2016-12-01 09:12:34 dailymail.co.uk. karapaia.livedoor.biz
origi.
An ocean of water is found 620 miles below Earth's surface - and if it dries up, life on our planet could END
Two studies found evidence of oceans of water in Earth's lower mantle
It is unclear how much water is being stored, but previous studies suggest it could be the same amount as all the oceans put together
Without this water, life on Earth would cease to exist
By Shivali Best For Mailonline
PUBLISHED: 17:55 GMT, 25 November 2016 | UPDATED: 14:06 GMT, 26 November 2016
Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3960442/An-ocean-water-620-miles-Earth-s-surface-dries-life-planet-END.html#ixzz4RXruBMAC
Follow us: @MailOnline on Twitter | DailyMail on Facebook
Water covers around 70 per cent of the Earth's surface, but a huge amount also lies inside our planet.
Two new studies suggest that there may be vast quantities of water as far as 620 miles (1,000 kilometres) below the surface.
Without this huge store of water, the geodynamic activity that causes volcanoes - which are important for generating soil and sustaining life on the planet - would cease.
Water covers around 70 per cent of the Earth's surface, but a huge amount also lies inside our planet. Two new studies suggest that there may be vast quantities of water as far as 620 miles (1,000 kilometres) below the surface +4
Water covers around 70 per cent of the Earth's surface, but a huge amount also lies inside our planet. Two new studies suggest that there may be vast quantities of water as far as 620 miles (1,000 kilometres) below the surface
WHY IS DEEP WATER ON EARTH IMPORTANT?
Water plays a key role in sustaining geological activity below the Earth's surface.
Dr Mookherjee told MailOnline: 'Water in the Earth's interior is crucial since it helps in mantle convection- a process by which solid rocks move from hotter to colder regions over geological time scales.
'If there were no water in the Earth's interior, mantle convection would be inefficient and would eventually cease.
'The surface expression of the mantle convection is plate motion/tectonics will also stop.
'Volcanoes plays an important role in generating the Earth's crust on which we live.
'So if volcanic activity ceases then the crust formation will also stop and the planetary activities will eventually stop.'
Dr Jacobsen added: 'Water mixes with ocean crust and gets subducted at convergent plate boundaries.
'Introducing water into the mantle promotes melting and weakens rock, likely helping out the motions of plates like grease.'
In the first study, researchers from Florida State University and the University of Edinburgh estimated that water exists far deeper in the Earth than previously thought, stored in a mineral called brucite.
Although the amount of water is unknown, researchers believe it could account for as much as 1.5 per cent of the weight of the planet - the same amount of water as all the world's oceans put together.
Mainak Mookherjee, who led the study, said: 'We didn't think water could be stored by hydrous minerals such as brucite at these depths.
'But now that we know it's there, we need to figure out how much water could be effectively stored inside it.'
In a parallel study, researchers from Northwestern University in Illinois suggest that this water is much deeper than any seen before, at a third of the way to the edge of Earth's core.
The researchers discovered a diamond, spat out 90 million years ago by a volcano near the São Luíz river in Juina, Brazil.
The diamond had an imperfection, containing minerals that became trapped during the diamond's formation.
When the researchers looked at it under the microscope, they saw evidence of the presence of hydroxyl ions - which normally come from water.
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The nature of the imperfection suggests that it formed in the lower mantle.
Speaking to New Scientist, Steve Jacobsen, who led the study, said: 'This is the deepest evidence for water recycling on the planet.
'The big take-home message is that the water cycle on Earth is bigger than we ever thought, extending into the deep mantle.'
One of the studies suggests that brucite may go through a high-pressure phase, transporting water deeper into the realms, without decomposing +4
One of the studies suggests that brucite may go through a high-pressure phase, transporting water deeper into the realms, without decomposing
BRUCITE STORES WATER
Water-transporting minerals, such as brucite, have limited stability, and decompose in the deep Earth.
As they decompose, they release water, which is recycled back to the surface via volcanic activity.
But this new study suggests brucite may go through a high-pressure phase, transporting water deeper below the surface, without decomposing.
Water plays a key role in sustaining geological activity below the Earth's surface.
Dr Mookherjee told MailOnline: 'Water in the Earth's interior is crucial since it helps in mantle convection - a process by which solid rocks move from hotter to colder regions over geological time scales.
'If there was no water in the Earth's interior, mantle convection would be inefficient and would eventually cease.
'The surface expression of the mantle convection is plate motion (the process by which volcanoes are created).'
'Volcanoes play an important role in generating the Earth's crust on which we live.
'So if volcanic activity ceases then the crust formation will also stop and the planetary activities will eventually stop.'
In of the studies, the researchers discovered a diamond, spat out 90 million years ago that showed evidence of water formed in the deep mantle layer of Earth +4
In of the studies, the researchers discovered a diamond, spat out 90 million years ago that showed evidence of water formed in the deep mantle layer of Earth
Dr Jacobsen added: 'Water mixes with ocean crust and gets subducted at convergent plate boundaries.
'Introducing water into the mantle promotes melting and weakens rock, likely helping out the motions of plates like grease.'
Previously, researchers from the University of Alberta suggested the water locked up could account for as much as 1.5 per cent of the weight of the planet – the same amount as in all the world's oceans put together.
The researchers now plan to determine whether this is the case, by performing additional simulations to better understand the physical properties of brucite at that depth.
Without water, the movement of plate tectonics is affected, and could result in no more volcanoes. Volcanoes are important for generating soil, so all kinds of things would come to a stop +4
Without water, the movement of plate tectonics is affected, and could result in no more volcanoes. Volcanoes are important for generating soil, so all kinds of things would come to a stop
Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3960442/An-ocean-water-620-miles-Earth-s-surface-dries-life-planet-END.html#ixzz4RXdHt6UL
Follow us: @MailOnline on Twitter | DailyMail on Facebook
2016-12-01 09:12:34 dailymail.co.uk. karapaia.livedoor.biz
地球の地下1,000キロメートルに巨大な海を発見。干上がった場合、生命が絶滅する恐れがある（英米研究）
2016年11月28日 ι コメント(91) ι 知る ι 自然・廃墟・宇宙 ι #
0_e0
海は地球の表面の7割をおおっているが、内部にも膨大な量の水が存在しているようだ。
最近発表された二つの研究によると、地球の地下、1,000キロメートルに膨大な量の水が眠っているが可能性があるとのことだ。仮にこの水がなくなってしまえば、土壌の形成や生命の維持に重要な働きをしている火山活動が止まってしまうという。
地球の地下にある水の存在が続々と明らかに
最初の研究では、米フロリダ州立大学と英エディンバラ大学の研究者が、地下深くに埋まっている水滑石の中に水が存在する可能性を発表した。
それまで水がこれほどまで深くに存在するとは考えられておらず、正確な量は不明であるが、それ以前になされたカナダ、アルバータ大学の研究では、地球上の全海水を合わせたのとほぼ同じ、地球の重量の1.5パーセントを占めるのではないかと推測されている。
1_e2
水を浸透させていた水滑石
また同時期に、米ノースウェスタン大学の研究チームが、やはり地球の外核へ向かって3分の1ほど潜った地下に水が存在する可能性を明らかにした。
同チームは、およそ9,000万年前にブラジル、サンルイス川付近にある火山から吐き出されたダイヤモンドを発見。このダイヤモンドは不完全で、その形成時に内部に捕らわれた鉱物を含んでいた。
2_e2
地球のマントル深部層で形成された9,000万年前のダイヤモンド
これを顕微鏡で調べると、通常水に由来する水酸基イオンが存在する証拠が得られた。また不完全性は下部マントルで形成されたことを示唆しているという。
水は地球内部の地質学的活動を維持するうえで重要な役割を担っている。地質学的時間スケールで見ると、硬い岩が熱い部分から冷たい部分へと移動しているが、このマントルの対流を助けているのが水である。
3_e2
収束型境界というプレート同士が接近している場所では、海水が海洋地殻と混ざり、地下に沈み込む。すると海水がマントル内に取り込まれ、岩石を弱くして、融解を促進する。丁度プレートの動きを滑らかにする潤滑油のようなものだ。地下に水が存在しなければ、マントルの対流が滞り、やがては止まってしまう。
マントルの対流は地球表面において、プレートの移動という形で見ることができる。これは火山が形成されるプロセスであるが、その火山は私たちが暮らす地殻の形成に重要な役割を果たしている。したがって火山活動が止まり、地殻が形成されなくなれば、やがては惑星活動も止まる運命にあるのである。
via:An ocean of water is found 620 miles below Earth's surface - and if it dries up, life on our planet could END/ translated hiroching / edited by parumo
origi.
An ocean of water is found 620 miles below Earth's surface - and if it dries up, life on our planet could END
Two studies found evidence of oceans of water in Earth's lower mantle
It is unclear how much water is being stored, but previous studies suggest it could be the same amount as all the oceans put together
Without this water, life on Earth would cease to exist
By Shivali Best For Mailonline
PUBLISHED: 17:55 GMT, 25 November 2016 | UPDATED: 14:06 GMT, 26 November 2016
Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3960442/An-ocean-water-620-miles-Earth-s-surface-dries-life-planet-END.html#ixzz4RXruBMAC
Follow us: @MailOnline on Twitter | DailyMail on Facebook
Water covers around 70 per cent of the Earth's surface, but a huge amount also lies inside our planet.
Two new studies suggest that there may be vast quantities of water as far as 620 miles (1,000 kilometres) below the surface.
Without this huge store of water, the geodynamic activity that causes volcanoes - which are important for generating soil and sustaining life on the planet - would cease.
Water covers around 70 per cent of the Earth's surface, but a huge amount also lies inside our planet. Two new studies suggest that there may be vast quantities of water as far as 620 miles (1,000 kilometres) below the surface +4
Water covers around 70 per cent of the Earth's surface, but a huge amount also lies inside our planet. Two new studies suggest that there may be vast quantities of water as far as 620 miles (1,000 kilometres) below the surface
WHY IS DEEP WATER ON EARTH IMPORTANT?
Water plays a key role in sustaining geological activity below the Earth's surface.
Dr Mookherjee told MailOnline: 'Water in the Earth's interior is crucial since it helps in mantle convection- a process by which solid rocks move from hotter to colder regions over geological time scales.
'If there were no water in the Earth's interior, mantle convection would be inefficient and would eventually cease.
'The surface expression of the mantle convection is plate motion/tectonics will also stop.
'Volcanoes plays an important role in generating the Earth's crust on which we live.
'So if volcanic activity ceases then the crust formation will also stop and the planetary activities will eventually stop.'
Dr Jacobsen added: 'Water mixes with ocean crust and gets subducted at convergent plate boundaries.
'Introducing water into the mantle promotes melting and weakens rock, likely helping out the motions of plates like grease.'
In the first study, researchers from Florida State University and the University of Edinburgh estimated that water exists far deeper in the Earth than previously thought, stored in a mineral called brucite.
Although the amount of water is unknown, researchers believe it could account for as much as 1.5 per cent of the weight of the planet - the same amount of water as all the world's oceans put together.
Mainak Mookherjee, who led the study, said: 'We didn't think water could be stored by hydrous minerals such as brucite at these depths.
'But now that we know it's there, we need to figure out how much water could be effectively stored inside it.'
In a parallel study, researchers from Northwestern University in Illinois suggest that this water is much deeper than any seen before, at a third of the way to the edge of Earth's core.
The researchers discovered a diamond, spat out 90 million years ago by a volcano near the São Luíz river in Juina, Brazil.
The diamond had an imperfection, containing minerals that became trapped during the diamond's formation.
When the researchers looked at it under the microscope, they saw evidence of the presence of hydroxyl ions - which normally come from water.
RELATED ARTICLES
Previous
1
Next
How the moon got its RINGS: One of our satellite's biggest...
Thanksgiving in SPACE: ISS astronauts enjoy a zero-gravity...
Is Tesla working on augmented reality for drivers? Fresh...
Warnings of deadly earthquakes could be made minutes sooner...
SHARE THIS ARTICLE
Share
8.5k shares
The nature of the imperfection suggests that it formed in the lower mantle.
Speaking to New Scientist, Steve Jacobsen, who led the study, said: 'This is the deepest evidence for water recycling on the planet.
'The big take-home message is that the water cycle on Earth is bigger than we ever thought, extending into the deep mantle.'
One of the studies suggests that brucite may go through a high-pressure phase, transporting water deeper into the realms, without decomposing +4
One of the studies suggests that brucite may go through a high-pressure phase, transporting water deeper into the realms, without decomposing
BRUCITE STORES WATER
Water-transporting minerals, such as brucite, have limited stability, and decompose in the deep Earth.
As they decompose, they release water, which is recycled back to the surface via volcanic activity.
But this new study suggests brucite may go through a high-pressure phase, transporting water deeper below the surface, without decomposing.
Water plays a key role in sustaining geological activity below the Earth's surface.
Dr Mookherjee told MailOnline: 'Water in the Earth's interior is crucial since it helps in mantle convection - a process by which solid rocks move from hotter to colder regions over geological time scales.
'If there was no water in the Earth's interior, mantle convection would be inefficient and would eventually cease.
'The surface expression of the mantle convection is plate motion (the process by which volcanoes are created).'
'Volcanoes play an important role in generating the Earth's crust on which we live.
'So if volcanic activity ceases then the crust formation will also stop and the planetary activities will eventually stop.'
In of the studies, the researchers discovered a diamond, spat out 90 million years ago that showed evidence of water formed in the deep mantle layer of Earth +4
In of the studies, the researchers discovered a diamond, spat out 90 million years ago that showed evidence of water formed in the deep mantle layer of Earth
Dr Jacobsen added: 'Water mixes with ocean crust and gets subducted at convergent plate boundaries.
'Introducing water into the mantle promotes melting and weakens rock, likely helping out the motions of plates like grease.'
Previously, researchers from the University of Alberta suggested the water locked up could account for as much as 1.5 per cent of the weight of the planet – the same amount as in all the world's oceans put together.
The researchers now plan to determine whether this is the case, by performing additional simulations to better understand the physical properties of brucite at that depth.
Without water, the movement of plate tectonics is affected, and could result in no more volcanoes. Volcanoes are important for generating soil, so all kinds of things would come to a stop +4
Without water, the movement of plate tectonics is affected, and could result in no more volcanoes. Volcanoes are important for generating soil, so all kinds of things would come to a stop
Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3960442/An-ocean-water-620-miles-Earth-s-surface-dries-life-planet-END.html#ixzz4RXdHt6UL
Follow us: @MailOnline on Twitter | DailyMail on Facebook
2016-12-01 09:12:34 dailymail.co.uk. karapaia.livedoor.biz
地球の地下1,000キロメートルに巨大な海を発見。干上がった場合、生命が絶滅する恐れがある（英米研究）
2016年11月28日 ι コメント(91) ι 知る ι 自然・廃墟・宇宙 ι #
0_e0
海は地球の表面の7割をおおっているが、内部にも膨大な量の水が存在しているようだ。
最近発表された二つの研究によると、地球の地下、1,000キロメートルに膨大な量の水が眠っているが可能性があるとのことだ。仮にこの水がなくなってしまえば、土壌の形成や生命の維持に重要な働きをしている火山活動が止まってしまうという。
地球の地下にある水の存在が続々と明らかに
最初の研究では、米フロリダ州立大学と英エディンバラ大学の研究者が、地下深くに埋まっている水滑石の中に水が存在する可能性を発表した。
それまで水がこれほどまで深くに存在するとは考えられておらず、正確な量は不明であるが、それ以前になされたカナダ、アルバータ大学の研究では、地球上の全海水を合わせたのとほぼ同じ、地球の重量の1.5パーセントを占めるのではないかと推測されている。
1_e2
水を浸透させていた水滑石
また同時期に、米ノースウェスタン大学の研究チームが、やはり地球の外核へ向かって3分の1ほど潜った地下に水が存在する可能性を明らかにした。
同チームは、およそ9,000万年前にブラジル、サンルイス川付近にある火山から吐き出されたダイヤモンドを発見。このダイヤモンドは不完全で、その形成時に内部に捕らわれた鉱物を含んでいた。
2_e2
地球のマントル深部層で形成された9,000万年前のダイヤモンド
これを顕微鏡で調べると、通常水に由来する水酸基イオンが存在する証拠が得られた。また不完全性は下部マントルで形成されたことを示唆しているという。
水は地球内部の地質学的活動を維持するうえで重要な役割を担っている。地質学的時間スケールで見ると、硬い岩が熱い部分から冷たい部分へと移動しているが、このマントルの対流を助けているのが水である。
3_e2
収束型境界というプレート同士が接近している場所では、海水が海洋地殻と混ざり、地下に沈み込む。すると海水がマントル内に取り込まれ、岩石を弱くして、融解を促進する。丁度プレートの動きを滑らかにする潤滑油のようなものだ。地下に水が存在しなければ、マントルの対流が滞り、やがては止まってしまう。
マントルの対流は地球表面において、プレートの移動という形で見ることができる。これは火山が形成されるプロセスであるが、その火山は私たちが暮らす地殻の形成に重要な役割を果たしている。したがって火山活動が止まり、地殻が形成されなくなれば、やがては惑星活動も止まる運命にあるのである。
via:An ocean of water is found 620 miles below Earth's surface - and if it dries up, life on our planet could END/ translated hiroching / edited by parumo
