北美作业代写：Milan kundera's sense of humor

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Milan kundera's sense of humor，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了米兰·昆德拉的幽默观。米兰·昆德拉在他的很多小说作品中，都用自己的睿智向人们传达着各种悖谬，通过讽刺的口吻告诉人们某些事实的真相，因此，米兰·昆德拉的幽默观已经超越了现实社会和现实生活，有着很高的文学艺术创作境界，这也使他的小说作品内涵更加丰富，一定程度上促进了小说创作风格的不断创新。

Milan kundera in many of his novels, with their own wisdom to convey various evrything, tell people some truth through a sarcastic tone, therefore, milan kundera's humor has transcended the realistic society and real life, with a high level of literary and artistic creation.

In the long-term development of the art and literature, people in the word "humor" has a wide variety of understanding, the meaning of its representatives in different literary works of each different, it has to do with the author's emotion and writing style, historical background and social development, and other aspects are closely related. Of milan kundera's novel works to conduct a comprehensive analysis can be found that the humor comes mainly from the following several aspects: one is the combination of humor and novel. Humor and novel in the entertainment function has a certain similarity, and both on the brink of literature and art development, therefore, the combination of both to produce milan kundera's humor. Usually, on the current status of the social discontent, the miserable condition of mercy, etc., can let the author way of using humor in your work, therefore, humor is milan kundera constantly creation of the inner demand of fiction. Second, the influence of nature and nationality factors. The Czech national in nature itself has humor, therefore, nature, national factors for milan kundera view provides the important basis of humor. Third, the background of The Times. Background is milan kundera humor produces realistic foundation. Because of the absurdity of the social paradox at that time, kundera was very disappointed in the real society, and he was skeptical of various social events, which eventually formed the kundera sense of humor. Four for milan kundera humor is one of the world literature provides ample resources. Europe, Germany and other countries literature provides the resources for Mr Kundera creation, finally formed the belongs to milan kundera's humor.

For milan kundera analyzes the connotation of the novel works, the two themes of the sex, politics is the most important, the word "dream" for Mr Kundera, a lot of thoughts and feelings, that it USES humor to social comparison serious side show, give the reader a sense of easy to accept, thus infection readers in the osmosis, resulting in the resonance of the readers and kundera. For example, in "a smile to forget in this novel, the kundera USES a humorous way to show the cruelty, aggressive political struggle, make the novel have a relaxed, humorous lasting appeal, make the comedy scenes and sad picture form bright contrast. In people's life, laughter and tears is a very normal emotional expression, can fully show each person's life attitude, mood, etc., but in milan kundera's novel, the character's life attitude, mood etc are humor, expressed his "smile" to deepen the connotation of the novel.

Self-deprecation is a way of expressing your inner feelings. In some cases, it can be a good way to express your feelings. According to the development history of the Czech nation, the long war and the aggression of other countries have caused great pain to the Czech people. In this historical background, the milan kundera humor is mainly for invaders, such as society, national and historical ridicule, to some extent also represents the idea of society most intellectuals at that time. , for example, in the novel "joke", the protagonist paid dearly for lod vick is caused by a postcard of a joke, in he wants to revenge and take relevant action, waiting for his is more trap, finally lod vic very grieved feeling doesn't make any sense to life is a joke, no matter how you revolt and struggle, always can not escape this predicament.

In milan kundera's works, main someone dislocation and dislocation of the history of relationships, and others of dislocation, dislocation of The Times and places, such as different in using humor to express thoughts and feelings, views, and all sorts of absurd, ridiculous phenomenon in the social reality. For example, in the novel the unbearable lightness of life ", by way of dislocation or several characters in the novel the story of the detail, such as tereza unwittingly record of Russian military crackdown in Czech scene, makes his persecution, she recorded data became the basis of a police investigation. From the relationship between the dislocation, the reader can fully feel milan kundera's humor, he always makes some of the things that do not conform to the daily ethical become a matter of course, eventually form belongs to Mr Kundera, a person's style.

To sum up, in kundera's novel work, humor in various forms, enriched the connotation of the novel works more, to a certain extent promoted the innovation of novel creation style.

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Assignment代写：The narrative strategy of Memento

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- The narrative strategy of Memento，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了《记忆碎片》的叙事策略。在电影《记忆碎片》中，诺兰导演运用了蒙太奇的电影手法，加以剪辑的镜头语言，还有黑白画面和彩色画面相互交错，给观众带给了一种前所未有的视觉效果和体验。在叙事结构上，正叙和倒叙两种叙事手法的结合，联系了45段记忆碎片，并让其成为一个完整的故事。

Movie rzhetsky fully utilizing the film montage technique, to cut the lens language, there are black and white images and color images mutual crisscross gave the film viewer an unprecedented visual effects and visual experience. On the narrative structure, Syria and flashback the combination of the two kinds of narrative, contacted the 45 pieces of memory, and let it become a complete story, although the story before seems not very easy to understand by the public, but also can't stop the public to appreciate and understand the story of deep thinking.

The film Memento interweaves a one-line story with two different clues of time evolution through postmodern representation. Story in general can be summarized as follows: wife and larry just married beauty in the bathroom had been infiltrated evil ACTS brutally raped and murdered, larry in to rescue them killed one of the criminals, is another evil ACTS with sticks to hit back, and so who suffers from a rare short-term memory - you can only remember what happened before ten minutes. And these just leary of brain "facts", the real situation is: larry's wife, not to be killed by the two bad men, but larry's wife, because of the unbearable larry has only ten minutes memory, through the doctor said, larry's condition may improve, larry wife wants at the expense of their own design let larry restore memory, but only with larry on the injected too much insulin and caused the death. Larry can't accept the fact that to kill his wife, let oneself live in own build of the unreal, he told the police about the "rape homicide" inaction, unhappy, that have not been punished by the real criminals, wanted to kill themselves all sinners "killing" his wife. Teddy, the police officer who handled the case, knew about larry's condition and planned to use him to kill a drug dealer. The drug trafficker's girlfriend, lisa, knew about the incident and then went on to induce larry to kill the cop.

Since larry suffers from short-term amnesia, he can't remember things for too long and only has a ten-minute memory, so he can only remember things by taking a quick photo and tattooing. Larry every do one thing with instant camera filmed scene at that time, and some content in the annotate on the picture, in order to remind myself that if you have some very important clues will be in the same way that a tattoo, the text in the prominent position. Through these clues, larry fulfilled one plan after another, but he did not know that he was being used and guided by others.

Any movie will have its own techniques and methods for telling a story. The writers and directors of Memento go out of their way to construct every detail of the play, set the logic to deduce the development of the story, and make the entire story unfold to the public without missing anything. Compared with the novel, the film can visually present the whole story to the audience, which can not only show a lot of life, but also be full of artistic atmosphere. The montage technique is often used by film directors. In order to express the feeling of dream, many images that can only be imagined in the human brain, such as memory, imagination and dream, can be represented by montage. And rzhetsky is will these show incisively and vividly, the memory of the hero can only keep ten minutes or so, the director is combined with the feature, countless times using montage lens language switch, highlights the hero of inner struggle and determination of "revenge".

The film has excellent narrative skills. The film has two main narrative lines, which are positive narration and reverse narration. These two main lines, black and white film and color film respectively represent two different narrative clues. In this way, the director arranges the story development in order to combine the narrative clues of flashback and narration through the method of "time reversal". At the end of the film, when larry kills kimi, the black and white images slowly turn into color images, which really connect the two and form a whole.

Black and white film images is presented in a hotel room, the hero who is stay in this room and someone calls, seems to be telling someone that something, the clue is gradually push back over time, is given. The director cut the black and white film into 22 parts, and the audience could only see the events depicted by the narration method if the 22 parts were all connected.

Color film to show to the audience is numerous scenes, contains clues have also become more time, including in the hotel, in na lisa's house and broken house, etc., this time the order is made to move forward after is a flashback. In the same way, the director divides the color film into 23 parts, which requires the audience to observe carefully and connect them together to see the main narrative.

Narration is usually used to better introduce the development of the story. Narration is not limited by time clues and can be inserted into the developing story anytime and anywhere. The film interleave is inspiration, it is embedded in the black and white images, images of interleave is: larry tell us about the while he was on the phone when insurance investigators for a case, a short-term amnesic patients, patient's wife has been suffering from the disease, she finally took advantage of the patient's condition, let the patient to his too much insulin. The narration seems to have nothing to do with this story, but it tells the truth of the whole story. Unable to accept the fact that he had killed his wife, leary imagined the story as a case he had handled to avoid it and perpetuate hatred.

Both novels and films, there is no contradiction, will not be able to form a "start, development, climax, ending" the story of the complete structure, so the contradiction is the real driving force of the development of story continues. In Memento, the main contradiction is that in larry's heart, his wife was injured and died, and revenge became the motivation to live. The whole story is driven by his desire to revenge.

Riley's fragmented memory and his struggle to avenge his wife are a set of contradictions that contribute to the plot. Each period of time in the state of progress will always appear vague. When larry to somewhere, or from some other place to wake up, will be lost to the memory of the past, it is because the loss of memory, so he didn't want to investigate what every one and said really to be trusted. In this way, every fork in the road will have a choice, and the choice will be followed by the next fork in the road, step by step pushed forward.

At the end of the film, larry's psychological changes reveal the deep contradictions in the film. When flashbacks and flashbacks are combined, larry knows he was used by teddy to kill the drug dealer kimi, and that kimi wasn't the real killer who killed his wife. As the film progresses, larry's struggles and contradictions emerge in his face when he writes "don't believe this person" in his teddy photo. He had always been the only one who believed in his wife's revenge to survive, and without that faith, his life would be meaningless. In its fragmentary memory, only vengeance is remembered. At the end of the film, the narrator warns, "close your eyes, the world is still there." Says the leary about inner struggle: choose a cover-up, continue to live in their own revenge again and again of metempsychosis, or opened his "eyes", to accept the fact that killed his wife? This conflict of choice directly foreshadows the subsequent development of the story and lays a foundation for the flashback of color film.

Larry's inner conflict of choice is at the heart of the story. Larry looks for the files of criminals in order to revenge himself. When he finishes his revenge, he will burn his photos one by one. It is larry's deliberate choice to make teddy the target of the next action. He chose to escape from the fact that killed his wife, use the "target" to make up for what they committed a fault, but also to reduce larry on your guilt, set up one after another to live for yourself. Like narrator at the end of the film said, "believe that the world is not what we imagine, believe in what we do is meaningful, we all need memories to determine their own identity". This kind of self-identification value is given to every audience in the film. The film also raises several questions for the audience to think about: what is the real value of living? What kind of choices and choices can we call a life without waste?

The writer and director of the film chose to put the struggle of larry's inner choice at the end of the story for two purposes. One is to keep the narrative structure of the story is complete, will be looking forward to the results of the audience in the end, let the audience at the end of the film has a sobering satisfaction, to meet the demand of the audience; The second is to show the main meaning of the scriptwriter's creation of this work, to promote the public's thinking on the philosophy of living in the world, and to immerse the public in their own thinking.

The film Memento gives the audience two narrative perspectives, the "man in the game" and the "outsider's perspective." Under "players perspective", the audience's thinking is controlled by the director and screenwriter, under normal circumstances, most of the audience can accept normal of telling the story, from some flashbacks and interleave the plot can be understood. This film breaks away from this conventional method, telling the whole story to the audience in reverse, and the audience's perspective of "the characters in the game" will appear to have no initiative and be led away. The audience can't think about the whole story in small pieces, only according to riley's point of view. As a result, the audience is unable to grasp more clues and expect larry's performance to lead them out of the story fog.

As a film, it will give the audience a certain substitution mechanism, let the audience themselves to leading role of vision to look at the development of the plot, they become a part of the film, this is a narrative film need to face is bound to happen. As rzhetsky the film, the audience will become one himself into "larry," imagine yourself suffering from temporary amnesia, imagine what you need to do, imagine how to look for to kill yourself "wife" criminals and the future is what will happen, and so on, a sense of pain and confusion with larry.

But is this really the case? Not at all. Inspector tried to swallow the money use to kill his drug dealer, the drug dealer's wife use he killed his enemy, and many more die under the guns of the protagonist John G. When the hero know G already dead, John knew his wife was not actually died of rape criminals, he chose to forget, pay attention to, is to choose. For there must be a reason to live, and there must be a meaning to live. He will puzzling details on the body, be others about the suspect John G "truth", starting a new round of fierce and revenge, and that a new round of revenge is a story told us film. Although only film tells the story of a kill John G, but before that allows us to want to see for a long time and long after this many killed John G story, perhaps this is called the film tension. I don't know what the word "tension" means. Said philosophical afraid is more straightforward, and it is this: life is meaningless cycle, to live, we reject the truth, we have to be self-deception, for himself one goal after another, one after another meaning...

The second perspective of the audience is its original identity -- the "bystander perspective". They come to see the film and are the recipients of the director's stories. They use their own ideas to appreciate the film, watch larry role acting, and at the same time, look at the general plot of the fog, racking their brains geographical clear the relationship between the characters, understand that positive and negative position, grab a few little detail to infer the characters reveal the true and false. In this way, the audience understands the development of the story on the basis of objective conditions. It can easily cause the emotions of the audience to fluctuate, so as to drive their inner changes and promote the development of the story.

Rzhetsky fully utilizing the film montage technique, to cut the lens language, there are black and white images and color images mutual crisscross gave the film viewer an unprecedented visual effects and visual experience. There are also, of course, strange stories and the deep philosophical reflections that arise from them about living in the world. On the narrative structure, Syria and flashback the combination of the two kinds of narrative, contacted the 45 pieces of memory, and let it become a complete story, although the story before seems not very easy to understand by the public, but also can't stop the public to appreciate and understand the story of deep thinking. Driver from the narrative perspective, the writer will be shallow and deep contradictions show inner conflict and leading role fully, and to achieve the primary and secondary order, the secondary contradictions also shinning, but does not affect the main contradiction of larry's inner and panic spread out. In the aspect of narrative point of view is extended, the director gave the film viewer double identity, namely "players perspective" and "bystander perspective", let the film viewer, between the two experience their own feelings change, so as to achieve the Angle of deep mining of the story.

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英文论文完成后怎么修改

很多留学生在完成英文论文后都会感觉自我良好，仿佛已经看到论文拿A的场景。然而，大部分的论文都只能勉强及格，其中的原因就是修改的问题。留学生在写作的时候，或多或少都会犯错，如果论文完成后不检查修改的话，那么这些错误就无法被发现，从而让论文拿不到高分。那么英文论文完成后该怎么修改呢？下面就给大家讲解一下。

一、修改英文论文的思想观点

读者要能从英文论文中读出核心观点、主张，论点是文章的统帅，所以在修改时要尽量让主题认识深刻，当然前提是中心论点要正确集中，与文题相符，最好具有创新性。要推敲文章的标题。阅读一篇英文论文，首先看到的就是标题，所以必须在推敲标题上下功夫。什么是好标题呢？既要能总结概括文章内容，又要简练，英文题目还不能出错。

二、修改文章使用的材料

要证明论点就要使用论据以及科学的论证方法，论证的前提就是有材料，对材料的修改主要是对材料进行增加、删减、调整。一般是先查核校正，看材料本身是否真实可信准确，其次是根据论证中心论点和个分论点的要求修改材料，增加必须要用的材料，跟主题有关的可以多使用几个；删去多余的冗杂的例子、数据。

三、修改英文论文的结构

结构是文章的骨架，结构的好坏直接关系英文论文内容的表达效果，检查的重点是看英文论文是否构成一个完整严密的整体。修改结构要达到以下标准：结构严谨，结构完整的同时要保证大小论点之间有紧密的逻辑性；层次清楚，从文章的目录可以看出大标题和小标题是否出现混乱现象；思路连贯，检查上下文之间有没有出现断层，一般上文论证的小论点对下文有启发作用，下文对上文有总结作用；详略得当，重点的地方要不惜笔墨，该少写的就要惜墨如金。

四、修改文章的语言

语言的修改要达到：

1.表达清楚简练

2.表达准确

3.语言连贯

语言要符合英文论文的要求，文字标点使用恰当准确，文面书写规范。

以上就是关于英文论文如何修改的讲解，希望同学们在完成英文论文后，都可以找时间去检查修改一下。

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Paper代写：Humor elements in product design

本篇paper代写- Humor elements in product design讨论了产品设计中的幽默元素。在产品的设计中，适当融入幽默元素的产品可以引人发笑。但也有的产品不一定让人发笑，但它却能让人所有所思。融入幽默元素的产品设计首先要洞察生活中的幽默，利用造型、材料等等，将它转化成产品巾的幽默元素，以产品设计的语言表现出来，营造一个轻松、愉快的生活环境，这样的产晶带有很强的精神附加价值。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

The coming of information society, bring great convenience to people at the same time, also brought convenient behind endless misery and chaos, the most prominent is the lack of emotional, people's spiritual demand is more and more intense, in every single and busy life rhythm of modern society, people are busy with their work every day, in the face of the basic is a cold industrial supplies, household items, lack of emotional communication. The consumer market requires designers to think about design from the perspective of consumers' preferences and life situations.

Now. We are on the Internet is not difficult to see some design servant shine at the moment. The design idea is very unique, novel, some humorous way has attracted people's attention, give a person with different feelings and strong shock, the design has a north with the characteristics of is "humorous" elements on them, let a person see or use a thoughtful or smile.

As the subject of humor is human, it must be an extremely complex subjective factor. Humor, according to the different period, different nationalities, different individuals, different groups and different, that is to say humor timely, national, regional, difference, etc, so it can be seen that humor is a concept closely related to time and space.

People who live in a particular time, their ideas and ideas are influenced by this particular time. For example, the original people of social life, because of low productivity, material life is very poor, aesthetic idea and aesthetic interest also mean the restricted and influenced by the material living conditions at the time, lead to vision is very narrow, think that is useful is beautiful, therefore, can be appreciated also extremely limited, think beauty is equal to the utility.

A specific nation because of long-term living in the same environment, will accumulate with national characteristics of culture spirit, their interest and therefore has the characteristics of common, so as to distinguish it from other ethnic groups, and reflects a certain national unique cultural spirit. For example, people's general physiological perception of color, the sky is blue, the grass is green, the roses are red and so on. People also have general psychological perception to color, such as the cool and warm tone, red and yellow are warm colors, blue and white are cool colors.

Live in groups of interest in different areas of the criteria will be different, the eight great cuisines of China can illustrate this point, the region because of the geographical environment and climate differences reflect different aesthetic taste, so the interest has certain regional.

The difference in humor is determined by the complexity of the individual. This is mainly because there are differences in individual psychological cognition, inevitably with the characteristics of subjectivity or individualization.

The research of the humor in the product design just let the products get a kind of aesthetic feeling and aesthetic freedom. Laugh into humor products. But some products may not make people laugh, but it can make people all think. Into humor product design must first insight into the humor in life, using the shape, material, pattern, color and so on, turn it into a product of humor and language in product design of. Let the product in a witty, humorous, funny red type present eyes, create a relaxed, pleasant living environment, such as producing crystal with a strong spiritual value added.

"Association" in the product design is a familiar or funny things, expression, etc., using the correlation between things or expression and design work, similarity, giving it a new shape or function, etc., so that the product has the characteristics of the two things, humor, funny, with interest. In advertising often used in the design of this kind of superior vision elements design gimmick, in front of the ridiculous to attract consumers, thereby further raises a design to convey information, let a person called flavour is infinite, to have fun at the same time, excellent conveys a message.

A variety of humorous expression, transplantation is language combination creates humor its extraordinary appeal. Expressed the humorous meaning, give a person with fresh and lively, interesting and intriguing artistic aesthetic feeling. Formed a strong atmosphere of humor.

In product design into the humor exaggeration is also very common, exaggerated design technique characteristics, the advantage of the products can be more vivid to show it. Such as let consumer be clear at a glance, in product design using exaggerated performance kid, cheerful humor is general consumers for the purpose of body and mind, let the product has strong interest.

The process of using products by consumers is a dynamic process, which provides a starting point for the use of humor elements to generate sense of humor and interest. Novelty is a way of using humor elements to create fun and humor.

In a certain period, the use of products has become a kind of hard to change the set, such as daily life often contact the cups, table, chair and so on in people's impression has a fixed pattern, when out of the fixed pattern, the designer to design the use of a new way to realize this function, and in the way of using design into humor, can make the product in the use of the whole dynamic process to produce a sense of humor and fun.

Humor has a lot of humor, but also according to the characteristics of specific products amplified some humor, humor and matching products to express emotion, such as: "black humor" has the very strong warning, the warning to alert more people to pay more attention to Ann both life and physical and mental health, such as smoke rotary cylinder with terrorist swollen leaf shape has strong warning, and products to express "smoking is harmful to health.

Different era, different nationalities, different countries, different regions, different tastes are not the same, ancient and modern, China and the United States, north and south have different culture. Even the same person according to different family environment, education background, experience, personality, and so on interest is different also, into so humorous elements of product design to consider interesting, humorous characteristics. According to the product using the object, region, nation, and so on into the appropriate humor, make it accord with the region, the cultural characteristics of consumer groups.

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Essay代写：Comparison of venture capital between China and foreign countries

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Comparison of venture capital between China and foreign countries，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了中外风险投资。美国风险投资发端于“天使投资”，是民间主体基于对成长型中小企业的利润预期而自发形成的制度创新。在风险投资的创设与发展过程中，政府主要提供法律与政策支持。而中国的风险投资与其外国同行相比的，比较缺乏管理经验。所以政府在采取措施促进风险投资的发展时，应重新审视风险投资的定位与政策，改善金融环境、促进立法。

After a brief recession in 2002, China's venture capital rebounded rapidly in 2003 and continued to develop rapidly in 2004. In 2003, venture capital reached us $992 million, an increase of 137% over the previous year, and in 2004, venture capital reached us $1.269 billion, an increase of 27.92% over the previous year. Vigorously in our country, but the risk investment of domestic venture capital investment institutions and investment has been shrinking, risk investment institutions from 296 to 2002 2003 in 233, a third is strong, risk investment institutions the cash declined from $2002 in 58.2 billion to 2002 of 50.1 billion yuan, was reduced by 13.9%, reduce investment by $2002 in 194.8 million to $2003 in 169 million, the share dropped from 46.6% in 2002 to 17% in 2003. Why does China's venture capital development present such a great contrast? This article attempts from the risk investment operation of the financial environment, the two aspects of creation background and development through comparison between the Chinese and foreign venture capital institutions, in order to find out the cause of the weak development of venture capital in China.

As an investment and financing mechanism, venture capital operates in a specific financial environment, which is affected by the structure of financial system, the development of financial market and the operating efficiency of financial system. From the Angle of venture capital financing, venture capital needs a lot of man who can shoulder the risk capital providers, these capital providers or institutional investors, or individual investors, for them, the risk investment is the investment decision-making, balanced a means of financial assets, profitability and safety. When a country appear more capital providers through risk investment to coordinate safety and profitability of its assets, the country often has experienced the full development of the capital market, to achieve diversification of assets for investors and hierarchical risk tolerance. The main fund supplier of venture capital, institutional investor, has been fully cultivated and developed. Mature capital market also means mature property right transaction activities, which enables venture capital to exit through various channels such as IPO, MBO and M&A.

Through the world financial system, they can be divided into two categories, category marked by developed, active stock market, most of the investment and financing activities in these countries is reflected in the stock market trading, such as the United States. The other is dominated by a strong banking system, with major investment and financing activities going through the banking system, such as Germany and Japan. In 1998, Black•B and Gilson•R studied the structure of venture capital and capital markets in these countries and concluded that weak venture capital activities were associated with an economy dominated by bank financing. The reason for the rapid development and prosperity of American venture capital lies in the existence of highly developed and dynamic securities market.

In the true sense of the financial system of our country, the industrial and commercial bank of China should be started in 1984 to create, since more than ten years, our country gradually established its banking system, insurance system and stock system, and formed the current banking, insurance, securities industry situation of separate operation and supervised respectively. From the planned economy gradually transition to the market economy, the economic transformation trace inevitably reflected in the process of the establishment and development of the financial system, and cause huge impact to the running efficiency of financial institutions.

At the beginning of China's securities market was built in the planned economy era, to maintain the socialist economy of the state power, shares of listed companies in China are divided into state-owned shares, legal person share and three types of individual shares, only allow the free flow of individual shares on the market and trade. Equity separation seriously hindered the development of securities market, in June 2001, the Chinese government has tried to reduce the state-owned shares, to increase the liquidity of the securities market, but because of the difficulties caused by the economic transformation that the government had to give up the action. Though in mid - 2004, the shenzhen stock exchange to establish the small and medium-sized enterprises board, make the development of the securities market and took a step forward, but our country securities market defects in innate system make it difficult to realize the investment and financing of the transformation, the end of 2003, a total of 33 securities company in China, the total assets of 528.5 billion yuan, total market capitalization of $4.24577 trillion of capital.

China's insurance industry is the financial industry that is least affected by the economic transformation. State-owned insurance companies have realized the management socialization by means of business division and shareholding system reform at an early stage. The insurance industry has developed rapidly in just over ten years since its establishment. By the end of 2004, the total amount of insurance premiums reached 431.81 billion yuan and the total assets of the insurance industry reached 1.18 trillion yuan. But compared with western countries, the insurance company still cannot play a role of major institutional investors, one is the insurance company's investment channels in China has been under strict control, until 2004 to allow direct investment in the stock market, investment, investment and investment management at groping stage, play a role of major institutional investors, leading investment direction remains to be time; Second is $5660.3 with Switzerland and the UK compared to $4058.5 insurance density, insurance density in China is only $35.3, 3.33% compared to 13.37% of the UK and Switzerland 12.74% insurance depth, show that China's insurance industry is still in the small stage, still need to get long-term development.

Compared with the securities industry and insurance industry, China's banking industry is huge and well-developed. At the end of 2003, the domestic banking system including three policy Banks, four wholly state-owned commercial Banks, 112 urban commercial Banks, 693 urban credit cooperatives, 32401 rural credit cooperatives, in addition, there are 204 of the 223 foreign bank branches and offices of foreign Banks. The total assets of the banking system reached 27.64 trillion yuan, far higher than the total insurance assets of 912.28 billion yuan and the total market value of securities capital of 4.24577 trillion yuan, accounting for 84.3% of China's financial market. It also shows the dominant position of the banking sector in China's financial system. Within the banking system in our country, state-owned commercial Banks occupy the dominant position for a long time, it absorbs 65% of the national savings, paid out 55% of loans to financial institutions, taking 80% of the payment and settlement business in the whole society. Due to historical reasons, the state-owned commercial Banks and state-owned enterprises exist while, difficult to cut off the relationship, this makes the banking system most of the money went to state-owned enterprises, make a major contribution to our country economy of small and medium-sized enterprises and the private sector is difficult to get money; On the other hand, state-owned commercial Banks have become the main source of bad loans. Although the government has taken to set up asset management companies, foreign capital, shareholding system reform and other ways to solve the state-owned commercial Banks non-performing loans, capital shortage and corporate governance issues, but in the process of the marketization of the banking system in China gradually into orbit, the state-owned commercial Banks dominated the situation of China's investment and financing structure remain unchanged, most of the social idle funds still focus on the state-owned commercial Banks, and provides the state-owned enterprises through the banking system. The inefficiency and partiality of the banking system in allocating social capital will remain for some time to come.

Learned from the above analysis, our country venture capital operation in a system of state-owned commercial Banks as the master of the financial environment, the environment on the one hand, have restricted the transformation of the idle capital to venture capital, on the other hand, expand the venture capital, namely as a supplement to the bank money, for many hard to win the trust of small and medium-sized enterprises to provide legal support funds from the bank. Compared with foreign venture capital institutions, this financial environment also determines that China's venture capital institutions are at a disadvantage in financing, investment and exit.

American venture capital originates from "angel investment", which is a system innovation spontaneously formed by the private subject based on the profit expectation of growing smes. In the creation and development of venture capital, the government mainly provides legal and policy support. This bottom-up induced generated risk investment institutions in the high investment, high risk, high participation, high-yield investment philosophy, ACTS as a risk enterprise capital providers, the social roles of managers and workers. Risk investment institutions more take the form of a limited partnership organization, risk investment institutions of managers and stakeholders, with rich management experience of risk investment institutions operating risk bearing unlimited liability.

Risk investment expansion and contraction is largely influenced by the success of venture capital and the gem influence the performance of the stock market, such as the 1999 HP, such as yahoo success created a myth in silicon valley, make the risk investment rose from $1998 in 21.347 billion to $1999 in 54.604 billion, but soaring to $2000 in 105.892 billion, but in the spring of 2001 the NASDAQ market collapse of the risk of the investment suddenly dropped to $41.015 billion, 2002, 2003, is to keep this decline, It was not until 2004 that the momentum was reversed, rising slightly to $20.941 billion. This feature is also reflected in international risk investment institutions entering into China, in 2001, 2002, affected by the NASDAQ stock market fell, enter our country foreign venture investment of $258 million and $208.6 million respectively, and in 2003, 2004 by the number of successful listing of Chinese risk enterprises and merger case, foreign venture investment reached $823 million and $794.4 million.

China's venture capital has a completely different background and development process. The creation of venture capital in China science and technology system reform in 1985, the central government is trying to change the situation of research and development funds from the government plans to grant, to solve the transformation of scientific and technological achievements in China slow, the problem of insufficient funds. The start-up purpose not only determines the unique social role - venture capital in China fund, promoting the transformation of high-tech, but also make the subsequent development - each rapid growth or recession is associated with the government decision-making. Deng xiaoping in 1992 to determine the development direction of the risk investment, under around the government's response, and at the end of 1993, China has established 11 venture capital firms, but most is set up by the local government, and is affiliated with the ministry of science and technology. In 1998, the central committee of "the development of China's venture capital business proposal as soon as possible" raised all over the country research of risk investment, the establishment of risk investment company, at the end of 1999 venture capital company with 99, when the new 40, 2000, 102 new venture investment company, including the part by creating private companies and financial institutions and enterprises of the company. Government money is no longer the only source of funds, venture capital organizations in the private sector has begun to enter the venture capital industry, some listed companies to join the wave of venture investment, at the end of 2001, 45% of China's venture capital funded by public companies, a total of $880 million, 42% comes from government departments, totaled $836 million, another 13% comes from the private sector, a total of $255 million. The source of funding for venture capital has begun to shift from government ownership to public enterprise, which is almost evenly split with the government. At the end of 2001, when the China securities regulatory commission announced that delayed the opening of a second board market, the lack of exit channel risk investment company badly hit, risk investment dropped from $2001 in 518 million to $418 million, down 19.31%.

The publication of the draft regulations on the administration of foreign venture capital companies, a government document in 2002, encouraged the establishment of some sino-foreign venture capital companies. In 2003, 2004, the strong growth of economy in our country, the expected appreciation of the yuan, and more than the emergence of the venture capital exit successful cases have promoted the rapid rebound risk investment and growth, risk investment of $2003 in 992 million, and $1.269 billion in 2004, an increase of 137% and 27.92% respectively. But as I mentioned earlier, risk investment institutions from 296 in 2002 to 2003 in 233, a third is strong, risk investment institutions the cash from 58.2 billion yuan in 2002 dropped to 50.1 billion yuan in 2003, was reduced by 13.9%, reduce risk investment of $2002 in 194.8 million to $2003 in 169 million, the share from 46.6% in 2002 to 17% by 2003. In 2004, affected by the establishment of the sme board, China's venture capital increased significantly, rising to us $319.8 billion, an increase of 89.23% over the previous year and a share of 25.2%.

Sources of venture capital in our country gradually in the process of the enterprise, personal, risk investment agencies and their foreign counterparts another weakness is rooted in its special creation background and development course of the venture capital fund managers in China are mostly lack of management experience. Such as the former analysis, many venture capital institutions founded by the government in our country, most of the risk investment institutions, founded in 2000 and beyond, fund manager's choice of venture investment project and risk management of enterprise are lack of experience. In the survey of 204 venture capital company managers found that background with government officials, 48, a former professor of scholars have 31, with Banks and other financial background, there are 37, a background in foreign background or sea turtles have 13 people, only 75 entrepreneurial background, accounting for 37%. This also explains the factors that restrict the development of venture capital institutions in China.

Is venture capital in China as part of the national science and technology and rejuvenating the country policy by the government enforce product, it runs in the state-owned commercial Banks, the dominant financial environment, its law of development and the social role is more related to government policy. This makes it different from its foreign counterparts in financing channels, management levels, exit routes and other aspects, and is in a relatively inferior position. Government is taking steps to promote the development of risk investment, should re-examine the positioning of venture capital and policy, should be to improve the financial environment, promote the legislation, standardize the development of risk investment target.

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