朝日記240705 （その1７） 文献類７ 「翻訳チャールズ・サンダース・パース」

朝日記240705  （その1７）　文献類７　「翻訳チャールズ・サンダース・パース」

朝日記240705  （総表紙・目次）「翻訳チャールズ・サンダース・パース」

　

　文献類７　external linsk, sister projects,categories, author right;

External links

 

Charles Sanders Peirceat Wikipedia's sister projects

• Media from Commons
• Quotations from Wikiquote
• Texts from Wikisource

• Arisbe: The Peirce Gateway, Joseph Ransdell, ed. Archived 2022-11-30 at the Wayback Machine. Includes over 100 annotated writings by Peirce, hundreds of papers on Peirce, and archives of a Peirce email forum.
• Center for Applied Semiotics (CAS) (1998–2003), Donald Cunningham & Jean Umiker-Sebeok, Indiana U.
• Centro Internacional de Estudos Peirceanos (CIEP) and previously Centro de Estudos Peirceanos (CeneP), Lucia Santaella et al., Pontifical Catholic U. of São Paulo (PUC-SP), Brazil. In Portuguese, some English.
• Commens Digital Companion to C.S. Peirce, Mats Bergman, Sami Paavola, & João Queiroz, formerly Commens at Helsinki U. Includes Commens Dictionary of Peirce's Terms with Peirce's definitions, often many per term across the decades, and the Digital Encyclopedia of Charles S. Peirce (old edition still at old website).
• Centro Studi Peirce Archived September 8, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Carlo Sini, Rossella Fabbrichesi, et al., U. of Milan, Italy. In Italian and English. Part of Pragma.
• Charles S. Peirce Foundation. Co-sponsoring the 2014 Peirce International Centennial Congress (100th anniversary of Peirce's death).
• Charles S. Peirce Society
  Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society. Quarterly journal of Peirce studies since spring 1965. Table of Contents of all issues.
• Charles S. Peirce Studies, Brian Kariger, ed.
• Charles Sanders Peirce at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
• Collegium for the Advanced Study of Picture Act and Embodiment: The Peirce Archive. Humboldt U, Berlin, Germany. Cataloguing Peirce's innumerable drawings & graphic materials. More info (Prof. Aud Sissel Hoel).
• Digital Encyclopedia of Charles S. Peirce, João Queiroz (now at UFJF) & Ricardo Gudwin (at Unicamp), eds., Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Portuguese), Brazil, in English. 84 authors listed, 51 papers online & more listed, as of January 31, 2009. Newer edition now at Commens Digital Companion to C.S. Peirce.
• Existential Graphs, Jay Zeman, ed., U. of Florida. Has 4 Peirce texts.
• Grupo de Estudios Peirceanos (GEP) / Peirce Studies Group, Jaime Nubiola, ed., U. of Navarra, Spain. Big study site, Peirce & others in Spanish & English, bibliography, more.
• Helsinki Peirce Research Center (HPRC), Ahti-Veikko Pietarinen et al., U. of Helsinki.
• His Glassy Essence. Autobiographical Peirce. Kenneth Laine Ketner.
• Institute for Studies in Pragmaticism, Kenneth Laine Ketner, Clyde Hendrick, et al., Texas Tech U. Peirce's life and works.
• International Research Group on Abductive Inference, Uwe Wirth et al., eds., Goethe U., Frankfurt, Germany. Uses frames. Click on link at bottom of its home page for English. Moved to U. of Gießen, Germany, home page not in English but see Artikel section there.
• L'I.R.S.C.E. (1974–2003) – Institut de Recherche en Sémiotique, Communication et Éducation, Gérard Deledalle, Joëlle Réthoré, U. of Perpignan, France.
• Minute Semeiotic, Vinicius Romanini, U. of São Paulo, Brazil. English, Portuguese.
• Peirce at Signo: Theoretical Semiotics on the Web, Louis Hébert, director, supported by U. of Québec. Theory, application, exercises of Peirce's Semiotics and Esthetics. English, French.
• Peirce Edition Project (PEP) Archived 2019-10-20 at the Wayback Machine, Indiana U.–Purdue U. Indianapolis (IUPUI). André De Tienne, Nathan Houser, et al. Editors of the Writings of Charles S. Peirce (W) and The Essential Peirce (EP) v. 2. Many study aids such as the Robin Catalog of Peirce's manuscripts & letters and:
  Biographical introductions to EP 1–2 and W 1–6 & 8
  Most of Writings of Charles S. Peirce, 2 readable online.
  PEP's branch at Université du Québec à Montréal (UQÀM). Working on Writings of Charles S. Peirce, 7: Peirce's work on the Century Dictionary. Definition of the week.
• Peirce's Existential Graphs, Frithjof Dau, Germany
• Peirce Research Group, Department of Philosophy "Piero Martinetti" – University of Milan, Italy.
• Pragmatism Cybrary, David Hildebrand & John Shook.
• Research Group on Semiotic Epistemology and Mathematics Education (late 1990s), Institut für Didaktik der Mathematik (Michael Hoffman, Michael Otte, Universität Bielefeld, Germany). See Peirce Project Newsletter v. 3, n. 1, p. 13.
• Semiotics according to Robert Marty, with 76 definitions of the sign by C. S. Peirce.
• Works by Charles Sanders Peirce at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) 

 

 

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朝日記240705 （その1６） 文献類６ 「翻訳チャールズ・サンダース・パース」

朝日記240705  （その1６）　文献類６　「翻訳チャールズ・サンダース・パース」

朝日記240705  （総表紙・目次）「翻訳チャールズ・サンダース・パース」

　注意　弧の文献の通し検索番号は　以下の番号+１５０です。　例　下の番号２は検索番号１５２である；

 

1. ^Peirce, "Carnegie Application", The New Elements of Mathematics 4, p. 54.
2. ^Peirce (1867), "Upon Logical Comprehension and Extension" (CP 2.391–426), (Writings of Charles S. Peirce, 2:70–86 Archived 2019-12-09 at the Wayback Machine).
3. ^ Jump up to:^ab See pp. 404–409 in "Pragmatism" in The Essential Peirce, 2. Ten quotes on collateral experience from Peirce provided by Joseph Ransdell can be viewed here at peirce-l's Lyris archive. Note: Ransdell's quotes from Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, 8.178–179 are also in The Essential Peirce, 2:493–494, which gives their date as 1909; and his quote from Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, 8.183 is also in The Essential Peirce, 2:495–496, which gives its date as 1909.
4. ^Peirce, letter to William James, dated 1909, see The Essential Peirce, 2:492.
5. ^ Jump up to:^ab c See "76 definitions of the sign by C. S. Peirce", collected by Robert Marty (U. of Perpignan, France).
6. ^Peirce, A Letter to Lady Welby (1908), Semiotic and Significs, pp. 80–81:

I define a Sign as anything which is so determined by something else, called its Object, and so determines an effect upon a person, which effect I call its Interpretant, that the latter is thereby mediately determined by the former. My insertion of "upon a person" is a sop to Cerberus, because I despair of making my own broader conception understood.

8. ^Representamen (/ˌrɛprɪzɛnˈteɪmən/ REP-ri-zen-TAY-mən) was adopted (not coined) by Peirce as his technical term for the sign as covered in his theory, in case a divergence should come to light between his theoretical version and the popular senses of the word "sign". He eventually stopped using "representamen". See The Essential Peirce, 2:272–273 and Semiotic and Significs 193, quotes in "Representamen" at Commens Digital Companion to C.S. Peirce.
9. ^Eco, Umberto (1984). Semiotics and the Philosophy of Language. Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-25320398-4.
10. ^ Jump up to:^ab Peirce (1909), A Letter to William James, The Essential Peirce, 2:492–502. Fictional object, 498. Object as universe of discourse, 492. See "Dynamical Object" at Commens Digital Companion to C.S. Peirce.
11. ^See "Immediate Object", etc., at Commens Digital Companion to C.S. Peirce.
12. ^ Jump up to:^ab Peirce (1903 MS), "Nomenclature and Divisions of Triadic Relations, as Far as They Are Determined", under other titles in Collected Papers (CP) v. 2, paragraphs 233–272, and reprinted under the original title in Essential Peirce (EP) v. 2, pp. 289–299. Also see image of MS 339 (August 7, 1904) supplied to peirce-l by Bernard Morand of the Institut Universitaire de Technologie (France), Département Informatique.
13. ^ Jump up to:^ab On the varying terminology, look up in Commens Digital Companion to C.S. Peirce.
14. ^Popular Science Monthly, v. 13, pp. 470–482, see 472 or the book at Wikisource. Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, 2.619–644 [623]
15. ^See, under "Abduction" at Commens Digital Companion to C.S. Peirce, the following quotes:
    • On correction of "A Theory of Probable Inference", see quotes from "Minute Logic", Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, 2.102, c. 1902, and from the Carnegie Application (L75), 1902, Historical Perspectives on Peirce's Logic of Science 2, pp. 1031–1032.
    • On new logical form for abduction, see quote from Harvard Lectures on Pragmatism, 1903, Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, 5.188–189.

See also Santaella, Lucia (1997) "The Development of Peirce's Three Types of Reasoning: Abduction, Deduction, and Induction", 6th Congress of the IASS. Eprint.

16. ^"Lectures on Pragmatism", 1903, Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, 5.171.
17. ^A Letter to J. H. Kehler (dated 1911), The New Elements of Mathematics 3, pp. 203–204, see in "Retroduction" at Commens Digital Companion to C.S. Peirce.
18. ^Peirce (1868), "Nominalism versus Realism", Journal of Speculative Philosophy 2, n. 1, pp. 57–61. Reprinted (CP 6.619–624), (Writings of Charles S. Peirce, 2:144–153 Archived 2008-05-31 at the Wayback Machine).
19. ^On developments in Peirce's realism, see:
    • Peirce (1897), "The Logic of Relatives", The Monist VII, n. 2 pp. 161–217, see 206(via Google). Reprinted Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, 3.456–552.
    • Peirce (1905), "Issues of Pragmaticism", The Monist XV, n. 4, pp. 481–499, see 495–496(via Google). Reprinted (CP 5.438–463, see 453–457).
    • Peirce (c. 1905), Letter to Signor Calderoni, Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, 8.205–213, see 208.
    • Lane, Robert (2007), "Peirce's Modal Shift: From Set Theory to Pragmaticism", Journal of the History of Philosophy, v. 45, n. 4.
20. ^Peirce (1893–1894, MS 949, p. 1)
21. ^Peirce (1903 MS), Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, 6.176: "But I now define a pseudo-continuum as that which modern writers on the theory of functions call a continuum. But this is fully represented by [...] the totality of real values, rational and irrational [...]."
22. ^Peirce (1902 MS) and Ransdell, Joseph, ed. (1998), "Analysis of the Methods of Mathematical Demonstration", Memoir 4 Archived 2013-11-03 at the Wayback Machine, Draft C, MS L75.90–102, see 99–100. (Once there, scroll down).
23. ^See:
    • Peirce (1908), "Some Amazing Mazes (Conclusion), Explanation of Curiosity the First", The Monist, v. 18, n. 3, pp. 416–444, see 463–464. Reprinted Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, 4.594–642, see 642.
    • Havenel, Jérôme (2008), "Peirce's Clarifications on Continuity", TransactionsWinter 2008 pp. 68–133, see 119. Abstract.
24. ^Peirce in his 1906 "Answers to Questions concerning my Belief in God", Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, 6.495, Eprint Archived February 23, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, reprinted in part as "The Concept of God" in Philosophical Writings of Peirce, J. Buchler, ed., 1940, pp. 375–378:

I will also take the liberty of substituting "reality" for "existence." This is perhaps overscrupulosity; but I myself always use exist in its strict philosophical sense of "react with the other like things in the environment." Of course, in that sense, it would be fetichism to say that God "exists." The word "reality," on the contrary, is used in ordinary parlance in its correct philosophical sense. [....] I define the real as that which holds its characters on such a tenure that it makes not the slightest difference what any man or men may have thought them to be, or ever will have thought them to be, here using thought to include, imagining, opining, and willing (as long as forcible means are not used); but the real thing's characters will remain absolutely untouched.

25. ^See his "The Doctrine of Necessity Examined" (1892) and "Reply to the Necessitarians" (1893), to both of which editor Paul Carus
26. ^Peirce (1891), "The Architecture of Theories", The Monist 1, pp. 161–176, see p. 170, via Internet Archive. Reprinted (CP 6.7–34) and (The Essential Peirce, 1:285–297, see p. 293).
27. ^Peirce, C.S. (1871), Review: Fraser's Edition of the Works of George Berkeley in North American Review 113(October):449-72, reprinted in Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce 8, paragraphs 7–38 and in Writings of Charles S. Peirce v. 2, pp. 462–486. Peirce Edition Project Eprint Archived 2018-07-06 at the Wayback Machine.
28. ^See "tychism", "tychasm", "tychasticism", and the rest, at http://www.helsinki.fi/science/commens/dictionary.html Archived August 22, 2010, at the Wayback Machine Commens Digital Companion to C.S. Peirce. https://web.archive.org/web/20111024011940/http://www.helsinki.fi/science/commens/dictionary.html
29. ^See p. 115 in Reasoning and the Logic of Things (Peirce's 1898 lectures).

 

朝日記240705 （その1５-2） 文献類５ 「翻訳チャールズ・サンダース・パース」

 

朝日記240705  （その1５-2）　文献類５　「翻訳チャールズ・サンダース・パース」

朝日記240705  （総表紙・目次）「翻訳チャールズ・サンダース・パース」

　注意　弧の文献の通し検索番号は　以下の番号+１２０です。　例　下の番号２は検索番号１２２である；

 

1. ^Peirce (c. 1906), "PAP (Prolegomena to an Apology for Pragmatism)" (MS 293), The New Elements of Mathematics 4, pp. 319–320, first quote under "Abduction" at Commens Digital Companion to C. S. Peirce.
2. ^Peirce (1903), "Pragmatism – The Logic of Abduction", Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, 5.195–205, especially 196. Eprint.
3. ^Peirce, Carnegie application, MS L75.279–280: Memoir 27 Archived 2011-05-24 at the Wayback Machine, Draft B.
4. ^ Jump up to:^ab See MS L75.329–330, from Draft D of Memoir 27 Archived 2011-05-24 at the Wayback Machine of Peirce's application to the Carnegie Institution:

Consequently, to discover is simply to expedite an event that would occur sooner or later, if we had not troubled ourselves to make the discovery. Consequently, the art of discovery is purely a question of economics. The economics of research is, so far as logic is concerned, the leading doctrine with reference to the art of discovery. Consequently, the conduct of abduction, which is chiefly a question of heuretic and is the first question of heuretic, is to be governed by economical considerations.

5. ^Peirce, C. S., "On the Logic of Drawing Ancient History from Documents", The Essential Peirce, 2, see pp. 107–109. On Twenty Questions, see 109:

Thus, twenty skillful hypotheses will ascertain what 200,000 stupid ones might fail to do.

6. ^ Jump up to:^ab c d e Peirce (1868), "Some Consequences of Four Incapacities", Journal of Speculative Philosophy 2, n. 3, pp. 140–157. Reprinted Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, 5.264–317, Writings of Charles S. Peirce, 2:211–242, The Essential Peirce, 1:28–55. Arisbe Eprint.
7. ^Peirce believed in God. See section #Philosophy: metaphysics.
8. ^However, Peirce disagreed with Hegelian absolute idealism. See for example Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, 8.131.
9. ^See in "Firstness", "Secondness", and "Thirdness" in Commens Digital Companion to C.S. Peirce.
10. ^Peirce (1893), "The Categories" MS 403. Arisbe Eprint Archived 2014-07-31 at the Wayback Machine, edited by Joseph Ransdell, with information on the re-write, and interleaved with the 1867 "New List" for comparison.
11. ^"Minute Logic", CP 2.87, c. 1902 and A Letter to Lady Welby, CP 8.329, 1904. See relevant quotes under "Categories, Cenopythagorean Categories" in Commens Dictionary of Peirce's Terms (CDPT), Bergman & Paalova, eds., U. of Helsinki.
12. ^See quotes under "Firstness, First [as a category]" in CDPT.
13. ^ Jump up to:^ab The ground blackness is the pure abstraction of the quality black. Something black is something embodying blackness, pointing us back to the abstraction. The quality black amounts to reference to its own pure abstraction, the ground blackness. The question is not merely of noun (the ground) versus adjective (the quality), but rather of whether we are considering the black(ness) as abstracted away from application to an object, or instead as so applied (for instance to a stove). Yet note that Peirce's distinction here is not that between a property-general and a property-individual (a trope). See "On a New List of Categories" (1867), in the section appearing in CP 1.551. Regarding the ground, cf. the Scholastic conception of a relation's foundation, Google limited preview Deely 1982, p. 61.
14. ^A quale in this sense is a such, just as a quality is a suchness. Cf. under "Use of Letters" in §3 of Peirce's "Description of a Notation for the Logic of Relatives", Memoirs of the American Academy, v. 9, pp. 317–378 (1870), separately reprinted (1870), from which see  6 via Google books, also reprinted in CP 3.63:

Now logical terms are of three grand classes. The first embraces those whose logical form involves only the conception of quality, and which therefore represent a thing simply as "a —." These discriminate objects in the most rudimentary way, which does not involve any consciousness of discrimination. They regard an object as it is in itself as such (quale); for example, as horse, tree, or man. These are absolute terms. (Peirce, 1870. But also see "Quale-Consciousness", 1898, in CP 6.222–237.)

15. ^See quotes under "Secondness, Second [as a category]" in CDPT.
16. ^See quotes under "Thirdness, Third [as a category]" in CDPT.
17. ^Lewis, Clarence Irving (1918), A Survey of Symbolic Logic, see ch. 1, §7 "Peirce", pp. 79–106, see  79 (Internet Archive). Note that Lewis's bibliography lists works by Frege, tagged with asterisks as important.
18. ^Avery, John (2003) Information theory and evolution, p. 167; also Mitchell, Melanie, "My Scientific Ancestry Archived October 8, 2014, at the Wayback Machine".
19. ^Beil, Ralph G. and Ketner, Kenneth (2003), "Peirce, Clifford, and Quantum Theory", International Journal of Theoretical Physics 42, n. 9, pp. 1957–1972.
20. ^Houser, Roberts, and Van Evra, eds. (1997), Studies in the Logic of Charles Sanders Peirce, Indiana U., Bloomington, IN.
21. ^Misak, ed. (2004), The Cambridge Companion to Peirce, Cambridge U., UK.
22. ^ Jump up to:^ab Peirce (1882), "Introductory Lecture on the Study of Logic" delivered September 1882, Johns Hopkins University Circulars, v. 2, n. 19, pp. 11–12 (via Google), November 1882. Reprinted (The Essential Peirce, 1:210–214; Writings of Charles S. Peirce, 4:378–382; Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, 7.59–76). The definition of logic quoted by Peirce is by Peter of Spain.
23. ^Peirce (1878), "The Doctrine of Chances", Popular Science Monthly, v. 12, pp. 604–615 (CP 2.645–668, Writings of Charles S. Peirce, 3:276–290, The Essential Peirce, 1:142–154).

... death makes the number of our risks, the number of our inferences, finite, and so makes their mean result uncertain. The very idea of probability and of reasoning rests on the assumption that this number is indefinitely great. ... logicality inexorably requires that our interests shall not be limited. ... Logic is rooted in the social principle.

24. ^Peirce, Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, 5.448 footnote, from "The Basis of Pragmaticism" in 1906.
25. ^ Jump up to:^ab c Peirce, (1868), "Questions concerning certain Faculties claimed for Man", Journal of Speculative Philosophy 2, n. 2, pp. 103–114. On thought in signs, see p. 112. Reprinted Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, 5.213–263 (on thought in signs, see 253), Writings of Charles S. Peirce, 2:193–211, The Essential Peirce, 2:11–27. Arisbe Eprint Archived 2007-10-14 at the Wayback Machine.
26. ^Peirce (1902), The Carnegie Institute Application, Memoir 10, MS L75.361–362, Arisbe Eprint Archived 2011-05-24 at the Wayback Machine.
27. ^ Jump up to:^ab Peirce, "Grounds of Validity of the Laws of Logic: Further Consequences of Four Incapacities", Journal of Speculative Philosophy II, n. 4, pp. 193–208. Reprinted Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, 5.318–357, Writings of Charles S. Peirce, 2:242–272 (Peirce Edition Project, Eprint Archived 2010-05-28 at the Wayback Machine), The Essential Peirce, 1:56–82.
28. ^Peirce (1905), "What Pragmatism Is", The Monist, v. XV, n. 2, pp. 161–181, see 167. Reprinted Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, 5.411–437, see 416. Arisbe Eprint.
29. ^Peirce 1907, Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, 5.484. Reprinted, The Essential Peirce, 2:411 in "Pragmatism" (398–433).
30. ^See "Quasi-mind" in Commens Digital Companion to C.S. Peirce.

朝日記240705 （その1５-1） 文献類４ 「翻訳チャールズ・サンダース・パース」

 

朝日記240705  （その1５-1）　文献類４　「翻訳チャールズ・サンダース・パース」

朝日記240705  （総表紙・目次）「翻訳チャールズ・サンダース・パース」

　注意　検索番号は　以下の番号+９０です。　例　下の番号２は検索番号９２である；

1. ^ Jump up to:^ab c Putnam, Hilary (1982), "Peirce the Logician", Historia Mathematica 9, 290–301. Reprinted, pp. 252–260 in Putnam (1990), Realism with a Human Face, Harvard. Excerpt with article's last five pages.
2. ^It was in Peirce's 1885 "On the Algebra of Logic". See Byrnes, John (1998), "Peirce's First-Order Logic of 1885", Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society 34, n. 4, pp. 949–976.
3. ^Brady, Geraldine (2000), From Peirce to Skolem: A Neglected Chapter in the History of Logic, North-Holland/Elsevier Science BV, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
4. ^See Peirce (1898), Lecture 3, "The Logic of Relatives" (not the 1897 Monist article), Reasoning and the Logic of Things, pp. 146–164 [151]
5. ^Peirce (1898), "The Logic of Mathematics in Relation to Education" in Educational Review 15, pp. 209–216 (via Internet Archive). Reprinted Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, 3.553–562. See also his "The Simplest Mathematics" (1902 MS), Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, 4.227–323.
6. ^Peirce condemned the use of "certain likelihoods" (The Essential Peirce, 2:108–109) even more strongly than he criticized Bayesian methods. Peirce used Bayesian inference in criticizing parapsychology (Writings of Charles S. Peirce, 6:76).
7. ^Miller, Richard W. (1975), "Propensity: Popper or Peirce?", British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, v. 26, n. 2, pp. 123–132. doi:1093/bjps/26.2.123. Eprint.
8. ^Haack, Susan and Kolenda, Konstantin (1977), "Two Fallibilists in Search of the Truth", Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volumes, v. 51, pp. 63–104. JSTOR 4106816
9. ^Peirce CS, Jastrow J. On Small Differences in Sensation. Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences 1885; 3:73–83.
10. ^ Jump up to:^ab c Peirce (1893), "Evolutionary Love", The Monist 3, pp. 176–200. Reprinted Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, 6.278–317, The Essential Peirce, 1:352–372. Arisbe Eprint Archived May 20, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
11. ^ Jump up to:^ab Peirce (1897) "Fallibilism, Continuity, and Evolution", Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, 1.141–175 (Eprint), placed by the Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, editors directly after "F.R.L." (1899, Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, 1.135–140).
12. ^ Jump up to:^ab Peirce (1903), Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, 1.180–202 and (1906) "The Basis of Pragmaticism", The Essential Peirce, 2:372–373, see "Philosophy" at Commens Digital Companion to C.S. Peirce.
13. ^"Charles S. Peirce on Esthetics and Ethics: A Bibliography Archived 6 April 2003 at the Wayback Machine" (PDF) by Kelly A. Parker in 1999.
14. ^Peirce (1902 MS), Carnegie Application, edited by Joseph Ransdell, Memoir 2 Archived 2013-11-03 at the Wayback Machine, see table.
15. ^See Esthetics at Commens Digital Companion to C.S. Peirce.
16. ^Eco, Umberto (December 1976). "Peirce's Notion of Interpretant". Modern Language Notes. 91 (6).
17. ^George Frederick Simkin, Colin (1993). Popper's Views on Natural and Social Science. E.J. Brill. p. 41.
18. ^Atkin, Albert. "Charles Sanders Peirce (1839—1914)". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
19. ^James, William (1897), The Will to Believe, see p. 124.
20. ^See Pragmaticism#Pragmaticism's name for discussion and references.
21. ^ Jump up to:^ab "That the rule of induction will hold good in the long run may be deduced from the principle that reality is only the object of the final opinion to which sufficient investigation would lead", in Peirce (1878 April), "The Probability of Induction", p. 718 (via Internet Archive ) in Popular Science Monthly, v. 12, pp. 705–718. Reprinted in Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, 2.669–693, Writings of Charles S. Peirce, 3:290–305, The Essential Peirce, 1:155–169, elsewhere.
22. ^Peirce (1902), Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, 5.13 note 1.
23. ^See Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, 1.34 Eprint (in "The Spirit of Scholasticism"), where Peirce ascribed the success of modern science less to a novel interest in verification than to the improvement of verification.
24. ^See Joseph Ransdell's comments and his tabular list of titles of Peirce's proposed list of memoirs in 1902 for his Carnegie application, Eprint
25. ^ Jump up to:^ab See rhetoric definitions at Commens Digital Companion to C.S. Peirce.
26. ^Peirce (1905), "Issues of Pragmaticism", The Monist, v. XV, n. 4, pp. 481–499. Reprinted Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, 5.438–463. Also important: Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, 5.497–525.
27. ^Peirce, "Philosophy and the Conduct of Life", Lecture 1 of the 1898 Cambridge (MA) Conferences Lectures, Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, 1.616–648 in part and Reasoning and the Logic of Things, 105–122, reprinted in The Essential Peirce, 2:27–41.
28. ^ Jump up to:^ab c Peirce (1899 MS), "F.R.L." [First Rule of Logic], Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, 1.135–140, Eprint
29. ^ Jump up to:^ab Peirce (1908), "A Neglected Argument for the Reality of God", published in large part, Hibbert Journal 7, 90–112. Reprinted with an unpublished part, Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, 6.452–485, Selected Writings pp. 358–379, The Essential Peirce, 2:434–450, Peirce on Signs 260–278.
30. ^See also Nubiola, Jaime (2004), "Il Lume Naturale: Abduction and God", Semiotiche I/2, 91–102.

 

 

朝日記240705 （その1４） 文献類３ 「翻訳チャールズ・サンダース・パース」

 

朝日記240705  （その1４）　文献類３　「翻訳チャールズ・サンダース・パース」

朝日記240705  （総表紙・目次）「翻訳チャールズ・サンダース・パース」

　注意　検索番号は　以下の番号+６０です。　例　下の番号６２は検索番号３２である；

1. ^Brent 1998, pp. 374–376
2. ^Brent 1998, pp. 279–289
3. ^Brent 1998, pp. 261–264, 290–292, 324
4. ^Brent 1998, pp. 306–307, 315–316
5. ^In 2018, plans have been made to erect a memorial monument for Peirce at the site of burial – see: Justin Weinberg, 'A Proper Memorial Monument for Peirce', website Daily Nous, March 14, 2018.
6. ^Russell, Bertrand (1959), Wisdom of the West, p. 276
7. ^ Jump up to:^ab Anellis, Irving H. (1995), "Peirce Rustled, Russell Pierced: How Charles Peirce and Bertrand Russell Viewed Each Other's Work in Logic, and an Assessment of Russell's Accuracy and Role in the Historiography of Logic", Modern Logic 5, 270–328. Arisbe Eprint Archived 2013-09-24 at the Wayback Machine
8. ^Popper, Karl (1972), Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach, p. 212
9. ^See Royce, Josiah, and Kernan, W. Fergus (1916), "Charles Sanders Peirce", The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology, and Scientific Method 13, pp. 701–709. Arisbe Eprint
10. ^Ketner et al. (1986), Comprehensive Bibliography, p. iii
11. ^Hookway, Christopher (2008), "Pragmatism", Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
12. ^Brent 1998, p. 8
13. ^"Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society". Indiana University Press Journals. Archived from the original on 2015-12-04. Retrieved 2017-06-17.
14. ^"Peirce, Benjamin: Charles Sanders". Webster's Biographical Dictionary. Springfield, Massachusetts. 1960 [1943].
15. ^Fisch, Max (1986), Peirce, Semeiotic, and Pragmatism, Kenneth Laine Ketner and Christian J. W. Kloesel, eds., Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana U. Press.
16. ^Theological Research Group in C.S. Peirce's Philosophy (Hermann Deuser, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen; Wilfred Härle, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany).
17. ^Postmodernism and Christian Philosophy. Quid Sit Postmodernismus?, p. 93, archived.
18. ^Burks, Arthur, Introduction, Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, 7, p. xi.
19. ^Robin, Richard S. (1967), Annotated Catalogue of the Papers of Charles S. Peirce Archived 2019-10-27 at the Wayback Machine. Amherst MA: University of Massachusetts Press.
20. ^"The manuscript material now (1997) comes to more than a hundred thousand pages. These contain many pages of no philosophical interest, but the number of pages on philosophy certainly number much more than half of that. Also, a significant but unknown number of manuscripts have been lost." – Joseph Ransdell (1997), "Some Leading Ideas of Peirce's Semiotic", end note 2 Archived 2008-01-14 at the Wayback Machine, 1997 light revision of 1977 version in Semiotica 19:157–178.
21. ^Houser, Nathan, "The Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Peirce Papers", Fourth Congress of the IASS, Perpignan, France, 1989. Signs of Humanity, v. 3, 1992, pp. 1259–1268. Eprint
22. ^Memorandum to the President of Charles S. Peirce Society by Ahti-Veikko Pietarinen, U. of Helsinki, March 29, 2012. Eprint.
23. ^See for example "Collections of Peirce's Writings" at Commens, U. of Helsinki.
24. ^See 1987 review by B. Kuklick (of Peirce by Christopher Hookway), in British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 38, n. 1, pp. 117–119. First page.
25. ^Auspitz, Josiah Lee (1994), "The Wasp Leaves the Bottle: Charles Sanders Peirce", The American Scholar, v. 63, n. 4, Autumn 1994, 602–618. Arisbe Eprint Archived 2013-11-03 at the Wayback Machine.
26. ^ Jump up to:^ab Burks, Arthur W., "Review: Charles S. Peirce, The new elements of mathematics", Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 84, n. 5 (1978), pp. 913–918 (PDF).
27. ^Peirce (1860 MS), "Orders of Infinity", News from the Peirce Edition Project, September 2010 Archived 2013-03-29 at the Wayback Machine (PDF), p. 6, with the manuscript's text. Also see logic historian Irving Anellis's November 11, 2010 comment Archived April 23, 2017, at the Wayback Machine at peirce-l.
28. ^Peirce (MS, winter of 1880–1881), "A Boolian Algebra with One Constant", Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, 4.12–20, Writings of Charles S. Peirce, 4:218–221. Google Preview. See Roberts, Don D. (1973), The Existential Graphs of Charles S. Peirce, p. 131.
29. ^Peirce (1881), "On the Logic of Number", American Journal of Mathematics 4, pp. 85–95. Reprinted (CP 3.252–288), (Writings of Charles S. Peirce, 4:299–309). See Shields, Paul (1997), "Peirce's Axiomatization of Arithmetic", in Houser et al., eds., Studies in the Logic of Charles S. Peirce.
30. ^ Jump up to:^ab Peirce (1885), "On the Algebra of Logic: A Contribution to the Philosophy of Notation", American Journal of Mathematics 7, two parts, first part published 1885, pp. 180–202 (see Houser in linked paragraph Archived 2016-02-12 at the Wayback Machine in "Introduction" in Writings of Charles S. Peirce, 4). Presented, National Academy of Sciences, Newport, RI, October 14–17, 1884 (see The Essential Peirce, 1, Headnote 16 Archived 2014-10-19 at the Wayback Machine). 1885 is the year usually given for this work. Reprinted Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, 3.359–403, Writings of Charles S. Peirce, 5:162–190, The Essential Peirce, 1:225–228, in part.

朝日記240705 （その1３） 文献類２ 「翻訳チャールズ・サンダース・パース

朝日記240705  （その1３）　文献類２　「翻訳チャールズ・サンダース・パース」

朝日記240705  （総表紙・目次）「翻訳チャールズ・サンダース・パース」

　注意　検索番号は　以下の番号+３０です。　例　下の番号２は検索番号３２であう

1. ^Brent 1998, p. 367
2. ^Fisch, Max (1983), "Peirce as Scientist, mathematician, historian, Logician, and Philosopher", Studies in Logic (new edition), see p. x.
3. ^See "Peirce Edition Project (UQÀM) – in short Archived 6 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine" from PEP-UQÀM.
4. ^Houser, Nathan, "Introduction Archived 2011-06-07 at the Wayback Machine", Writings of Charles S. Peirce, 5:xxviii–xxix, find "Allison".
5. ^Brent 1998, p. 202
6. ^Randall R. Dipert (1994) The Life and Logical Contributions of O. H. Mitchell, Peirce's Gifted Student
7. ^Brent 1998, pp. 150–154, 195, 279–280, 289
8. ^"Discovering the American Aristotle | Edward T. Oakes". December 1993.
9. ^Brent 1998, p. xv
10. ^Devlin, Keith (2000). The Math Gene. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-46501619-8.
11. ^Brent 1998, pp. 98–101
12. ^Brent 1998, p. 141
13. ^Brent 1998, p. 148
14. ^Houser, Nathan, "Introduction Archived 2011-06-07 at the Wayback Machine", Writings of Charles S. Peirce, 6, first paragraph.
15. ^Brent 1998, pp. 123, 368
16. ^Brent 1998, pp. 150–151, 368
17. ^In 1885 (Brent 1998, p. 369); in 1890 and 1900 (p. 273); in 1891 (pp. 215–216); and in 1892 (pp. 151–152, 222).
18. ^Brent 1998, p. 77
19. ^Brent 1998, pp. 191–192, 217, 270, 318, 321, 337.
20. ^Brent 1998, p. 13
21. ^Brent 1998, pp. 369–374
22. ^Brent 1998, p. 191
23. ^Brent 1998, p. 246
24. ^Brent 1998, p. 242
25. ^Brent 1998, p. 271
26. ^Brent 1998, pp. 249–255
27. ^Brent 1998, p. 371
28. ^Brent 1998, p. 189
29. ^Brent 1998, p. 370
30. ^Brent 1998, pp. 205–206

朝日記240705 （その12） 文献類１ 「翻訳チャールズ・サンダース・パース」

朝日記240705  （その12）　文献類１　「翻訳チャールズ・サンダース・パース」

朝日記240705  （総表紙・目次）「翻訳チャールズ・サンダース・パース」

 

文献類

 

See also

• Howland will forgery trial
• Hypostatic abstraction
• Idea § Charles Sanders Peirce
• Laws of Form
• List of American philosophers
• Logical machine
• Logical matrix
• Mathematical psychology
• Normal distribution § Naming
• Peircean realism
• Pragmatics
• Problem of universals § Peirce
• Quantification (science) § History
• Relation algebra
• Truth table

Contemporaries associated with Peirce

• Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.
• George Herbert Mead

Notes

1. ^ Benjamin was one of the founders of linear algebra.
2. ^ Much of the mathematics of relations now taken for granted was "borrowed" from Peirce, not always with all due credit; on that and on how the young Bertrand Russell, especially his Principles of Mathematics and Principia Mathematica, did not do Peirce justice, see Anellis (1995).^[67]

References

1. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Hacking, Ian (1990). The Taming of Chance. A Universe of Chance. Cambridge University Press. pp. 200–215. ISBN 978-0-52138884-9.
2. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Stigler, Stephen M. (1978). "Mathematical statistics in the early States". Annals of Statistics. 6 (2): 239–265 [248]. doi:10.1214/aos/1176344123. JSTOR 2958876. MR 0483118.
3. ^ Jump up to:^a b Crease, Robert P. (2009). "Charles Sanders Peirce and the first absolute measurement standard". Physics Today. 62 (12): 39–44. Bibcode:2009PhT....62l..39C. doi:10.1063/1.3273015. S2CID 121338356. Archived from the original on 2013-01-12. In his brilliant but troubled life, Peirce was a pioneer in both metrology and philosophy.
4. ^ Jump up to:^a b Cadwallader, Thomas C. (1974). "Charles S. Peirce (1839–1914): The first American experimental psychologist". Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences. 10 (3): 291–298. doi:10.1002/1520-6696(197407)10:3<291::AID-JHBS2300100304>3.0.CO;2-N. PMID 11609224.
5. ^ Jump up to:^a b Wible, James R. (December 2008). "The economic mind of Charles Sanders Peirce". Contemporary Pragmatism. Vol. 5, no. 2. pp. 39–67.
6. ^ Jump up to:^a b Nöth, Winfried (2000). "Charles Sanders Peirce, Pathfinder in Linguistics".
   Nöth, Winfried (2000). "Digital Encyclopedia of Charles S. Peirce".
7. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Houser, Nathan (1989), "Introduction Archived 2010-05-30 at the Wayback Machine", Writings of Charles S. Peirce, 4:xxxviii, find "Eighty-nine".
8. ^ "Peirce", in the case of C. S. Peirce, always rhymes with the English-language word "terse" and so, in most dialects, is pronounced exactly like the English-language word "purse^ⓘ."
9. ^ "Note on the Pronunciation of 'Peirce'". Peirce Project Newsletter. Vol. 1, no. 3–4. December 1994. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2009-04-06.
10. ^ Weiss, Paul (1934). "Peirce, Charles Sanders". Dictionary of American Biography. Arisbe. Archived from the original on 2013-11-03. Retrieved 2007-12-12.
11. ^ "Peirce, Benjamin: Charles Sanders". Webster's Biographical Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Springfield, Massachusetts. 1960 [1943].
12. ^ Weiss, Paul (1934). "Peirce, Charles Sanders". Dictionary of American Biography. Internet Archive.
13. ^ Jump up to:^a b Peirce, Charles Sanders (1886). "Letter, Peirce to A. Marquand". Writings of Charles S. Peirce. Indiana University Press. pp. 5:541–543. ISBN 978-0-25337201-7. See Burks, Arthur W. (1978). "Charles S. Peirce, The new elements of mathematics" (PDF). Book Review. Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. Eprint. 84 (5): 913–918. doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1978-14533-9. Also Houser, Nathan. "Introduction". Writings of Charles S. Peirce. Vol. 5. p. xliv.
14. ^ Fisch, Max, "Introduction Archived 2018-10-22 at the Wayback Machine", Writings of Charles S. Peirce, 1:xvii, find phrase "One episode".
15. ^ Brent 1998, p. 40
16. ^ "Peirce, Charles Sanders" (1898), The National Cyclopedia of American Biography, v. 8, p. 409.
17. ^ Brent 1998, pp. 54–56
18. ^ Brent, Josep (1998). Charles Sanders Peirce: A Life (2nd ed.). Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press. pp. 363–364. ISBN 978-0-25321161-3.
19. ^ Brent 1998, pp. 19–20, 53, 75, 245
20. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Burch, Robert (2001, 2010), "Charles Sanders Peirce", Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
21. ^ Brent 1998, p. 139
22. ^ Brent 1998, pp. 61–62
23. ^ Brent 1998, p. 34
24. ^ Menand, Louis (2001). The Metaphysical Club. London, UK: Flamingo. pp. 161–162. ISBN 978-0-00712690-3.
25. ^Menand, Louis (2001). The Metaphysical Club. London, UK: Flamingo. pp. 161–162. ISBN 978-0-00712690-3.
26. ^Brent 1998, p. 69
27. ^Brent 1998, p. 368
28. ^Brent 1998, pp. 79–81
29. ^ Jump up to:^ab c d Moore, Edward C., and Robin, Richard S., eds., (1964), Studies in the Philosophy of Charles Sanders Peirce, Second Series, Amherst: U. of Massachusetts Press. On Peirce the astronomer, see Lenzen's chapter.
30. ^Menand (2001), p. 201.

朝日記240705 （その１１）１１. 科学の哲学 「翻訳チャールズ・サンダース・パース」

 

朝日記240705  （その１１）１１. 科学の哲学　「翻訳チャールズ・サンダース・パース」

朝日記240705  （総表紙・目次）「翻訳チャールズ・サンダース・パー.

 

11. 科学の哲学　Philosophy of science

 

科学の哲学　Philosophy of science

Main article: Classification of the sciences (Peirce)

 

Peirceはセノスコピー"Cenoscopy"と科学総見"Science of Review"の二つの分野を位置付けたoutlinedをした、その両方とも彼は哲学philosophyと呼んだのである。双方とも科学の哲学philosophy about science.を含むものである。1903年に彼は大なり小なり理論的基礎を整備したのであり、それは以下である：^[102]

 

1. 　発見の科学　Science of Discovery.
1. 数学　Mathematics.
2. セノスコピーCenoscopy (この項で上述したような哲学－範疇的categorial、規範的normative、形而上学的metaphysical) もしくは第一哲学First Philosophyとして位置付けるものであり、一般における実証的現象positive phenomenaに関心があり、特定の科学からの発見には寄らず、探求と科学的手法の一般研究inquiry and scientific methodを含む。
3. イデオスコピーIdioscopy, または特定の科学(自然と精神nature and mind).　
2. 総見の科学　Science of Review、これは極限的哲学としてのものであるが,以下を整理するものである； "... 発見の結果、その消化にはじまり、科学哲学形成philosophy of scienceへの努力にむかう". 彼の例ではHumboldt'の宇宙Cosmos, 、Comte'sの実証主義哲学Philosophie positive, および Spencer'の合成哲学 Synthetic Philosophyを含む；

3. 実用的科学Practical Scienceまたは芸術 the Arts.

 

Peirceは彼の科学総見のなかで、科学のクラス別けと理論を位置付けた（これには数学と哲学を含むものである）。

彼のクラス分けは彼が長年研究によるものであるが、論議をおこしとひろい知識をひきつけるものであり、そしてつぎの二つの業績として興味あるものである、それは彼の哲学を航海するための海図として、および彼の時代において到達した学問についての調査である。

朝日記240705  （総表紙・目次）「翻訳チャールズ・サンダース・パー.

 

朝日記240705 （その１０）１０. 形而上学 「翻訳チャールズ・サンダース・パース」

朝日記240705  （その１０）１０. 形而上学　「翻訳チャールズ・サンダース・パース」

朝日記240705  （総表紙・目次）「翻訳チャールズ・サンダース・パース

 

10. 形而上学　Metaphysics

 

形而上学　Metaphysics

 

いくつかの顕著な報文　

• Monist形而上学シリーズ　The Monist Metaphysical Series (1891–1893)
• 理論の構造　The Architecture of Theories (1891)
• 試された必然性の宣言The Doctrine of Necessity Examined (1892)
• こころの法則　The Law of Mind (1892)
• ひとのガラス的本質　Man's Glassy Essence (1892)
• 進化的な愛Evolutionary Love (1893)
• Synechismの光においての不死性Immortality in the Light of Synechism (1893 MS)

 

 Peirceは形而上学をつぎの三つに分割した divided；(1) 存在論ontologyまたは一般形而上学 general metaphysics, (2) 心理的psychical もしくは宗教的形而上学 religious metaphysics、および (3) 物理的形而上学physical metaphysics.

 

 

存在論　Ontology

普遍的な項目について、Peirceは学問的リアリスト scholastic realistであった、それは1868年代においてはやくも一般性のリアリティを言述していたのである。^[167]

Peirceによれば、かれの範疇categoryは彼自身第三性"thirdness"とよび世界についてのより一般的事実として関心がありって、それを追加的メンタルリアリティextra-mental realitiesとしたのである。　

 modalities (possibility, necessity, etc.)に関して、彼は後年modalitiesに積極的リアリティを感じて惹かれていたことを言及している。

 

1897年の彼の著述である"The Logic of Relatives"「関係的なものの論理」で次のようにのべている：私は先に情報が与えられた状態において、そのどれが真でないかを知らないかの可能性を定義したのであった。

しかしこの定義は今日では歪んだ言明であったように思える、それは二重否定two negativesなることによってアナコルータムanacoluthon[1]を隠蔽していることになるからである。

われわれはある確かなことcertain thingsが真でないことを経験から事前に知っている、なぜならそれらのことが不可能であることを見ているからである。

Peirceは或る目的には役立つものとして、情報状態information statesという用語定義を保持したが、しかし彼は、プラグマティズム主義者が強度のモーダルリアリズムmodal realism に関与することを主張した、ここでの対象objectsは予想可能な一般的条件の提案という意味で認知しうる対象であり、その対象は確実な状況のもとで作動しているものあった。^[168]

　

 

連続性　Continual

連続性とsynechismはPeirceの哲学での核心である；「私は最初にそれが哲学のマスターキーあったとは思わない、私は徐々にそれを見出していくのであるからである。」^[169]　

数学的視点からは、かれは無限小infinitesimals をこころに抱きそして連続の数学についての長期にわたる研究をした。

彼は長い間、実数は擬似連続pseudo-continuumを構成するとしてきた^[170]；真の連続とはanalysis situs (topology)の実の主観体subject matterである；そしてinstantsの真の連続は―そして時間経過のなかに伴ってその置き場所roomを持ち―いかなるinstantsの Aleph number (かれがそう呼ぶようにいかなる無限のmultitude ) をも越える.^[171]　

 

1908年にPeirceは　真の連続はその置き場roomを持つか持たないかもしれないことを見出したと記述した。　

Jérôme Havenel (2008): 「それは26 May 1908のことであった、Peirceは最終的に彼のアイディアをあきらめた、それはいかなる連続においても、どのようなmultitudeの集合体のための置き場roomがあるとしたことについてであった。以後、異なる特性をもつ異なる種の連続があるとする」^[172]　

 

 

心理的もしくは宗教的形而上学　Psychical or religious metaphysics

 

Peirceは神を信じた（believed in God）、そしてその信仰をつぎのように特性化した、理念、野生事実、そして進化する習慣について好奇するなかで本能an instinctのうごきを見出したのであった。

そして信じる神は実際的actual もしくは存在的existent Being  （これらの言葉はPeirceの意味であうが、）のものではないが、すべて事実的real Beingと同じであるとした。^[173]　

"A Neglected Argument for the Reality of God" (1908)^[119]で、Peirceは神の事実性realityにたいしての論議をスケッチする、それは必要（必然）Being としての神の仮説であり、その仮説は通常のひとが好奇心musementと探求 inquiryにおいて使命感compellingにいたる性向をもつと彼は記述した。その通常のひとはその仮説によって導かれるが、それは理念ideas、野生事実brute facts、進化する習慣evolving habitsの様相featuresから納得できるものがあるというものである。たとえば科学の進展の過程で、そのような目的指向の思考thought of such purposefulnessが「仮説とともに成立したり、却下されたり」することになる。　　　

一方、Peirceによれば、その仮説は際限なく納得しえないbeingとして考える過程で、まだ合反決着がつかないうちに好ましい真の概念としてそれ自身の自然性があるとしてスターとしている、そして、仮説がその後どう大きくなるかに関わらずすすむ。

それはふたつあり、(A)不可避的にそれ自身が部分的に真、また部分的に曖昧として見なす、かつ際限なしにそれ自身を定義し続ける、そして(B)不可避的に神を漠然vagueであるまま成長growingとして‘見える化’する。それを必要（必然）的Beingとしての神は莫ではないにも関わらずである。しかしその仮説は神は無目的性purposelessの反対the oppositeというのは誤り more falseであるというべきである。　

Peirceもまた意志the willは自由freeであり、^[174]シネキスム(see Synechism)でいう不死immortalityについての控えめな種のものがあることを論じた。　　

 

　

 

物理的形而上学　Physical metaphysics

 

Peirceは客観的観念主義 objective idealismとよぶ観方を持っていた、それは「物質というのは遊びこころや、ながい伝統からうまれた物理法則である」"matter is effete mind, inveterate habits becoming physical laws".というものである。^[175] 

PeirceはBerkeleyの形而上学metaphysical theoriesは一見したところ逆説の雰囲気をもち主流になりえない軽さair of paradox and levityがあると観察したのである。

Peirceは三つの現実性realityを主張する；(1)絶対的チャンス"absolute chance"もしくはランダムネス randomness (his tychist view), (2) 機械的必然"mechanical necessity"もしくは物理的法則 physical laws (anancist view), and (3) かれが愛の法the "law of love"とよぶもの (agapist view)　

　

彼は偶然的変化fortuitous variation（スポーツ的と彼は呼んだ）、機械的必然性mechanical necessity、そして創造的愛creative loveの三つが進化のモードであるとした（モードは "tychasm", 、"anancasm", そして"agapasm"である)^[177] 

彼はラマルック的進化 Lamarckian evolutionに内蔵しているアガパスムagapasmの概念を造ったのである；如何なるケースにおいても全体の観念は終結もしくはゴールに向かっていく性向の進化であること（the overall idea in any case is that of evolution tending toward an end or goal）、そしてそれはこころや社会の進化にもまたなり得る（it could also be the evolution of a mind or a society）；それは一般的意味でこころの働きを示す進化種kind of evolutionである（it is the kind of evolution which manifests workings of mind in some general sense.）。　

彼は空間、時間、法.^[178]の連続性現実reality of continuitを保持していく連続主義者シネキストsynechis,^[100]であった。　　　　

 

 

[1] a sentence or construction in which the expected grammatical sequence is absent, for example while in the garden, the door banged shut.

朝日記240705  （総表紙・目次）「翻訳チャールズ・サンダース・パース

 

朝日記240705 （その９）9. 推測のモード 「翻訳チャールズ・サンダース・パース」

朝日記240705  （その９）9. 推測のモード　「翻訳チャールズ・サンダース・パース」

朝日記240705  （総表紙・目次）「翻訳チャールズ・サンダース・パース

 

9. 推測のモード　Modes of inference

 

推測のモード　Modes of inference

主記事　Main article:　探求　 Inquiry

 

アリストテレス Aristotleからの組み概念を借用してPeirceは推測 inferenceの基本モード三つを試験した、―アブダクションabduction,、演繹deduction、そして帰納 inductionである＾―それはかれの「論議の批判」"critique of arguments"または「論理の固有」"logic proper".においてである。　

Peirceもまたアブダクションを「レトロダクション」"retroduction"、「プレサンプション」"presumption"そしてすべての早期「仮説」"hypothesis"と呼んだ。　

かれはそれを説明的仮説explanatory hypothesisへの想定guessingそして推測inferenceとして特長づけたのである。　

かれはときに、推論のモードを範疇的な　 syllogism Barbara (AAA)　の転換transformationsを使って詳論する、たとえば、「演繹、帰納、そして仮説」"Deduction, Induction, and Hypothesis" (1878).^[163] においてである。　　

彼はルール rule (バーバラ大前提Barbara's major premise)を、ケース(バーバラ小前提Barbara's minor premise)をそして結果(バーバラ結論Barbara's conclusion)を再配置してこれを行った；

 

 

Deduction.演繹   規則Rule: All the beans from this bag are white. この袋からの豆はすべて白い ケースCase: These beans are beans from this bag. この豆はこの袋からの豆だ ∴結果Result: These beans are white. この豆は白い

Induction.帰納   ケースCase: These beans are [randomly selected] from this bag. これらの豆は（無作為にとり出した）ものだ  結果Result: These beans are white. これらの豆は白い ∴ 規則Rule: All the beans from this bag are white. この袋からの豆はすべて白い

Hypothesis 仮説アブダクション(Abduction). 規則Rule: All the beans from this bag are white. この袋からの豆はすべて白い 結果Result: These beans [oddly] are white. これらの豆は[ 奇妙にも]白い ∴ ケースCase: These beans are from this bag. これらの豆はこの袋からのものだ

 

 

Peirce は1883 年に 確率的推論の理論"A Theory of Probable Inference" (Studies in Logic)のなかで仮説的推論hypothetical inferenceが対象性質への帰納inductionと等しいとした（彼は以前にその効果を知っていたのである^[126])）。

事実、1903年までに、それらは不満足であることを知ったのであった、それは一度ならずすべてであり、彼が三段論法形式を取り、論理的拡張を言及をし、彼が考えたものが幾分基本的でないと理解していると記述したのであった。

1903年に彼はアブダクション推論のための論理形式を以下のように与えたのである；^[164]

 

驚愕的事実Cが観測される；

しかしもしAが真であるなら、Cは当然のことmatter事実のものであろう、

よって、Aが真であることを疑う理由が存在する。

 

その論理形式は帰納をもまたカバーしない、なぜなら帰納は感情驚愕に依存しないし、その結論の新規の理念も提案しないからである。

帰納はひとつの仮説を試験するための事実を探索する；アブダクションは事実の辻褄をあわせるための仮説を探索する。「演繹は、なにかがあるはず must beであることを証明する；帰納がなにかが実際に操作可能であるactually is operativeことを証明する；アブダクションは唯なにかがあるかもしれないmay beことを示唆する」^[165]　　

Peirceはアブダクションすべてをカバーするような一個の論理的形式をまったく確信していなかった。^[166]

彼の探求についての方法論的 methodeuticなもの、または理論において、アブダクションをさらなる推論と研究のための経済的動機として捉えていた、そしてこれら三つのモードは探求での基本的役割りでの調整によって明らかになると捉えていた；仮説説明hypothetical explanation、演繹的予測deductive prediction、帰納的試験である inductive testing。　

 

朝日記240705  （総表紙・目次）「翻訳チャールズ・サンダース・パース