable incomes of RMB 1,500 per month to 45 percent for taxable incomes greater than RMB 80,000 per month. This means that the lower tax rates are now applied on a wider range of income levels, while the higher tax brackets remain the same.

Personal income tax threshold will be raised up from RMB 3,500 to RMB 5,000 (i.e., RMB 60,000 per year) for Chinese nationals, and RMB 4,800 to RMB 5,000 for foreign individuals.

If introduced, the new personal deduction will apply to all, and the current step-up in the personal deduction (i.e., RMB 1,300 per month) for foreign individuals will no longer apply.

Allowing Itemised Deductions for Specific Expenditures

The special tax deduction is only available for resident taxpayers under the new system. The current deductible items, e.g., basic pension insurance, basic medical insurance, unemployment insurance, and housing fund, the Draft has set up additional deductions for specific expenditures which are closely related to people’s lives, such as expenditures on dependent children’s education, continuing education, serious illness medical treatment, and housing mortgage interest and rentals. In the old system, foreign individuals are entitled to the allowance deductions, the current deductible allowances applicable to non-resident taxpayers are no longer available.


How Can Talent Spot International Help You?

Reduce costs: Through the refined management of labor costs, reasonable salary optimization, using current domestic tax policies, combined with human resource management ideas, as far as possible to reduce labor costs for enterprises, to maximize benefits

Improve efficiency: The new tax law has high requirements for HR tax knowledge reserve. Talent Spot International's salary outsourcing team has served many large-scale well-known enterprises in various industries and has the professional understanding and practical experience in tax law knowledge. It can be combined with different regions and industries. Different scales of customer service experience make it easier to help HRs in all regions share the workload.

Compliance: With the implementation of the third phase of the Golden Tax, the integration of the five certificates, and the implementation of the new tax law, the data of the enterprise in the human resources management is completely controlled by the regulatory authorities, and “compliance” has become a rigid demand. The Lide International Compensation Outsourcing Team helps the enterprise. Solve the balance of salary, individual tax, social security, and provident fund, help companies standardize operational processes and share potential risks.

Talent Spot International has over 20 years of payroll outsourcing experiences in China. We concentrate on HR laws and regulations to ensure the payroll services we provide are accurate. Talent Spot payroll outsourcing means faster and easier solutions to improve and drive your comprehensive HR management to the next level.
http://www.talent-spot.cn/

Talent Spot | Using A Recruitment Agency To Help You Avoid Hiring Mistakes

What will you do if you made a hiring mistake? Finding a replacement for a bad hire can be time-consuming, drain energy, and it costs a lot for the company in many ways. Therefore, what are the tips and practices you can learn from your past bad hiring decisions?

Sometimes it happens that a candidate who had the right credentials seemed to fly through the interview process, and had lovely references turns out to be an unexpected problem after hiring. If you’ve been in this situation, you’ve had to face the dilemma of whether it’s worse to be stuck with an employee who can’t handle the work and is damaging to the team or to go public with the admission that you’ve made a significant mistake. Usually, in these situations, it’s less costly to make a change, and the sooner you make it, the better. Although coping with the impact of a bad hire will never be easy, following these steps will help you recover and move on with the least possible damage to all parties.

Prepare for a direct, and probably uncomfortable, conversation with the new hire. Rather than hoping for the best, or trying to deter a confrontation, leveling with the new hire about your dissatisfaction and their performance issues can open the way to joint problem-solving. By sharing your concerns and asking for their input, you may be able to discover workable alternatives, or at least understand how bad the situation truly is. You can start off with something like, “James, I want to talk about the last few weeks, and where we seem to be on track and where we need to make some adjustments.” Keep in mind that the new employee may recognize the same problems that you do and be grateful for the opportunity to clear the air and work on a solution together.

Try to repair the situation with focused feedback or reassignment. One of my clients hired a relatively junior staffer for his moxie, energy, and drive. Within just a few weeks, though, the new employee started broadcasting his concerns that the job was not as exciting or rewarding as he had expected, and he started making careless mistakes and goofing around with other employees. His manager gave him careful feedback on his behavior and asked lots of questions about why the job felt unsatisfying. Luckily, thanks to projected business growth and flexible organizational parameters, the manager was able to shift the new hire to another department and a more challenging job that suited his ambitions better. We developed an intensive training program to equip him for the new role and ensure a smooth transition.

Try to repair the situation with focused feedback or reassignment. One of my clients hired a relatively junior staffer for his moxie, energy, and drive. Within just a few weeks, though, the new employee started broadcasting his concerns that the job was not as exciting or rewarding as he had expected, and he started making careless mistakes and goofing around with other employees. His manager gave him careful feedback on his behavior and asked lots of questions about why the job felt unsatisfying. Luckily, thanks to projected business growth and flexible organizational parameters, the manager was able to shift the new hire to another department and a more challenging job that suited his ambitions better. We developed an intensive training program to equip him for the new role and ensure a smooth transition.

This doesn’t always work. At one client’s company, a new vice president who came from a different industry made numerous commitments to apply the feedback she was receiving, but she didn’t understand the business model and seemed either unable or unwilling to adapt her technical skills, so she was incapable of implementing the feedback accurately. Watch out for the escalation of commitment — many of us resist “giving up” on a tough situation. But if you’re giving the person lots of feedbacks, and you don’t see both significant personal effort almost immediately and actual improvements over the next three to six months, at some point you need to prepare to cut your losses.

Identify both the current and the future expense of keeping the bad hire. In some situations, the negative impact on other team members or the business makes it impractical to look for other internal opportunities or to invest in ongoing development. In one case, a senior executive who had previously worked for a very large public company joined my client, a midsize family-owned company, with such unrealistic expectations about resources and autonomous decision making that he cost the business dearly. Giving him feedback didn’t work, and moving him to another role wouldn’t have solved the problem.

In situations like these, the costs usually include reduced productivity or increased opportunity costs, employee disengagement and possible turnover, and increased interdepartmental conflict. Some clear indicators are missed deadlines or a decline in work quality. A less obvious sign is extra pre- and post-meeting meetings — often an attempt by colleagues to compensate for or work around an underperformer’s struggles. Compare those impacts with the cost of replacement and onboarding for a new candidate.

Company owners may think using a recruitment agency can cost huge money, however, this is not always true. Directly hire candidates may save the bucks at the beginning, but in the long run, you are investing your time and effort to hire candidates, and increases working hiring possibilities. Here are reasons why you should consider a Recruitment Agency:

Using recruitment agencies, you can reach out to maximum candidates, your job posts will be responded immediately.
Interviewing candidates requires a lot of effort, let recruitment agency make this tiring task for you, They will take care of the whole hiring Process for you. Just interview the pre-screened candidates best suitable for your job position. Hire only the best.
Every position and job duty is different, the same applies to the candidate's interviews. Talent Spot International has the rich talent pool and experienced consultants, we know how to reach your potential candidates and hire the best candidates for your hiring investment in a recruitment agency.
As a one-stop HR services company, Talent Spot International offers permanent and temporary job positions. Hiring the right candidates is not easy, you have to interview hundreds of Applicants. Manually verify their work and check whether they are fit to finish the project on time. The whole process is very time-consuming and risky. Talent Spot has different recruiting teams who focus on different industries. With your company need, Talent Spot always has a solution for you, and it limits hiring risks.
Talent Spot International is a one-stop HR service solutions company, get your free consultation if you need more information about Recruitment Services at Talent Spot International.
http://www.talent-spot.cn/page/staffing-service.html