英文论文写作如何把事实转换成自己的观点

不知道留学生们有没有发现，在英文论文写作中，一样的topic却能写出两篇观点完全不同的论文，不管是正观点还是反观点，都似乎可以。我们怎么合理的解读“事实”以供自己论证所需，怎么样让事实为我们所用？我们要找到能支持段落的中心观点需要一定的技巧。下面就为大家推荐 3 个方法，帮助你找到解读“事实”的最佳姿势。

方法1：长短期之分

很多看似困难的东西，短期会带来很多的苦痛，而逐渐适应之后，就是能力的提高和飞跃。给大家举几个例子，看看大家能不能Get到点。

比如：留学好不好？

事实是：陌生的语言环境

短期解读：造成了很大的交流障碍，生活诸多不便

长期解读：极大锻炼了表达能力、生存能力

同一事实，作为正面例子，写成：

For example, living in an unfamiliar environment, the young can develop their communicative abilities and survival skills more rapidly than in their motherland, because they are forced to adapt to the new lives by using the local language.

作为反面例子，写成：

For example, living in an unfamiliar environment, the young are confronted with numerous challenges and inconvenience in both their study and daily life lxws.net, because they are forced to adapt to the new lives by using another language.

同题，又比如：

事实是：更加丰富的教学手段

短期解读：学生很难适应，成绩排名低，压力大

长期解读：强化了对专业知识的理解和认知

同一事实，作为正面例子，写成：

For instance, academic institutions abroad may have more diverse teaching methods, so the young who are so accustomed to their previous learning approaches may gain new insights in their courses, deepening their understanding of the subject and further motivating students to achieve better performance.

作为反面例子，写成：

For instance, academic institutions abroad may have more diverse teaching methods, but the young who are so accustomed to their previous learning approaches may find it hard to adapt to the new challenges, imposing pressure on them and further demotivating students to achieve better performance.

方法2：主客观之分

如果是人们主动想去做什么事情，往往可以做得很好。但是，最终能不能做成，还要取决于很多客观的条件。

比如：成年人是否应该独立学实践技能？

事实是：年纪较大

主观解读：理解能力上升

客观解读：记忆能力下降

同一事实，作为正面例子，写成：

The adult learners normally have already been learning for decades, so their abilities to acquire knowledge and process information are obviously better than the younger ones, which means that they are academically competent to master practical skills independently.

作为反面例子，写成：

The adult learners normally have already been learning for decades, so their abilities to memorize new knowledge and information are decreasing gradually with age, which means that they are academically incompetent to master practical skills independently.

同题，又比如：

事实是：年纪较大

主观解读：专注度上升

客观解读：厌倦学习，容易分心

同一事实，作为正面例子，写成：

The adult learners normally have already been learning for decades, so their abilities to concentrate on the learning process are obviously better than the younger generation, which means that they are competent to master practical skills independently without a teacher supervising their behaviors.

作为反面例子，写成：

The adult learners normally have already been learning for decades, so they might become unwilling to spend more time on study when many distractions such as work or social activities seem to be more crucial or recreational, which means that they are incompetent to master practical skills independently without a teacher supervising their behaviors.

方法3：过程和结果之分

写作中有过程和结果之分，比如奋斗的过程充满艰辛，但是结果往往甜蜜美好。关注前者，这个事情就是不好的，关注后者，往往可以成为正面的例子。

比如：移民好不好？

事实是：工资更高

过程解读：奋斗不容易，压力更大

结果解读：收入更高，生活更好

同一事实，作为正面例子，写成：

When living abroad, new immigrants in many cases have to work even harder in order to earn sufficient income to sustain a higher living standard. However, it is rewarding since they could live more comfortably than in their homeland.

作为反面例子，写成：

When living abroad, new immigrants in many cases have to work even harder in order to earn sufficient income to sustain a higher living standard. It is comparatively unrewarding as they could work less arduously but live comfortably in their homeland.

又比如：翻新老建筑好不好？

事实是：翻新需要大量资金

过程解读：费钱，政府财政压力大

结果解读：老建筑可以作为旅游景点，带动发展

同一事实，作为正面例子，写成：

In fact, preserving and restoring old buildings normally cost the government a large amount of money. After the refurbishment, the administrators may find the investment rewarding, because these ancient architectures could be magnets for tourists and stimuli for economic growth.

作为反面例子，写成：

In fact, preserving and restoring old buildings normally cost the government a large amount of money. During the refurbishment, the administrators may be financially overburdened, so other crucial fields cannot be adequately supported.

以上就是关于英文论文写作的观点分析，举了这么多例子，就是为了告诉大家在英文写作中，同样的topic可以有相反的观点，只要你有理有据，完全可以把事实转换成自己的观点。

51due留学教育引领海外留学的风向标，打造最好的教育品牌，提供专业的留学生作业代写服务，我们为自己的品牌代言，不负留学生的期待。提供全方位的服务，包括essay代写、paper代写、assignment代写、美国作业代写服务。

更多关于美国作业代写的内容，点开主页栏目，即可快速获取论文代写相关资讯，如果各位有美国作业代写需求，可以咨询24小时客服QQ：800020041，为您详细解答。

作业代写：American thriller

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- American thriller，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国惊悚电影。惊悚电影是美国经久不衰的类型片之一，其诞生和兴盛与人们内心的欲望息息相关。惊悚电影通过种种将人类置于绝境的叙事展现着人类的担忧、紧张与无助，吸引观众与剧中角色一起感到惊悚，将观众人性之中深藏的恶尽量地释放出来。同时，因审美距离的存在而使观众感到某种安全感，这有利于观众在日益紧张的快节奏生活重压之下进行排解。

Thriller is one of Hollywood's enduring genre films. Its birth and prosperity are closely related to people's inner desire. People have long had the aesthetic experience and aesthetic habit of releasing emotions in art works that evoke human fears. The popularity of gothic novels is a typical example of this demand. The birth of the film is the product of the industrial and scientific and technological progress, but it was also associated with industry and the expanding of science and technology, its negative effect also increasingly prominent, the human is becoming more and more to the outside world have an uncontrollable fear and helplessness, Nietzsche's "god is dead" is the 20th century people fear mentality as well as to produce the feeling of helpless on behalf of his own fate. In such cases, the emergence of thriller genre films has played a similar role to gothic novels, and at the same time, it has a role beyond words. Thriller movie through a variety of puts human despair of narrative show the human concern, tension and helpless, to attract the audience feel thriller with the characters and the audience hidden evil of human nature as far as possible to release. At the same time, the existence of aesthetic distance makes the audience feel a sense of security, which is conducive to the audience under the pressure of increasingly tense and fast-paced life. In terms of thriller movie, Hollywood is undoubtedly occupy a leading position in the world film, in a long period of time to explore, Hollywood has formed a set of relatively stable narrative mode and business practices, and the former has a direct impact on the latter, so for Hollywood thriller movie narrative modes is brief analysis helps us to grasp the thread of the genre.

In general, the narrative logic of the film is in pursuit of rationality, and the creator must provide the audience with a complete, reasonable and fluent narrative in the film. The reason why human beings need scary movies is precisely because they have witnessed the limitations of reason in real life. Human beings cannot control their destiny and manipulate the world by their own reason. Such as Americans in the contemporary suffered the biggest trauma "9 ? 11" incident, and the resulting violent terrorist attacks, etc. These things are both evasive and attractive to humans. Therefore, thrillers must show the audience a world in which the order is completely destroyed and the reason in daily life is not applicable here. In this world, there is an unknown and enormous destructive force, and the problems it provides to human beings are difficult for ordinary people to solve under the existing conditions. Only when the audience is placed in such a narrative context can the plot be pushed forward smoothly, and the thriller effect of the narration can be brought into full play.

To the "museum of terror" as an example, the movie is a classic Hollywood thriller movie, there were 1953 by ender? DE? toth directed by version, and with m ? hill new version released in 2005. In the original, Gerald? professor Henry had indulged in sculpture art, built a wonderful museum, but poor earnings. Business partners and Matthew? burke to defrauds insurance money and set fire to the whole museum, professor Henry also missing in the fire, people thought that Henry had killed in the fire, he was miraculously resurrected and began a cruel revenge behavior. In his revenge, he not only kill the burke and burke's lover, even also plans to kill lover's roommate? Sue Ellen. After the attempted murder, Henry opened a new wax museum featuring death and violence, attracting Alan to watch. Henry was about to imprison Alan to make a wax statue of Joan of arc. After Allen escaped, Henry fell into hot wax in the scuffle with the police. Irrational logic of the story is that burke insurance fraud behavior is shocking enough, Henry after surviving without taking legal means to expose the crimes of burke, but revenge on their own, and would hate to burke's lover and entirely innocent Allen. In the process of designing to kill Alan, Henry was determined to make a wax figure of Alan. In the film, Henry's behavior is absurd and irrational.

The new horror waxworks has completely changed the story. In the movie, a couple living in a small town in the conjoined twins, when will they separate, elder brother was disfigured, and the younger brother's head also lost a large piece of leather, adult brothers suffered discrimination of people in the town because of the crazy revenge, will the whole town are made into lifelike wax. The crime of the town was exposed by a group of young tourists, and the desperate brothers began killing the young. Movie narrative also lost the rationality in normal story here, first of all, conjoined twins don't usually show face connection back before such a state, second, the two brothers keep such a small town near no man's land there is no such thing as the basis of the normal operation. But under such conditions set, small town, quiet, seemingly calm and orderly, in fact all made of wax, and the brothers with wax in the movie will be alive seal of terror, was enough to make the audience's heart seized by fear, ignore the unreasonable place of the narrative.

As mentioned earlier, the thriller genre narratives are closely related to its business operations at the box office, which is more obvious mda is a thriller movie, follow certain routine thriller movie seemingly conformism, but also in the film preparation is made at the beginning of production has a group of relatively stable potential audience. In other words, the audience who is tired and fussy about thrillers is not in the consideration of the movie's box office. The audience chooses the audience as well as the movie. Because the movie thriller pursuit is amplify the horror effect in a short time, not long time viewers retrospect and reflection on the movie narrative, therefore the characters image how deep or not, rich is not a thriller movie to pay attention to. And patterned film shots can guarantee in the shortest possible time from the screenwriter, taken to post-production and a series of process, entered the stage of theatrical release as soon as possible, to ensure the rapid withdrawal of funds. In this fixed mode, the typology of role building is one of the characteristics. Role is the key to movie narrative, the plot of the film is mainly composed of the characters and the relationship between the organization and promote characters, once the characters on the character, function setting is fixed, the film on the narrative basic coordinate are identified, creators have to do is plump the narrative on the coordinates. Especially when also entered the postmodernism film arts, people are more inclined to shape a face is not clear, the role of abstraction, to reflect the nothingness of the world, chaos and refractory.

The first is the mutant monster. Like the space monster in alien, it appears in an egg in the remains of an alien spaceship, a creature that does not exist on earth. The creature is able to attach to human bodies and emit deadly acid, which is a great threat to the crew of a spaceship. Such images can also be found in movies like jaws and godzilla. These creatures or from outer space, or from the inaccessible depths of the sea, or the product of the nuclear disaster on earth, although they vary in shape and capability, but for the audience, the meaning of them is a terrible, looks strange, can kill people. Because such characters exist in the image of "non-human", no matter the creator or receiver of the film, they can avoid the process of exploring their inner world. The second is the distorted image of abnormal characters. For example, John, the mysterious and cruel judge in the chainsaw movies, seems to know everything about people's privacy. "Hannibal" has a wealth of psychological knowledge, eating human flesh Dr. Hannibal, and so on. These people may look like ordinary people, but they all hate society for various reasons and are keen to torture others for pleasure. As in zc m? hill directed "the orphan hatred," the protagonist Easter is actually a appearance of adult women with children, due to the shape and manic diseases, she could not lead a normal life, but with the identity of the orphans to be in an orphanage. Once she was adopted, she would try to seduce the adoptive family and the male owner. Because of the size of her young child, all her attempts to seduce her ended in failure. In the movie, east to collapse adoptive families as soon as possible, even cruel killing orphanage mammy, then try to burn the adopter's son, had made against the adopter deaf daughter car accident. What's more, the discovery that the woman in the east is in trouble is not trusted by the man's owner, leading the audience to see the family sink into tragedy. Although these characters are part of the human race, they are remembered not for their mental journey, but for the great harm they can do to others.

Open narrative structure is at the end of the film does not give the audience a happy ending, the development of the plot to can have a variety of possibility, the fate of the characters exist or happy or sad. The audience can participate in the narration of the film in the open narrative structure, and make up the ending of the film according to their own understanding and subjective intention. This kind of narrative structure is constantly emerging in Hollywood thrillers. Unlike domestic thriller movie, have a grading system of Hollywood horror movies have more freedom in the expression, so it does not need to provide an explanation to the audience in at the end of the movie or replacement. Creators of thrillers tend to prefer to wrap up the film with an open ending with a wide variety of theories. First of all, this approach can continue to reflect the disorder and absurdity of the world in the drama, increase the mystery of the narrative, and even make the film a labyrinth without exit. Secondly, this approach can also increase the topical nature of the film, so that the film can maintain a certain degree of heat during the theatrical release. From a psychological point of view, the audience in the process of viewing experience some kind of danger, but the end does not represent the next risk will not come, that a maze in the audience left the cinema still likely will trap the audience; Finally, this kind of ending also creates the possibility for the film to make a sequel. It can be said that whether based on artistic or commercial considerations, an open narrative structure is more beneficial than harmful to thriller movies.

For example, in the "aliens" directed by ridley Scott ?, protagonist ripley led the members on the "shi mo" with alien spacecraft wreckage on life and death phase, although human beings already have very advanced technology, but for abnormity such silicon-based alien creatures human is very weak. When humans very not easy to destroy all living alien monster is exhausted, in addition to ripley, all other crew members have been killed, while the other is on the surface of a planet left a complete alien egg, whether it can be hatched become film of an open question. In "aliens", the first of the special-shaped indeed as expected and produce a large number of monsters, the last time in the sole survivor of the battle of ripley, led by the earth's people and special-shaped launched after a fight a bloody, seemingly has been a costly victory, bud glidden on spacecraft into the safety, can smoothly to return to earth. Is at the end of the film, however, almost into the darkness, came the voice of a rapid climb, and that is what alien pups can sound, although this sounds very brief, but ? director James Cameron is suggested that the audience in the voice, survivors of the spaceship, there are special. Away from the first in the audience know, special-shaped evolve rapidly, and it has strong ability to learn, at a time when the ripley did not grow up to be a take up arms and insistence on alien extermination of the hero, just a very fear to aliens, weak woman wanted to live. Alien and ripley, among others, are also likely to fight each other to the death, leaving the stage for the third film alien. Although the two films were made by different directors, they were remarkably consistent in their treatment of the ending.

It can be said that from the choice of subject matter field, or the various techniques of expression aided by high-tech means, the attempts of American Hollywood thriller genre films are diversified. But in narrative mode, Hollywood thrillers are conservative and follow a certain pattern. Precisely because thriller movie itself plays a role in psychology, according to the movie audience psychology, people have formed a relatively fixed the fear of germinal, response mechanism, and horror movies have to do is to suit the remedy to the case. Therefore, in mature thrillers, it is not hard to find that they generally have a narrative logic that is out of rationality, a familiar character setting and an open ending. Instead of criticizing it as a sign of Hollywood's indolence in artistic creation, consider it a model of Hollywood's success in running certain genres. , of course, these three points as the summary of Hollywood thriller movie narrative art, could be exhaustive, the hearts of men at the same time the world is developing along with the outside world, to be sure, the future of Hollywood thriller movie in the breakthrough of narrative mode is welcome by the audience.

51due留学教育原创版权郑重声明：原创paper代写范文源自编辑创作，未经官方许可，网站谢绝转载。对于侵权行为，未经同意的情况下，51Due有权追究法律责任。主要业务有essay代写、assignment代写、paper代写服务。

51due为留学生提供最好的paper代写服务，亲们可以进入主页了解和获取更多paper代写范文 提供北美作业代写服务，详情可以咨询我们的客服QQ：800020041。

关于英国论文写作的文献

在英国大学，学术写作是一件非常严谨的事情，所以留学生们在写作英国论文的时候一定保证论文的正确率。在英国论文写作中，文献综述的引用是非常重要的，下面就跟大家聊一下英国论文写作的文献引用。


一、为什么文献综述的不同最能显示出学生能力的差别

因为，文献综述是学生在对本领域国内外已有研究在研究主题、研究方法、研究结论等方面进行概括性、批判性的介绍和评价，并在此基础上指出研究存在的问题和今后的研究方向，从而提出自己的研究问题。学生对于前人在该领域的研究状况选取2-3个与文章类似的research进行陈述并辩证。所以综述能检测出学生的学术知识积累，知识面的宽广度，对于论证方法的了解和把握，对于选题和研究的敏感度。

二、中英学生在论文综述写作上有什么差别

在英的中国留学生与英国的学生写的同一导师布置的论文作业，在综述上虽然有一定的相同点，即需要的几大要素齐全，结构都比较完整。但是更多的是区别，主要由以下几种不同：

1.搜索材料。在对于选题搜索的材料方面，外国学生搜索得更加全面，筛选得更加精华；而中国留学生则主要是针对某一块甚至某个点搜集，有的还有重复。

2.材料处理。对于搜集到的大量的文献，外国学生能够在回顾前人研究之后进行一些自己的评价，指出其中的问题和不足，指出研究的价值和贡献；中国学生主要是对搜集到的观点进行客观地陈列。

3.拟定标题。外国学生在文献综述的部分表去上能够多样化一些，有新意；中国学生的大多比较中规中矩。

以上内容就是为大家介绍的论文文献写作出现差异的解析方法，希望这些内容能够帮助到大家。

想要了解更多英国论文写作技巧或者需要英国代写，请关注51Due英国论文代写平台，51Due是一家专业的论文代写机构，专业辅导海外留学生的英文论文写作，主要业务有英国代写、essay代写、assignment代写、paper代写。亲们可以进入主页了解和获取更多关于英国代写以及英国留学资讯，我们将为广大留学生提升写作水平，帮助他们达成学业目标。如果您有英国代写需求，可以咨询我们的客服QQ：800020041。

Paper代写：A theory of justice

本篇paper代写- A theory of justice讨论了《正义论》。在《正义论》中，罗尔斯从民主角度以“正义的两个原则”重新阐释了自由主义关于自由和平等的理论，坚持个人基本权利平等不受侵害，通过差别原则的再分配提高最不利者的经济收入，将民主从政治领域发展到经济领域，对差别原则进行“民主的解释”，并坚持机会向社会成员平等开放，使社会中的每个人都受到公平的待遇，从而扩大了民主的范围。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

In A found of justice, rawls from the perspective of democracy to "the two principles of justice" to interpret the liberalism theory of freedom and equality, adhere to the personal basic rights equality are not violated, by increasing the difference principle of redistribution of the adverse economic income, trying to push the democracy from politics to economics, to the interpretation of the "democratic" difference principle, and adhere to the opportunities open to the equality of social members, everyone in the society have been treated fairly, so as to expand the scope of democracy. Rawls advocates the protection of individual rights from the perspective of democracy. He opposes the tyranny of the majority against the minority and the elitist rule of the minority against the majority. In addition, in the political liberalism, rawls is proposed on the basis of "overlapping consensus", further discusses about the contemporary values of democratic political development against the background of the new direction, the deliberative democracy has carried on the theoretical arguments and explore. Rawls's theory of justice is of great significance and practical value for China to promote socialist democracy.

Rawls's A theory of justice has been widely discussed in the academic circle since its publication, and there are countless treatises on the basic viewpoints of "fairness" and "justice" in the book. About A going of justice research mostly focus on the basic concepts such as "the two principles of justice" of the text reading and about "fair justice and utilitarianism" basic point comparing these two aspects. Rawls has said that A found of justice is the work of democracy, but because few book about "democracy" of the concentration of A clear, academia has little about A going of justice in the related research of democratic thought. This paper attempts to interpret rawls's justice theory from the perspective of democracy and explore the democratic appeal of his justice theory.

Rawls wrote A theory of justice in the 1960s and 1970s when American society was in turmoil. Internationally, the United States in the Cuban missile crisis and the Vietnam war mire, at the same time, domestic continuously the outbreak of the civil rights movement, black struggle and conflict in schools, especially the gap between rich and poor is highlighted, all of which has exposed the defects of the system of capitalist democracy. In the face of such social reality, how to establish A social common interests "well ordered society", how to develop A new system of capitalist democracy, do both respect the majority opinion and to protect the rights of minority, it becomes A going of justice, rawls writing to explore and solve the problem.

In rawls's view, social contradictions intensified has very close connection with utilitarianism prevails, therefore, on A theoretical analysis of utilitarianism and response is A going of justice, rawls writing an important purpose. In modern times, people for the good and have good judgment standard and the ancient times, the pursuit of utility and benefits to replace the pursuit of virtue, "how can we improve the utility" has become a new social theme. The theory of utilitarianism is in line with this trend, becoming a political moral theory with strong attraction, and gradually becoming the mainstream moral view and political value orientation of the society at that time. The simplest description of the utilitarian theory is that "an act or policy that can become a member of society and create the greatest happiness is morally justified." In utilitarianism is the most fundamental theoretical standpoint, the good must take precedence over due, about utility computing is the first fundamental principle of all exclusive, "effect" is the only standard to judge a moral behavior.

Utilitarianism has a strong attraction in practice, which makes people more accepting. First of all, its judgment on results relies on intuitive calculation rather than complex measurement and comparison. Moreover, utilitarianism takes the "best interests of the majority" as its fundamental position, convincing people that the gains and losses of individual interests are positively correlated with the gains and losses of the whole society. Rawls oppose utilitarianism on the basic idea of a "good prior to the proper", think under the theoretical structure of utilitarianism, people are no longer as a purpose of existence, but as a means, and with liberal democratic position gives a brief introduction of the basic ideas of utilitarianism.

First, utilitarianism foothold on the theory of "the greatest number of people" as the interests of the majority of people meet as judgment as the standard, in order to achieve the interests of most people to sacrifice the interests of the "minority" behavior choice, the utilitarianism appears to be legitimate and self-evident. Rawls that justice is the basic premise of the people as ends rather than means, "justice denied to make some people enjoy greater benefits and deprive others is right", no one has the disposition of the basic rights and interests of others, democracy is not only to protect the rights of the majority, but also protect minority rights. The realization of the interests of the utilitarianism attempts to most people deny and sacrifice the interests of the minority, violation is a basic principle of democracy, is to the minority rights violation, the choices based on utilitarianism is not justified. As a form of modern democracy, representative democracy has some similarities with utilitarianism. In a representative democracy people entrusting their countries participate in the governance of political power to their elected representatives, is made up of representative assembly or other political institutions instead of people to participate in the management of state affairs, follow the principle of the minority is subordinate to the majority in the decision-making process, emphasizes the activities most people desire. The theory of representative democracy, which equates the interests of the majority with those of the state, has contributed to the tyranny of the majority against the minority.

Secondly, rawls questions utilitarianism's argument that the increase of total social welfare brings about the increase of individual welfare. A prominent feature of utilitarianism is: "don't care about it - apart from indirect - how to meet the total amount of allocated between individuals, as it, except for indirect doesn't seem to care about how a man in the different time allocation his meet", it emphasizes the increase or decrease of the total social welfare, but do not involve the distribution of personal benefits such as specific issues. In fact, there is no necessary link between the increase in total social welfare and the increase in personal welfare, but the two seem to be positively correlated intuitively. Always take the form of total social welfare and individual welfare but in concrete form, even if this means that utilitarianism can carry on the computation to the social welfare, also hard to qualitatively determine whether social welfare is consistent with the individual specific benefits, whether can really bring personal welfare increase. Rawls further pointed out that utilitarianism assessment and for the interests of the largest on the principle of social choice is actually a kind of random expansion of personal selection principles, seems to be able to agree on the establishment of social goals and implementation, but in fact, this is just a kind of ideal condition, it ignores the diversity of social members, personal principles would be able to get the approval of the other members of the society is not sure, so shake the foundations of social members can reach a consensus, thus further action selection and determination of consistency.

Rawls in the review of utilitarianism, expressed his want to "define a substitute for general and utilitarianism, which can replace the changes in its various forms as a kind of choice object's theory of justice" theory of intention. As a liberal theorist, rawls tries to reinterpret a series of democratic political issues such as fair freedom, democratic equality, "minority - majority relationship" and so on.

In contemporary society, the traditional theory of liberalism is more and more difficult to deal with the complex social problems, as a liberal scholars rawls tries to liberalism for new research and development, in order to better able to cope with the contemporary political and social problems. Liberalism originated from the enlightenment of humanistic spirit, emphasis on personal values and rights, and through the "freedom" and "equality" these two dimensions of "personal rights" further explanation, and these two dimensions is liberalism theory of "traditional" and "traditional" Rousseau. Locke's tradition emphasizes the freedom of individual rights and advocates the inviolability of individual rights. Created by individual labor in Locke's view, private property, individual has absolute control on their private property, others has no right to interfere in or enjoy other people's private property, and all countries protect citizens' property and other rights against infringement. Rousseau advocated equal freedom and equal democracy. In the social contract, there is no above individual power and the rule of some special powers in the collective field, contract assembly as the highest expression of the people's common will, is the ideal Rousseau democratic republic. Rousseau gives full democracy to individuals, encourages citizens to participate in politics, emphasizes that only people enjoy supreme power, and realizes theoretical interpretation of democratic spirit.

Locke and Rousseau for freedom, equality, each have emphasize particularly on, in practice, the two traditional theory also had different degree of response and practice, and further raises response and reflection on the liberalism ideological trend. Locke's traditional theoretical views on the inviolability of individual rights and the importance of personal rights and property rights have directly led to people's indifference to real political activities, and negative freedom has become a universal political attitude. In addition, negative liberty as a direct result of the ruling elite, a small number of elite instead of the general public to public choice and political decisions, and opportunities for people to participate in political activities are reduced, gradually marginalized, the minority of management and rule of the majority of people, the social democracy caused a lot of restrictions and sabotage. The French revolution was the direct practice of Rousseau's equality theory from BBS to the square. "Political party" democratic movement into a square, rational submerged in the democratic enthusiasm, especially late revolutionary legal rule ceased to exist, so that the democratic movement towards its opposite, eventually at the end of the power to crush the fanfare of the democratic revolution. The unlimited promotion of equality and the excessive expansion of democratic power were the direct causes of the failure of the French revolution. The great gap between this practical movement on the spirit of democratic equality and its theoretical ideas has forced people to admit that, while democracy is a good thing, it should always be treated with caution.

Faced with the reality of the difficulties encountered in the contemporary liberalism and questioned, rawls put forward in order to "justice" as the breakthrough point, opposed to pull the emphasis on "freedom" and "equality" of traditional theory, choose the development in the form of A "third way" liberalism, its work going of justice is seen as A political philosophy in contemporary revival. Rawls "justice" principle was discussed in brief explanation for "justice as fairness", he respects the sanctity of individual rights and personal existence, emphasize the protection of basic liberties, adhere to the "human is the ends rather than means" basic philosophy standpoint, advocate moderate compensation on vulnerable populations. Rawls's discussion on justice aims at constructing a just social structure, protecting everyone's rights and interests from infringement and realizing everyone's equality. Justice is another form of democracy in rawls's view. The study of justice is actually a new exploration of democracy in the contemporary era. As the essence of democracy, equality is mainly reflected in the distribution of rights, opportunities and wealth. Therefore, rawls's research on justice is mainly focused on these two aspects.

Rawls first put forward the theoretical hypothesis about the "original state". Under the veil of ignorance, people in the original state are not aware of their actual social status, natural endowment, social environment and so on. Second, rawls assume that people in a social medium is scarce, must get the basics by mutual cooperation, at the same time, he also assumes that people, each other through this theory set "cooperation + cold" made "everyone in the original position considering other people's position, to achieve a certain agreed principles of justice." So-called "agreed justice principle" is refers to through rational calculation ability and to choose the game between the various interests, in the original position people admit that "everyone on the basic of equality of all people have the most extensive freedom system compatible similar freedom system should have an equal rights", to achieve personal interests without infringement by others or sacrifice basic consensus, that is "fair justice" the two principles of the first principle, the principle of "equality and freedom". Rawls "the principle of equality and freedom" as the first principle of justice, that citizens enjoy equal basic liberties, do not allow the exchange between the basic rights and utility, and involves the wealth and income distribution, the difference of status and power system, must also conform to the equality of the citizen's freedom and opportunity. Through this assumption, rawls proves that the moral principles of utilitarianism is not only unfair, but also from the logical justifying the fairness of justice as equality to ensure the basic personal rights and interests are not violated the fundamental position of legitimacy.

In original position even though people know nothing about his actual social status and wealth, but as a rational man, for self-protection and fear of her true identity, social status, they all agreed to without damage and sacrifice your own interests under the premise of, in the most disadvantaged people to make a certain amount of compensation. Rawls's second principle of justice is based on the assumption of the original state and this kind of analysis and evaluation of rational human psychology. Specifically, the second principle includes two aspects: social and economic inequality should be arranged in such a consistent with the storage principle of justice, is suitable for at least the best interest of the beneficiaries; Position and status are open to all under conditions of equal opportunity. Rawls admitted outside the equal basic rights, the real social difference exist between social members, only give priority to the most disadvantageous group interests, to guarantee system from the program at least justice.

Rawls believes that real justice must first guarantee a kind of social system fairness, and guarantee the basic fairness between people with institutional fairness. The second principle of justice seems to be a kind of inequality in the system, it allows people in economic status and wealth inequality, and also consider the compensation way about redistribution between the interests of the individual, but in fact, the second principle of justice is in maximum limit to realize a real fair. People are born with difference, both in the natural differences of qualification, there are also differences in the social environment, the difference will not disappear completely because the cover of the veil of ignorance, any to avoid the real difference determined pursuit of absolute fairness on the actual allocation is not correct. Rawls advocates that under the precondition of recognizing differences, the gap between different groups can be adjusted through the relevant social system, so as to pursue the relative equity in effect. Rawls inequality between all sorts of people expect the arrangement in the form of the chain, to ensure that the difference principle in improving the underlying people's expectations and accordingly improve all the other people's expectations of each layer, in this way, difference principle when satisfied everyone will benefit. Visible, although rawls emphasizes to the disadvantage of profit and loss as the basic standard judgment justice, but he insist on the principle of difference and mutual incompatible, never to harm the interests of the condition of good people for the most adverse interests increase, to maximize the guarantee for the realization of fairness and justice.

要想成绩好，英国论文得写好，51due代写平台为你提供英国留学资讯，专业辅导，还为你提供专业英国essay代写，paper代写，report代写，需要找论文代写的话快来联系我们51due工作客服QQ：800020041或者Wechat：Abby0900吧。

Essay代写：The application of mathematics in finance

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The application of mathematics in finance，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了数学在金融领域的应用。数学是一个抽象的学科，同时又具有高度的精确性和十分严密的逻辑思维。而金融则是一个抽象的概念，是数字的集合，所以数学在金融领域的应用是十分合理的。金融领域的各种数量关系错综复杂，数学在这样的关系中可以很好的描述各种数量关系，并且在金融领域中延展其严密的逻辑性，对金融理论进行科学分析推理，使金融领域中的逻辑关系可以通过数学直观的展现出来。

Along with the continuous development of modern economy, times progress, society increasingly complex financial transactions in the form, development of the financial sector is increasingly mature, the financial system gradually established, into a lot of mathematical method, the mathematical method has important influence on the establishment of the financial system, the use of mathematical methods to guide people to explore the more possibilities in the field of financial, applied mathematics method generates a lot of typical financial theory.

The research in the financial field focuses on studying various quantitative relationships in financial activities, so we can know that the research objects in the financial field are quantifiable. In the financial field, all kinds of financial activities have quantitative and qualitative indicators, so the application of mathematics in the financial field is reasonable and can effectively help the construction of the financial system. There is a huge amount of data on financial activities, such as securities trading volume, futures buying and selling, and every flow of money is a data. This data is the foundation of the financial industry. In our in the construction of the financial system and establish the financial theory, is to collecting, sorting, these data through mathematical method to analyze it, in order to get a more accurate theoretical results.

Mathematics itself is an abstract subject with high precision and rigorous logical thinking. Finance itself is an abstract concept, a collection of Numbers, so the application of mathematics in the financial field is quite reasonable.

Relationship between the number of all kinds of financial sector is complex, and the mathematics in such a relationship can well describe various quantitative relation, and extend its rigorous logic in the financial sector, the financial theory analysis of scientific reasoning, make the logical relationship of financial sector can be solved through mathematic intuitive display.

The application of mathematical methods in the financial field also has certain limitations, which are mainly reflected in the following two aspects:

Financial sector is a complex industry, not only contains the pure relationship, the number of money between us can be quantified, such as content, but also contains a lot of cultural factors such as politics, psychology, culture in it. The existence of these non-economic factors determines the limitation of the application of mathematics in the financial field. If in the financial sector in a doped into political influence factors in the theory establishment, humanities and social science, or the participants' psychological factors, makes the mathematics to evaluate its precision. Because the application of mathematics in finance is conditional, relative and not absolute. In other words, we will find that the application of mathematical methods in the financial field will also have uncalculated surprises, such as the outbreak of the subprime crisis is a good example.

Application in the field of financial mathematics method aims to better solve the financial problems, perfecting the financial theory, but in the application should also be aware of the limitations of mathematics itself, in the process of application for the purpose of the applied mathematics method, cannot blindly use mathematical methods.

Because mathematics itself is a kind of language, its advantages compared with other language is able to express some content in a more concise and refined way, but also has a lot of things cannot be expressed in mathematical language. Application in the field of financial mathematics method, we must clearly recognize this, in the consciousness to use mathematical methods can't make the problem more concise, we shall consider in an expression, rather than the use of mathematical methods, such not only can not effectively solve the problem, and even misguided.

Asset valuation theory is a typical application of mathematical method in financial field. Funds are of time value and cash flows at different time nodes cannot be directly compared. In response to this question, the us economist Owen hessler said: Fisher proposes that the current value of an asset is equal to the sum of the discounted future cash flows. This point of view has laid a foundation for asset valuation theory. It is calculated by mathematical method and expressed by mathematical formula.

Is there a lot of growth in the financial sector? Qualitative. People in the financial market to conduct financial transactions, its earnings and investment in time is a certain lag. It is this lag to the future direction of financial markets with a lot of uncertainty, in this kind of uncertain circumstances, investors should assume certain investment risk, the income may be more than expected, there may be loss phenomenon.

The degree of risk is the deviation between the actual return and the expected return, which is studied mathematically in the financial field. The future price of the stock in the financial theory to be seen as a random variable, because cannot compare stock prices in different periods, so people will be the price of sequence through certain way into comparable yield sequence, it is more advantageous to use mathematics method for processing. The degree of risk is expressed in terms of an infinite approximation of the variance or standard deviation.

The theory of option value is the roof formula of call option. This formula minimizes all human factors and leads investors into a risk-neutral world. The so-called risk neutral world is the risk-free interest rate as the return rate of investment. The theory of option value has been widely used in the financial field in product pricing and is an effective tool for developing new products.

To sum up, the use of mathematical methods in the financial sector is very necessary, although there are some limitations, but mathematics because of its precise and can be measured, the characteristics of the tight logic is still made a great contribution to the development of the financial sector.

想要了解更多英国留学资讯或者需要英国代写，请关注51Due英国论文代写平台，51Due是一家专业的论文代写机构，专业辅导海外留学生的英文论文写作，主要业务有essay代写、paper代写、assignment代写。在这里，51Due致力于为留学生朋友提供高效优质的留学教育辅导服务，为广大留学生提升写作水平，帮助他们达成学业目标。如果您有essay代写需求，可以咨询我们的客服QQ：800020041。

51Due网站原创范文除特殊说明外一切图文著作权归51Due所有；未经51Due官方授权谢绝任何用途转载或刊发于媒体。如发生侵犯著作权现象，51Due保留一切法律追诉权。