Civilizations and space 3 ( cosmopolitan civilization and local civilization are replaced )

6 Cosmopolitan civilization and Local civilization are replaced.

 

However, cosmopolitan civilization and local civilization may be replaced. Chinese civilization and other civilizations relatively repeatedly exerted their unifying power and continued to renew the shifts of local civilizations, but after the Sung Dynasty, conquering dynasties ruled in the order of Liao, Jin, Yuan, and Qing (but Ming in between). On the other hand, India was not unified after the Mauryan dynasty until the Gupta dynasty, Vardhana Dynasty, the Three Kingdoms*1 period, Delhi Sultanat, and the Mughal Empire. The Mughal Empire was a conquering dynasty. Looking at Chinese civilization and Indian civilization, it seems that local civilization and cosmopolitan civilization alternate, but one major trend can be sensed. The values that were established in ancient times remained strong, and the phenomenon of introverted mass psychology, which is the driving force of civilization, was remarkable. It is also an interesting similarity that the Chinese civilization and the Indian civilization were greatly different in the north and south.

 

India's Three Kingdoms Period (around 750-975), a three-way state of the Pala Dynasty, the Rashtrak Dynasty, and the Pretihara Dynasty. China's Three Kingdoms period (around 220-280) was fought by Wei, Wu, and Shu after the fall of the Later Han Dynasty, and its history was recorded. In China, the revival of the dynasty was always expected, and the dynasty that was established in the next generation compiled the history of the previous dynasty. Before the Three Kingdoms period of India, there was the Vardhana dynasty, but although it is not known whether there was a unity like the Later Han, the countries fought over Kanawji (the capital of the Vardhana dynasty) in the middle reaches of the Ganges.

Indian civilization and Chinese civilization are included in the classification of local civilizations with strong unity as a whole, because they have the resilience to unify even if they are divided. However, the resilience of Indian civilization was considerably weaker than that of Chinese civilization.

The Chinese civilization had a strong element of politics (government through imperial examinations), while the Indian civilization had a strong element of culture (religion). There was also a similarity in the transition from the upper and middle reaches to the Ganges (lower reaches). Both were agricultural cultures, and as productivity improved, cities arose. In the Chinese civilization, there were 100 families, and in the Indian civilization, there were 62views*, and nations arose, and eventually empires. And although the empire was divided and weakened from the inside and the outside respectively, the Chinese civilization and the Indian civilization were revived each time.

* 62views

In Buddhist texts, the new ideas and thinkers that emerged during this period are referred to as '62 views'. Sixty-two, in many senses, corresponds to the “hundred” of the 100 families of China. It is interesting to note that similar developments in the history of thought took place in China and India at exactly the same time, with similar political, economic and social backgrounds. And after this, Emperor Shi Huang, Ashoka, the emperor and king who created the basic model of Chinese civilization and Indian civilization, appeared.

 

I have mentioned European civilization and Islamic civilization as cosmopolitan civilizations, but Islamic civilization, like Chinese civilization and Indian civilization, was formed on the rubble of the oriental civilization with the Nile River and the Tigris-Euphrates River as the mother of the great rivers. was done. Agricultural production increased, cities were established, nations arose, and empires were established. It is a series of empires that started with Assyria, but Hellenism and others were added to the soil of such an oriental empire, and finally, the innovation of the social community (Umma) generated by the Arabs who were the peripheral part became Islamic civilization.  After going through the Umayyad dynasty (ruled by the Arabs) and the Abbasid dynasty*1 ( Islamic empire), Islamic civilization was divided, and from there it shifted to a cosmopolitan form (Islamic system)*2.

 

*1 During the heyday of the Abbasid dynasty, in the second half of the era of Harun al-Rashid, the Barmak family, which had been the prime minister and high officials, was suddenly purged by the caliph Harun al-Rashid. The Barmak family is originally from Balkh (the former capital of Bactria) in Central Asia and was originally Buddhist. After Al-Rashid, disputes arose over the issue of succession, followed by the rebellion of Khorasan, the establishment of the Saffarid dynasty, and the establishment of the Samanid dynasty. Before long, the Mamluk (Turkish slave group) took over the Abbasid court, and the center of Islamic civilization moved from Baghdad to Damascus and Cairo. The power of the caliphate as a despot was weakened, the power of the secular monarchs dispersed, but the Islamic civilization itself remained united.

 

*2 Cosmopolitan form (Islamic system)

It was ruled by the Mongols around the 14th century, and it was a little later, but if you read Ibn Battuta's "A Tour of the Three Continents," you can get a glimpse of the cosmopolitan atmosphere of Islamic civilization. Ibn Battuta ended up as a kadi (law official) in his hometown of Morocco, but the story depicts a situation in which he was welcomed as a highly educated jurist in India and the Maldives. From the 9th century Islamic jurisprudence developed in Islamic civilization, while mysticism (Sufism) also developed, and the Islamic society, the Umma, expanded. Although Ibn Battuta's time preceded the height of Islamic civilization, the Ottoman Turks, the Safavids, and the Mughal Empire, such cosmopolitan consciousness continued.

 

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