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[editing] a bacteriological characteristic
Spirochetal general structure
Mainly on the flagella which lengthened from the both ends, a cell body climbs all over it in a spiral, and it is the gram-negative spirillum that an envelope covers the outside of both, and the spiral form is characteristic every course and genus each.
In general, there is the thing that a slim cell body of 0.1-0.5 around *4-250m becomes spiral to the large thing approximately 500-600m in many burrs.
Spirochetal course
Clockwise twining of 0.1-0.3 around *5-250m or the oddball is regular; is spiral, and have the flagella by around 1-20 near the both ends of the cell body.
There is the genus having 90-150 flagella among them, too.
Is slightly aerobic; facultative anaerobic or obligate aversion characteristics.
Selprinae department
Of 0.2-0.4 around *4-9m is gentle, and is coarse; is spiral, and have the flagella by 4-15 near the both ends of the cell body.
Obligate aversion characteristics.
Rep toss Bira department
It is the most minute in the spirochete at around 0.1*6-12m.
Of regular clockwise twining is spiral, and both ends of the cell body or one end curves into a a hook form.
I have flagella of one each near the both ends of the cell body. Obligate; is aerobic.
The spirochete has unique structure unlike other eubacteria, and the fabric is comprised of cell body, flagella, three called the envelope.
It is with the appearance that a cell body (cell body) just coils itself around the flagella which lengthened each from the both ends of the cell body in a spiral and is in a condition that the film structure called the envelope covered all of them.
Therefore, unlike bacteria having other flagella, flagella does not contact with environment outside directly.
From such a characteristic, the spirochetal flagella is called axoneme (axial filament), flagella (endoflagella) in the cell, periplasm flagella, the axis fiber.
Because the spirochetal cell wall is thin, the cell body is flexible, and the envelope is full of fluidity again.
By this flexibility and flagellar work, the spirochete shows an active kinesis. The spirochetal flagella starts from the part contacting with a cell body like other prokaryotic flagella and turns, but a cell body and the envelope contacting with flagella by this flagellar turn turn and get driving force to the front because the whole cell body turns like a corkscrew.
In the case of the exercise by the flagella of other creatures, exercise stops it without being able to move flagella in the solution having high viscosity, but, in the case of this rotary motion of the spirochete, can exercise in the viscous solution.
In addition, as well as this rotary motion, the spirochete bends it by flagellar work and the flexibility of the cell body, and it can travel the solid surface to crawl.
In addition, the thing having an uncommon characteristic is seen in other bacteria every genus.
For example, structure similar to the microtubule of the eukaryotic cell called the microtubule in the cell is seen in the treponemal genus and Leptneam genus in a cell body.
Cholesterol which is the film lipid ingredient of the animal cell is included in a borrelial cell membrane and has a characteristic at this point similar to a mycoplasma.
In addition, there is a thing having linear DNA as a gene whereas other most eubacteria have cyclic DNA as a gene in the Borrelia.
[editing] the symbiont of the insect
I live mainly on humus of Kutsugi that most of cockroach and white ants remarkably have low nitrogen content, and is composed primarily of a high molecular compound of the difficulty degradability again.
Because such a food has difficult that I use it enough with the physiological ability of the animal, these insects develop a protozoan, basidiomycete, symbiosis system with the microbe such as bacteria.
The spirochete is confirmed in the symbiosis system with the microbe in the bowels of a cockroach and the white ant, but, as for the function, it is hard to be said that it is elucidated enough.
However, a very interesting phenomenon is confirmed in white ant Mastotermes darwiniensis in the old days that are the most primitive white ant distributed over Australia.
There is the thing which I attach to a symbiosis protozoan, and lives a life that I live to the enteral spirochete of a cockroach and the white ant freely, but the spirochete of before and after 500,000 individuals attaches to the surface of the cell of kind Mixotricha paradoxa of many flagellates living together and is seen to the bowels of the white ant like cilia in old days, and the waviness such as cilia really exercises.
M. paradoxa is known to depend on the spirochetal exercise that attached to this surface of a body numerously for exercise.
This phenomenon pulled interest of Lynn Margulis who advocated a symbiosis theory in the cell of the origin of the small container official in the cell and drew the idea of the theory in the spirochetal symbiosis origin of the flagella (cilia, wave hair).
However, I am accepted like the theory in mitochondria and the chloroplastic symbiosis origin by there being a remarkable difference in eukaryotic flagella structure and spirochetal structure and do not make it an established theory.
There are various opinions whether there is an original gene to a centrosome becoming the eukaryotic flagellar formation center, and the conclusion cannot completely deny the possibility that a symbiosis theory in the cell surfaces again in the in future flagellar origin without appearing, but spirochetal symbiont is recognized today when flagella and one considering that it was are just difficult.
[editing] the history
Spirillum of spirochete is pictured in the sketching that Lenwenhock known as having discovered a microbe sent to the British Royal Society in September, 1683 first; of the bacteria discovery the existence was known from the first.
What's called which I added to the spirillum that Ehrenberg found the name from the water in 1835 spirochete is a beginning.
What was identified depends on discovery of Obermeier of 1873 with Borrelia obermeieri as pathogenic spirochete first.
[editing] disease syphilis to have by specific spirochetal infection
Relapsing fever
Lyme disease
Leptospirosis
[editing] a reference book
Yasutake Yanagihara "spirochete :" It is pp.654-672.ISBN 978-4-525-16013-5 "Shin Toda bacteriology" (Shinichi Yoshida, Yusuke Yanagi, Yasunobu Yoshikai edition) for 33 revision, Minamiyama temple, 2,007 years
E. Canale-Parola, J.A. It is Spirochetes" inBergey's manual of systematic bacteriology(J.G. Breznaket al."Section 1 Holt, N.R. 1 Krieget al.eds.) 1st ed. vol pp.38-70 (1984)ISBN 0-683-04108-8(v.1)
[editing] an item concerned
Rat-bite fever
It is an acquisition category from "http://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= spirochete &oldid=45948684":
Eubacteria
Infectious disease
