下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The imperialism，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了帝国主义。帝国主义作为一个社会历史概念，它的内涵在不同的历史阶段，都不断地吸收、融合与产生新的认识和见解，并相应地发挥了它们应有的历史作用和理论意义。大家对帝国主义的见解，既表现出他们对殖民地在政治上独立后发展前景的高度关注，也反映了他们对帝国的终结并未导致帝国主义消失的根本原因所进行的深层分析。
The word "imperialist" has been used by the British ever since the 1860s. But as a conception of social history, it was only after the publication of j. a. hobson's classic "the theory of imperialism" that people paid more attention to it.
Hobson is an activist, but not a socialist. As a journalist, he lived through the Boer war of the late 19th century and was impressed by it. In 1900, he wrote a book on the Boer war, called the war in South Africa: its causes and effects. In the book, hobson argues that South Africa is in fact run by financiers, mostly jews.
In his famous theory of imperialism, hobson comprehensively expounded his theory of "imperialism" and used the concept of "imperialism" to describe the expansion of the British empire and European powers in the world. He pointed out that this expansion was mainly reflected in the fact that over the past three decades, European powers, especially Britain, carved up many parts of Asia, Africa and many islands in the Pacific through direct annexation or political control.
For hobson, the meaning of the word he used was clear: imperialism means establishing political control. As for the impetus for imperialist expansion, hobson made it clear that, apart from ambitious politicians, professional soldiers who dreamed of success in the colonies and missionaries who were keen to spread the Gospel of god, the most decisive and influential were the powerful financiers. Therefore, hobson thinks that the function of "imperialism" actually contains three meanings. One is that imperialism means the expansion of European powers into the non-european world. The second is that the expansion of imperialism took place mainly in the last thirty years of the nineteenth century, between 1870 and 1900. Third, imperialism is the result of financial capital.
In order to make a deeper analysis of the phenomenon of imperialism, hobson further believes that the emergence of imperialism is closely related to the development of capitalism and is the direct result of the "insufficient consumption" suffered by the capitalist economic development in Britain. Lack of consumption leads to excess capital. The capital had become so difficult to find profitable places to invest in the UK that it had to seek "overseas markets and investments to dump or export goods and capital that they could not sell in the UK".
Since hobson's view has a critical component to the capitalist system, it has also attracted the attention of many marxist thinkers, and the result is the emergence of marxist imperialism.
According to Marx and Engels, the expansion of capitalism has the function of "objective" progress. At this time, marxist thinkers like siphating and Luxembourg believed that the "imperialism" that emerged in the late 19th century existed as a model for oppression and exploitation of the non-capitalist world. From Luxembourg's point of view. "The real driving force behind imperialism was not the export of capital as many thought at the time, but the export of goods and imported raw materials. On the one hand, the markets and raw materials of the third world play a very important role in the development of the west; on the other hand, such markets and raw materials have a very limited base. So, notes Luxembourg: "imperialism is a political expression of capital accumulation in the competition to gain an environment that has not yet been encroached upon, which is not capitalist."
He argues that since the mid-19th century, the process of capital concentration has grown so fast that many industrial firms have merged to eliminate competition in an attempt to obtain monopoly prices. In order to obtain sufficient financial support for such commercial expansion, they often cooperate with Banks to make investments, so that numerous enterprises and capital are finally concentrated in the hands of a few people, thus forming "financial capital" and "monopoly capitalism". However, due to the limited consumption capacity at home, some monopoly enterprises have to find and develop overseas markets. At first, they often penetrate overseas markets by lowering the price of their products. However, as the competition in the overseas market became more and more intense, some enterprises changed their ways and set up factories directly overseas. In this way, they crossed the tariff barriers to make their products as profitable as at home. Therefore, every western capitalist power is trying to establish its own "national economic territory". "The result is that this capital export is bound to intensify the worldwide rivalry between them. This is the basic explanation of imperialism at this time.
Meanwhile, kautsky, a famous theorist of the second international, also made his own interpretation of the concept of imperialism. The word imperialism is used everywhere and everywhere today, he argues, but the more people talk about it, the more they talk about it, the more uncertain it becomes, which of course makes it difficult to get any sense. Today we have reached the point where all the phenomena of modern capitalism, namely, cartels, protective tariffs, financial domination, and colonial policies, are summed up in the name of imperialism. In this sense, imperialism is naturally necessary for the survival of capitalism. But that knowledge simply means the most tedious tautology, saying nothing but that capitalism cannot survive without it. So, in kautsky's view, "imperialism is the product of highly developed industrial capitalism. Imperialism is the struggle of every industrial capitalist nation to conquer and annex an increasing number of agricultural regions, irrespective of the nationality in which they reside ".
Afterwards, as a great proletarian theorist and socialist practitioner, Lenin also paid great attention to the theory of imperialism. In 1916, Lenin published a book of great historical significance, "imperialism is the highest stage of capitalism", which made the marxist elaboration of the theory of imperialism reach a new level. Lenin believed that imperialism is a developing stage of capitalism. In this stage, monopoly and financial capital establish their own dominant position; The export of capital is becoming more and more important. The world market has been carved up by international monopolies and the world has been carved up by western capitalist powers. Because of the correlation between Lenin's theory and hobson's understanding of imperialism, international academic circles often referred to their discussion of imperialism theory as "hobson -- Lenin theory".
In fact, we should be fully aware of some important differences between hobson's imperialism and Lenin's. For one thing, for hobson, although he thinks that the export of capital from the sovereign state to overseas markets is the result of the development of capitalism, he does not regard it as the inevitable result of the development of capitalism. That is to say, the development of capitalism does not necessarily lead to the export of capital. For, in Mr Hobson's view, this export of capital is due to insufficient domestic consumption. The so-called shortage of consumption, in simple terms, means that the production capacity is far greater than the consumption capacity, resulting in the sluggish sales of goods and capital overhang. Therefore, in theory, as long as the problem of insufficient consumption is solved, the problem of capital output is solved, and then the problem of empire expansion is solved.
Hobson also believes that in the UK, some social improvement measures can be adopted to solve the problem of imperial expansion, and by means of increasing the consumption power of the British working class. He argues in the imperialist: "if the British consumer base can keep its spending power in sync with the UK's production capacity, there will be no surplus of goods and capital needed to find their overseas markets through empire expansion."
Secondly, hobson's theory of imperialism, written before and after the Boer war, is mainly about the historical phenomenon of European powers carving up Africa in the last 30 years of the 19th century. Lenin's theory of imperialism was written in 1916 during the first world war. One of its theoretical purposes was obviously to reveal the socio-economic root of the redistribution of the world by the European powers, and to point out that such redistribution directly led to the outbreak of the first world war. So very little of Africa is mentioned in Lenin's book. Because of this, the period of history described by hobson and Lenin in their respective writings is different. Hobson mainly studied the expansion of European powers in the period from 1870 to 1900, while Lenin focused on the competition between European powers from 1900 to the first world war. In this way, Lenin's conclusion differs markedly from hobson's. In Lenin's opinion, imperialism is not the advanced stage of colonialism, but the highest stage of capitalism.
One of the most famous experts on the study of colonialism in modern times, a famous professor at the university of Cambridge in the United Kingdom feldhaus also talked about his views. The biggest difference between hobson's and Lenin's theory, feldhaus argues, lies in their different understanding of the nature of the domestic pressures that led capitalist countries to expand abroad. "Hobson is using the idea of under-consumption as an explanation. Lenin thought that capitalism as a social system had reached its final stage.. This will lead to the birth of the proletarian revolution and socialism, followed by the demise of imperialism. In feldhaus's view: "hobson is using his theory to prove that domestic social democratic reform is necessary and may eliminate the evil consequences of 'insufficient consumption', thus making imperialism an unnecessary policy or means. Lenin, on the other hand, defined imperialism as an inherent and inevitable stage in the development of capitalist society, and therefore impossible to eliminate through social improvement
Although hobson et al. explained imperialism from the perspective of capitalist development at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the international academic circles did not receive due attention, but with the success of the October revolution in 1917 and the emergence of the socialist Soviet union, these views still had a great impact. In the 1920s and 1930s, it was widely accepted that imperialism was caused by the difficulties faced by European economic development in the late 19th century. Because, at that time, the European powers, especially the British empire, very much needed to ensure the import of large amounts of raw materials to the industrialized countries. It also ensures that their overseas markets are reliably protected in order to sell their industrial products better. At the end of the century, before the visible British empire, the invisible British empire had already existed, while some scholars paid more attention to why imperialism continued after the visible empire disintegrated. After the second world war, the emergence of such discourses was not only related to the emergence of the two superpowers of the United States and the Soviet union, but more importantly, closely related to the emergence of the decolonization movement that began after the war. Because after the end of world war I, with the defeat of Germany and the dissolution of the Ottoman empire, European powers further expanded their colonial rule. After world war ii, however, a very different picture emerged. In Asia, decolonization has just begun to emerge from the second world war. Soon thereafter, the process of decolonization in Africa took off in an unstoppable fashion, and by the 1960s most of the former colonies had become politically independent states.
However, political independence does not mean a solution to social problems or an economic attachment to the former suzerain. For many emerging countries, their dependence on the western-dominated world economy is even greater than before independence. The existence of this situation reveals the fact that the end of empire does not mean the end of imperialism. In order to explain the objective phenomenon theoretically, the theory of attachment emerges. In the eyes of the dependency theorists, imperialism is not only manifested as political domination, but more importantly as economic control, which promotes and fixes the attachment of underdeveloped countries and regions to developed countries. The existence of visible empire is only a manifestation of imperialism and a political result of the western developed countries' economic control over the colonies in Asia and Africa. Thus, even if the empire did not exist, the dependency remained the same, leaving the politically independent colonies under imperialist control. "The trade and investment of the developed capitalist countries can only slow and stagnate the development of poor countries, trapped in poverty and dependence on other countries".
In short, through the analysis of the concept of imperialism, we can clearly see that from the perspective of social development, the concept of imperialism is the concept of social history, and its connotation changes with the development of society. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, hobson's imperialist theory had positive significance in explaining the colonial expansion of the British empire and easing the domestic contradictions. Lenin's theory of imperialism was published during the first world war and on the eve of the October revolution. This not only has important guiding significance to the world socialist movement, but also has important theoretical value and direct practical function to discuss the causes of the outbreak of the first world war and the outbreak of the Russian October revolution. The imperialism of free trade by gallach and Robinson is not so much a theoretical explanation of the existence and development of the British empire in the 19th century as a political reflection on the changes of world pattern after the second world war and the emergence of intangible empires like the United States and the Soviet union. As for the attachment theorists' views on imperialism, they not only show their great concern on the prospect of the colony's development after its political independence, but also reflect their deep analysis on the root cause that the end of empire did not lead to the disappearance of imperialism.
In addition, through the in-depth understanding and understanding of the concept of imperialism, we should point out clearly that in modern society, as long as there is an empire, no matter it is a survival empire or an invisible empire, there must be imperialism, with different contents and different degrees of expansion and hegemony. Therefore, as a scholar from the third world countries and regions, it is necessary to make a careful analysis and choice of the relevant views of western scholars with a clearer mind and thinking, and on this basis, have a deeper discussion and a more profound understanding of the nature of imperialism.
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