作业代写：Legal globalization

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Legal globalization，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了法律全球化。伴随经济全球化，法律出现了全球化的趋势，法律全球化对民族国家时代的法律构成了挑战。在法律全球化过程中，美国等西方国家把本国法律输入到非西方国家，其中包含霸权主义的逻辑，而发展中国家，必须坚持开放的心态，不断深化改革，防止狭隘的民族主义情绪，保守主义的停滞和倒退，这样才能得到发展。

Along with the economic globalization, the law appeared the trend of globalization. The globalization of law poses a challenge to the law of the nation state. This paper tries to review the process of legal globalization, the main performance of the legal globalization, analysis the main theoretical model of legal globalization, and further puts forward Suggestions on China's response to the legal globalization.

It is well known that, at least since the late 20th century, despite the diversity of historical, cultural and social systems, more and more countries have adopted the rule of law. The rule of law means that economic management, political operation and social life all follow the rule of law, and the trend of legalization of social governance worldwide leads to the "global legalization". At the same time, the law began to cross the boundary of sovereign states and "travel" across national and global boundaries, thus leading to the "legalization of the whole world". In short, global legalization means that different societies move towards the rule of law, which implies the time target of the evolution of the governance model of human society. However, legal globalization means that some regional or industrial laws go to different societies, indicating the space power of legal diffusion, namely, transnational law and global law are expanding day by day. Without the background of global legalization, the influence of legal globalization would not be so far-reaching. Without the influence of legal globalization, global legalization will only stay at different regional levels. However, is the trend of legal globalization the fate of history, or false inevitability? Is it a sign of a global village under the rule of law, or an illusion of a mythical utopia? Is it the future Gospel of equality for all, or the reality nightmare of the jungle? In all this, opinions vary from person to person. Globalisation in its broadest sense dates back to Columbus's discovery of the new world. Since then, the "global" has really entered the human vision, and the western powers have also begun to extend their power to the global scope.

From the perspective of time, globalization and modernization go hand in hand. The transition from a traditional society to a modern one originated in the west. This transformation started from the Renaissance, through the religious reform and the enlightenment movement, and was shaped by the establishment of democratic constitutional system. The main sign of the transition from the traditional privileged status system to the modern society is that the unequal hierarchical power structure is replaced by the equal rights structure of all people in law. The contractual relationship based on personal autonomy replaces the traditional personal attachment relationship. The pursuit of rational value in the form of efficiency orientation has replaced the pursuit of irrational or substantive rationality. Non-humanized bureaucracy management has replaced the individual discretion of traditional social personification. The secular pursuit of external desire to satisfy the sensual desires has replaced the spiritual pursuit of inner faith, which is dependent on the peace of mind. In place of a uniform religious ideology, conflicting cultures have replaced one another. The modernization of western countries and its empire and the city state as the main body politic disintegration of the traditional order of the process, instead since 1648 established the Witt, Bavarian and nation-state system and on this basis, the international order. This national and international order has not eased but intensified conflicts and conflicts between western countries. They have also extended conflict and strife to non-western regions. Under interference and influence of the western powers, the most of the countries or regions of the non-western world followed were involved in this kind of modernization, and to the west nation-state model replaced the traditional political and social order. Therefore, the modernization of the century is also "experiencing the process of globalization".

The modernization of western society is coupled with the emergence and development of capitalism. Marx and Engels in the communist manifesto in 1848 concluded that capital will be infinite expansion, across national borders, because "the needs of the continuously expand the product market, driven by the bourgeois to run the world", and the world market, "make all state of production and consumption has become a worldwide", the "national one-sidedness and limitations are increasingly becoming impossible". Along with the worldwide spread of capitalist modes of production, the previously scattered society and independent nation-states are gradually involved in what the American scholar wollerstein called the "modern world system".

All this can be seen as an early prediction of globalisation. In fact, it was not until the last decade of the 20th century that globalisation became a reality to some extent. The first is the globalization of science, technology and economy, followed by the globalization of law. The globalization of law means that law begins to spread and flow across national boundaries. As an important part of globalization, legal globalization is inseparable from the globalization of science, technology and economy.

In the contemporary world, although the phenomenon of legal globalization is complicated, the following manifestations are particularly prominent.

In the field of human rights, the United Nations and international organizations have developed many standard human rights documents. The most important human rights documents are the universal declaration of human rights, the international covenant on civil and political rights and the international covenant on economic, social and cultural rights. The universal declaration of human rights while political more than law, lack of enforcement of universal validity, but it is, after all, for the development of international human rights and followed by all kinds of world human rights documents provided spiritual source and laid the foundation value, become an important starting point of the international human rights. Most countries in the world today have signed and acceded to these important international human rights conventions and have confirmed their implementation through constitutional, legal and judicial practice.

International human rights documents in addition to the provisions of the general rights and freedoms, including the international covenant on civil and political rights in the second paragraph of article 4 also stipulates the seven must not reduce, the basic rights: the right to life, from torture and inhuman treatment rights, from slavery, the right of personality right, not right of imprisonment for debt, thought, conscience and religious liberty and is not subject to retroactive rights of legal punishment. Is considered to be the nature of the moral rights, these rights are human rights and thus has universality and inalienable, for absolute sovereignty constitutes the material limit, to join the sovereignty of the state shall not refuse to admit or change to these basic rights or impose restrictions. Accordingly, the laws of any state party contravene them and must be amended; No state party may infringe or deprive these rights, or face condemnation from the international community and even sanctions from the United Nations. A lot of international human rights at the same time, the executing agency and began to set up effective operation, such as the United Nations general assembly, in ecosoc, the UN human rights council, the United Nations high commissioner for human rights commission, the commission on human rights, against torture committee, committee on elimination of racial discrimination, the children's rights and the elimination of discrimination against women committees, etc. Accordingly, international relief measures for human rights protection have been strengthened. These measures include states reporting procedures, between states parties accused system and personal appeal system, such as the international human rights organizations shall have the right to require the parties to change domestic law and provide relief to the victims.

It should be emphasized that, during the cold war, international human rights were primarily a tool of political struggle because of the confrontation between the "two camps". With the end of the "cold war", the international community to protect human rights issues take cooperative attitude, especially in counterterrorism, nuclear competition and prevent nuclear proliferation, combating international criminal and other fields, have made great progress through cooperation. In addition, when the basic freedoms and rights stipulated in the international human rights document that has more than half a century, such as its universality of the international community more widely agree that it should be in the equal dialogue between different civilizations and the country, the content, meaning and expression form of basic rights, further improve and expand, make them on the value orientation and discourse expression has a wider range of inclusive.

There is a wide debate about the concepts of "global governance" and "international rule of law". But the two ideas put forward to some extent, indicates that under the background of globalization, many of the problems cannot be within the scope of national architecture and effectively resolved, and must be made from the perspective of global concerns. As is known to all, organizations such as the wto and the world bank have played an active role in global governance. Since the establishment of wto, states parties must adjust their legal systems in accordance with relevant agreements, such as cancelling internal administrative regulations, amending intellectual property law and reforming the judicial system. At the same time, the wto dispute settlement mechanism is very unique and efficient. It is honored as "the pearl in the crown". First, the dispute settlement mechanism consists of a two-tier system, with the basic group as the expert group and the upper level as the appellate body. Second, the expert group and the appellate body are well equipped. Both current and former WTO representatives or scholars from non-disputing parties are appointed as individuals to ensure the neutrality, professionalism and prestige of the judges. Third, the panel report adopts the principle of the "reverse consensus", namely, as long as the parties dispute is inconsistent, the report is passed, this makes the panel report obtained automatically by effect, almost put an end to the dispute parties adopt delaying tactics; Fourthly, the dispute settlement mechanism is flexible, allowing the disputing parties to "settle out of court" in the process and resolve disputes by themselves; Fifth, once the dispute settlement mechanism of the verdict, shall be carried out by the parties to the dispute, otherwise the WTO may authorize the prosecution against the defendant "cross retaliation", in the field of the cross to the losing party to serious threat, even caused substantial damage. In fact, the appellate body responsible for the settlement of disputes in wto has quasi-judicial function, and its decisions have quasi-judicial effect.

For example, when the world bank and the international monetary fund provide loans to developing countries, they are often accompanied by conditions requiring recipient countries to reform their political and legal systems. At the domestic level, they call for the rule of law, greater participation by citizens, transparent, open, accountable, clean and fair administration. At the international level, they require transparency in decision-making, broad participation, unimpeded information, efficient management and sound financial systems. In order to obtain assistance or loans from international financial institutions, many developing countries have to accept these additional conditions and reform their own laws as required. In fact, many countries have carried on the political and legal reform, marketization and the level of the rule by law has improved than before, the world bank and international monetary fund has made a contribution to global governance. But it should be noted that in the 1990 s, pursued by the world bank and international monetary fund is the basic of new liberalism "imperative" free market, and to accept the above political reform requirements as a condition of aid to developing countries, as a result, many disadvantages, such as the lack of regulation of market chaos and economic crisis, the introduction of a large number of western political and legal system because of the lack of corresponding legal culture and social conditions, and cannot operate effectively. They push for political and legal reform in developing countries, its purpose is to hope that these countries realize the democratization and legalization, the problem lies in haste, and require too specific, don't give the aid to developing countries to set aside more time to prepare and larger choice. Since the late 1990 s, especially after the financial crisis in the United States, the world bank began to adopt amartya ・ and riches Gerry, moderate markets such as advice, adjust the direction, emphasized the importance of promoting equality, not the political reform as a mandatory condition of economic aid, but to make relevant countries according to their own conditions for political reform and the reform of law step by step.

As early as the late middle ages, with the revival of commerce, the law of European businessmen applied across borders appeared in Western Europe. At the beginning, merchants engaged in cross-border trade with cities as their residence, formed their own laws and formed their own commercial courts on the basis of drawing lessons from Roman law and customary commercial law. With the establishment of the nation-state, the europeanized identity merchant law has been unified into the legal system of all countries and become an integral part of the national law. In France and Germany, the merchant law was incorporated into the national legal system through codification. In Britain, the law of the businessman was incorporated into the common law system by a judge's decision. Since then, international commercial law has also been based on sovereign states, and the transnational commercial law of self-construction and development of businessmen no longer exists.

However, since the economic globalization, transnational commercial activities have increased sharply and trade shows a trend of globalization. As a result, the domestic companies were involved in most countries to the competition of global market, multinational enterprises is growing fierce competition between, forcing all enterprise strategic adjustments, began to reform enterprise organization mode and operation way. Followed, joint venture and mergers and restructuring activities such as unprecedented active, the number of multinational companies, the scale and its importance in the business world, far more than any period of history. In transnational trading activities, transnational corporations in developed countries generally believe that the laws of developing countries are not "democratic" and "normative" enough to avoid the laws of those countries; Multinationals in developing countries argue that the laws of developed countries are largely western and manipulated by western countries to the detriment of non-western countries and seek to avoid them. In order to avoid risks and reduce transaction costs, the transactions of transnational corporations and other transnational business activities are gradually becoming legal. Since neither national law nor international law can meet the needs of transnational corporation trading activities, the new global merchant law came into being. Therefore, after the europeanization and nationalization, the merchant law has entered the process of globalization.

According to toibner's research, the effectiveness of new transnational or global merchant laws does not come from national or international authorities, but from the contracts of businessmen. This commercial contract effectiveness is not from national law in the contract itself, namely the merchant law stems from a commercial contract, and the effectiveness of the contract from by contract law, thus has formed a strange paradox of circulation. At the same time, the new merchant law stipulates the dispute settlement mechanism by means of contract, and the dispute usually resort to international arbitration. The choice of the place for arbitration and its personnel depends on the contract agreement of the parties. Although the enforcement of the award is sometimes referred to the national court, the court's intervention is not based on the legal provisions of a particular country, but on a treaty of mutual benefit of contractual nature between states. Generally speaking, such disputes "have little reason to go to court" because "the final arbitrator's decision" is "easier to enforce than the court's decision". Some scholars call this dispute settlement mechanism "private justice" that surpasses the national legal system. In view of the above characteristics of the new merchant law, some people refer to the legal culture embodied in the merchant law as the "third legal culture" that transcends national and national legal culture.

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Assignment代写：The constitution of society

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- The constitution of society，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了社会宪法。在全球层面上，由于政治宪法始终无法运转，各种全球社会体制的离心倾向和相互侵犯更加严重，已经造成了新的宪法问题。全球社会宪法应运而生，旨在支撑和驯服不同的全球社会力量，因此呈现随体制而异的片段化形态。政治宪法缺位的全球层面，失控的社会宪法问题只能依靠全球社会宪法解决。

National political constitution is a kind of special constitution, it is difficult to areas other than the other social political implementation oriented constructive and restrictive dual functions, balance the autonomy and expansion of the social system. At the global level, the continuing failure of the political constitution and the increasing centrifugal tendencies and mutual violations of various global social systems have created new constitutional problems. The global social constitution came into being to support and tame different global social forces. Therefore, it took on a "fragmented" form, which was different from the system. The inevitable collision between constitutional fragments of global society should be solved by a new conflict law.

The reformed political and constitutional instruments can barely cope with the social constitutional problems within the nation-state; But in the absence of a political constitution in the global level, the runaway social constitutional problems can only be solved by the "global social constitution". Practice, the world trade organization, the international labor organization, the international chamber of commerce, the Internet corporation for assigned names and Numbers icann, businessmen and other supranational social system specification, the basis of the already have global social prototype of the constitution. Various supranational system, initially may only be a product of the state public or private order, but with the emergence of corresponding specification, gradually by the "legalization" state transition to a "constitutional" state.

Unlike the political constitution, the constitutional attributes of these basic norms are not related to specific constitutional texts or historic constitutional actions, but mainly reflected in two aspects. On the one hand, they effectively implement the constitutive function of the constitution and support the global autonomy and self-foundation of various functional systems. Supranational economic, science, art, education, mass media, Internet system, with its basic specification, break itself and the national political, legal, the closed structure of the coupling between various functions with specific interconnected communication in the global scope, thus releasing huge parallel development momentum. On the other hand, as a reflective "secondary norm", they have helped supranational institutions achieve independent legal creation, legal recognition and legal sanctions. What is decisive is that many areas of global society have established special dispute settlement mechanisms to deal with internal disputes in accordance with their own laws rather than national laws. In the world trade organisation, for example, the panel of experts and the permanent appellate body are subject to the wto rules of "final adjudication of two trials" and approve "reprisals" if the losing party fails to implement the ruling. "Global merchants method" is more remarkable in the field of: a large number of international commercial trade and international professional association, the international business organization, the use of investment projects in developing countries, depend entirely on the contract created rules, the effectiveness of these rules does not come from the law of the country, but from the contracts between merchants itself; The settlement of transnational commercial disputes is not mainly to the national court, but to the international arbitration institution agreed in the contract, which in turn regards the contract rules themselves as the basis of judgment.

Visible, global social constitution to vary with system of "fragmentation" form, unlike national political constitution, which constitute a unified whole, and with the attitude of "basic law" to other areas of the law for the common law. This is because the function caused the "multi-center globalization", each kind of function of the global system or global social system are realized self reproduction, were required to be adapted to the special constitution inherent logic and operation way. In the global art, for example, explicitly deny democratic rights and formal organization compulsory Settings, against the artistic standard of monopoly, emphasize to encourage innovation as the goal of freedom of expression and the intellectual property rights to provide constitutional protection; To realize fair competition in the field of global sports, "legislation" is more should comply with the "sports law" instead of the democratic process, "justice" must be more instant than court judge, fuzzy and not allow errors, in addition, the world anti-doping regulations, and the world anti-doping agency has a special importance in the global sports law.

Global Internet "digital constitution" provides a more extreme example - than is focused on the political constitution of the medium of "power", "digital constitution" attempts to release medium and constraint system is the "code" of the Internet, so we can not adopt the same as the former. First of all, the political constitution emphasizes "separation of powers", but the code has the attribute of self-enforcement, and the combination of legal creation, legal application and law enforcement. Second, the political constitution default behavior regulation, expected to construct and the separation of conflict resolution, especially the judicial principle of "not to talk to" set aside the autonomous space for the society, the code is again three about one; Finally, the political constitution not completely ruled out room for legal interpretation, according to new facts and new value rules of fine-tuning is always possible, "0/1" code is highly formalized, rejection, "grey area". All these situations show that compared with the political system, the Internet system poses a special threat to the independence of individuals and institutions. For that matter, "digital constitution" must be a different approach, such as through "the open source movement" expanding areas of Internet system spontaneously, and as in the Internet corporation for assigned names and Numbers icann arbitration practice development and the application of "Internet basic rights", and including the open principle, the principle of anonymous, from control principle, the hierarchical principle, a principle "Internet".

On the other hand, the main defects in the current global social constitution practice, is not find a suitable way to vary with the target system, in order to avoid system the excessive expansion of inner energy and explosion danger. As mentioned above, the vast majority of global social systems are not stunted, but rather self-destructive tendencies and negative externalities. The constitutive function of constitutional fragments of global society has been well developed, but its restrictive function is often absent. The main cause of failure is not the lack of external pressure imposed by the constitution, but the failure of external pressure to find the right focus and the ability to activate the self-restraint of the target system. In the final analysis, only the internal self-reflection mechanism of the system can tame its inherent power, and the role of the constitution is only to provide external rule support for these self-reflection mechanisms. Of the current global financial crisis, for example, the commercial bank credit super hair problem, can't be solved through national sovereign guarantee and financial aid, multinational central bank and currency system reform is the only way; Facing the industrial production of worldwide resource depletion and environment pollution problem, in addition to the tax regulation and administrative punishment, should also through product boycott, public interest litigation, the environmental movement, ecological investment way, change the economic system in the field of spontaneous consumer preferences; To the governance of global scientific research misconduct, or false news, global mass media cannot rely on the government's rewards and punishment system, tort litigation or town government agencies, and the introduction of autonomous professional evaluation mechanism and the committee system... Only by setting the reverse structure according to the specific communication media of the target system and improving the self-reflection ability of the system can various constitutional fragments of the global society effectively play the function of restriction. As toibner said: "fire against fire; Right to counterclaim; The law of law; Money is king.

To sum up, basically because of supranational social media system does not use the power of the political system, but with the help of other functional system of media communication, their constitution in terms of organizational norms and basic rights, or the execution of a function and limit the means of sexual function, great differences are related to national political constitution. As a result of the double reflection of the target function system and the legal system, the global social constitution is and should be many independent constitutional fragments.

The fragmentary development of the global social constitution directly caused the violent collision between each other. Based on empirical observations, in buner Outlines the supranational system constitution conflict between "four kinds of typical case: one is that the similar case, multiple conflicting supranational system specification, such as international human rights law and international humanitarian conflicts of the laws of war; Second, courts in one system face the question of whether to apply the norms of another system. Third, the same legal issues are referred to different arbitration systems, such as Chile's "arrow fish" case submitted to the wto and the international tribunal for the law of the sea respectively. Fourth, different international tribunal may explain the same legal norms in different ways, such as when in non-state actor's behavior must be attributable to the state, the Hague international court of justice and the former Yugoslavia international arbitration court of controversy.

Four kinds of circumstances are not simple policy disputes or specification differences, but in the global constitution all the fragments collide with each other, which involves the reproduction from the perspective of the constitution of the world all social system's "rational" conflict, supranational "gods" in the field of society. Without a global center position or highest authority have the ability to resolve the collision: the economic constitution, political controversy between constitution and social constitution "court" in the world, and balance the function of the unity of the development trend in the field of global political constitution, from the experience already proven to be a delusion; The ambition of "economic imperialism", especially the attempt to coordinate the subareas of world society with "global capital markets", has also been frustrated by the global financial crisis in recent years. Needless to say, to establish a kind of any global constitutional order as the supreme principle, will destroy other social identity of constitution and the autonomy of the social system attributes, and then destroy the function of social differentiation itself.

The crux of the problem is that there is no objective, neutral standpoint to deal with the equal global system and the global constitutional conflict. However, on the one hand, the global system conflict can still through the "talks" to seek reconciliation, accordingly, the global constitution can be negotiated and dedicated to the supply of due process and guarantee the equal status of the negotiators. This way is beneficial to reach a consensus and get executed, but in the specific historical stage, some of the "hegemony" such as the world trade organization may not want to "to" sit for negotiation, "weak system" and other relative lack of bargaining power. On the other hand, private international law has also brought many Revelations. Traditional private international law is mainly aimed at conflicts between the legal orders of different countries. Such conflicts, like those between different parts of the global constitution, are "non-hierarchical conflicts". If the former problem is ultimately solved in a nation state with a legal conflict, the latter problem can also be solved within a conflicting global system. This requires the development of a set of "new conflict laws" between the constitutions of the global community. However, based on differences in regulating object, especially considering the conflict to be resolved in the vertical between national law and order operation of supranational system, a new conflict traditional method to deal with some of the key links of private international law amended.

First of all, on the choice of "jurisdiction" and "applicable law" confirmed, in view of the core problem is no longer dispute about "the city" is located and where the legal relationship, but involves the legal relationship of "main" more closely contact which function system, it is necessary to "system properties" replace traditional dependency "doctrine" in private international law. Functional differentiation continuously expand worldwide, deeper reality, determines the first principle of the new conflict of laws: dispute legal relationship of "main category" exists in which within the global system, what kind of system should be by the referee organization shall be under the jurisdiction of and special rules for processing or use what kind of system. This is the first step in the revision.

The second step of the amendment is to exclude the simple application of the traditional "induced" norms of private international law. As is known to all, without getting involved in the problem of "reservation of public order", under the condition of the traditional private international law adopts the technology of the cause, essence of the whole dispute to one or another country law and order processing. According to the social system theory analysis, the legitimacy foundation of the arrangement is not international "comity", but in the national law as a "total order", fully implement the stability of social life in all areas "normative expectations" function, so the effective principles, norms, policies more or less exist between "internal balance". Different from the laws of nation-states, all kinds of global laws are "self-respecting", completely dependent on the inherent logic of a single functional system, and lack the internal motivation to balance the global "public interest". Therefore, it is inevitable for either party to deal with the inter-institutional conflicts at the global level "fully", to indulge one-sided rational standards and encourage the centrifugal tendencies of the world society.

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Report该怎么写,Report写作讲解

在留学生的论文作业之中，Report是比较难写的。Report对写作格式有严格的要求，如果同学们不懂格式的话，那么就非常容易写错，拿不到高分。那么Report该怎么写呢？下面就给大家讲解一下。

1.英文report的结构：

Report一般由Table of Contents, Executive Summary, Introduction, Body, Conclusion/Recommendation, Reference六部分组成。

2.英文report的语言：

Report中，如果题目是假如你是某公司CEO或其他某个角色，可以使用第一人称；如果没有这样主人翁的假设，还是不能用第1，2人称。请注意这点和Essay的区别。

3.英文report的内容：

①Report实践性更重一点，少写理论，多结合实际情况分析。对于某些Case Analysis的Report来说，一定要针对导师提供的Case来做分析，而不是自由发挥和滥用无关联的理 论。所有分析都必须针对Case里的内容来进行。

②数据和图表的使用很重要。如果用到某公司几年内的某一项数据的变化，可以先列数据表格，再用柱状图、馅饼图或曲线图进行直观反映。

4.写report要注意的问题：

①Table of Contents，一定要用Word自动生成格式。

②Executive Summary，一般要出现“The main purpose of this report is to……”这样的标志性语句。一般来说，这部分主要介绍 这篇Report的研究内容、研究对象、研究目的 、研究意义等等一些概括性的东西。

③Introduction，在一篇Report中，Introduction部分相当于是一个Background，而不是概括Report的内容。请注意与Essay的区别。Report中的Introduction不概括文章内容；不介绍文 章结构（因为目录里已经有结构介绍了）；只介绍Background。

④Body，总原则“少写理论，多结合实际情况分析”，不要空谈。根据要求具体分析，用证据支撑、用事实说话。列出标题、次级标题、有必要时列出下一级标题。每段内容用简洁的语言 提炼出要点关键词，然后进行解释和阐述。

⑤Conclusion/Recommendation, 根据论文要求具体把握。

⑥Reference: Reference是导师最看重的，所以请一定特别注意！绝对不能出现编造的情况，一定要真实。国外对这个问题查得很严。一旦查出有作假或抄袭情况,会直接挂科，甚至开除学籍。一般来说，Reference包含两个部分，一种是in-text reference 也就是在文章里的reference，一种是在文章最后出现的reference, 也就是reference list。一篇论文须要包含文中的in-text-reference和文末的reference list。论文有明确要求几个Reference的，根据要求来把握；没有明确说明个数的，一般按照每千字3-4个来操作。Reference格式标注办法，一般论文要求中会明确提到。

常用的Reference格式有：Harvard referencing system 哈佛文献标记系统CMS: Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) 芝加哥写作和文献标注系统：APA Style：American Psychological Association. 美国心理学会写作和文献标记办法 AMA：American Medical Association 美国医学会文献标注系统 MLA:现代语言学会写作和文献标注系统 CSE:　Council of Science Editors (CSE)　科技编辑理事会文献标记和写作办法）

⑦字体格式：论文有明确要求字体格式、大小等时，根据要求来操作；论文没有明确要求字体大小等时，一般用用times new roman字体；12（小四）；1.5倍行距；Word默认页边距；标题字体可加粗；每段落之间空一行；每段直接写，无需空格；在每页的右下角插入页数。

以上就是关于Report写作的讲解，同学们在写作Report的时候一定要注意其格式，这些最基本的东西一定不能出错。

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Paper代写：Digital animation

本篇paper代写- Digital animation讨论了数字动画。数字动画是一个经过高度概括的艺术综合体，作为高水平的动画作品，应该蕴藏着丰富的设计思想，它既包含绘画、实用美术等造型艺术的精华，也从电影、摄影、文学创造中吸取营养。现今，数字动画已经成为任何一档影视节目当中不可或缺的点睛之笔，高水平的动画作品蕴藏着丰富的设计思想和很高的审美价值。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

Excellent creativity comes from the market value of affirmation, good ideas don't have to think, again, again and again to think of ideas are not necessarily good quality, originality comes from the experience to develop for a long time, insight into market demand for each of your creative ideas are able to meet the needs of the market, that good ideas. Poetic or shock of the digital animation works as a wonderful show music, conveys the visual effect is directly related to the audience enjoy programs appeal also relates to a show of grade and level. Creativity - is the soul of animation; Artistic conception - is the life of animation, and then through the technical support of making software to restore the design idea of animation.

Any digital animation has become a film and television programs today of the nods eyeball pen of integral, a high level of animation works is rich in design idea and high aesthetic value, no matter how wonderful digital animation works on the creation and production are must follow the aesthetic requirements and design principles.

The creative stage should take a long time and more energy to create the entire animation time table. In the creative stage, we need to make rational judgment and research on the nature, content and audience of the program, so as to determine the design orientation of the program animation.

Pursuit of artistic conception is the highest state of the art, although have some animation works in scenario, modelling, color, environment and atmosphere, design is beautiful, but always let a person feel frothy lack of perception on the resonance and the heart association, this is what we mentioned artistic conception. In most cases the animation works to pursue overly fancy on the surface, the special effect to show off and smoothness, to precipitate blundering mood is the focus of the creative thinking on the animation works on the deep meaning and implication, which is why we often see some although there is no too much technical performance but the excellent animation creative highlights profound mood.

Today is someone willing to spend large sum of money to make the animation more than ten seconds or less, first, because animation is a very high technical content and highly summarized by art means of high-quality goods, the other is for animation in a very short time of the positioning of the enrichment program and content.

In a very short period of time, the type and style of the program should be clearly defined, and the design orientation of the animation should be determined. Therefore, it is necessary to avoid some chaotic images piling up or confusing visual elements.

Animation from the beginning to decide whether to show viewers the assassin's mace, animation scene composition, color, movement, material content, music is the important factors that enhance the appeal and foil atmosphere.

Without the appreciation of the audience, there would be no meaning for the program. A program of the animation to repeatedly played around 1 year commonly, animation not only reflects the program attributes but also has a strong view and admire a gender, animation must connotation, meaning and depth to a certain extent, it will appeal to viewers watch repeatedly; There are always new discoveries and daydreams. In this way, animation not only serves the program, but also effectively increases the audience's enthusiasm for watching.

Digital animation is a highly generalization of combination of art, as a high level of animation works, should contain the rich design thought, it contains both painting, applied art, the essence of the plastic arts such as sculpture, also draw nourishment from the film, photography, literature creation. The design stage of animation should grasp the narrative and structure of animation as well as the essence and essence of animation art. Animation design mainly includes scene design, action design and so on.

Firstly, the structure diagram, host location and local details of the scene should be described, and the coordination among various special effects and animation elements such as texture, lighting and fog effect should be considered. If animation need to use graphical methods to show more can be done based on the principle of scatter perspective, it is important to note the composition of visual elements and the use of integral color as well as the basic visual elements use a combination of point, line and plane. If animation need to use big scene technique of expression, usually adopts the design of curved horizon often can make the scene more tension, because arc can make the scene look bigger, strength and momentum more centralized; In addition, the application of the perspective principle of the high elevation Angle and the motion coordination of the lens from far to near or through the reference can also reflect the effect of the large scene.

Need to master the movement of animation, to fully consider the physical properties of the object, inertia, gravity factor, and the law of the curve track, etc., at the same time to embody the movement rhythm feeling and metrical sense of visual elements, and the distribution of the trajectory echo relationship, in the design should take into account the relationship between primary and secondary when motion, avoid clutter and disorderly, can form by direction, its merits, position, size, contrast and unity between the subtle relationship, make scene form the aesthetic feeling of rhythm and full of the feeling of tension.

In the animation to note: no a good animation may be produced by a software from beginning to end, usually is making the software constantly switching back and forth a few mutual cooperation from the production of software technology specialty coordination of implementation; Making software using only achieve animation completed a means of so excessively emphasize a powerful production software and despise the idea of seemingly simple software is one-sided, any manufacturing software has its tendency of the special features and unique aspect of its function, the mainest is how to apply its strengths; How to develop it several times to improve the level and efficiency of animation production for the final animation effects.

In the later stage of digital animation synthesis, it is the software of post-production that cannot be ignored. In today's animation production process in the completion of the effect and production efficiency is a measure of everything. Some powerful 3 d animation software strengths is the expression of the three-dimensional space of the three-dimensional objects, when it comes to the film and television content, because of facing concrete objects, and to the ways of expression animation paragraphs, could not only use 3 d software to do all the work, which requires the late synthesis software support and help.

In addition, because of the digital animation is a highly generalization of the art, to the different kinds of subject knowledge and application is very wide, so can not only in TV and art related disciplines, read a great deal to absorb the essence of various disciplines our advantage, and constantly improve the comprehensive aesthetic ability to make the animation more deep more artistic conception.

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Essay代写：Green agriculture

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Green agriculture，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了绿色农业。绿色农业，就是结合了绿色种植和加工等一系列过程，实现的一体化经营模式。绿色农业在发展的过程中，注重的是对环境的保护，生产出的农产片具有质量好，无污染等优点，还注意到了人和自然的协调发展，所以，绿色农业更加符合可持续发展理念。

The economic development of China, the increase of population, and thus the demand for food has increased year by year, this would require the agricultural development in the direction of diversification and multi-function, in the face of such trend, green agriculture gradually formed, however, in the process of developing green agriculture will encounter some problems urgently needed to be solved which influence the development of green agriculture, visible to strengthen the research of green agricultural development has important practical significance.

Green agriculture combines a series of processes such as green planting, processing, breeding and circulation to achieve an integrated operation model. Developing green agriculture namely environment has certain requirements for production before, also limit the input on agricultural products, in the process of production and monitoring in the production of products after processing and packaging, etc., to produce agricultural products on quality and taste has a higher security, green agricultural production of agricultural products in the cost need to invest more in production, so also need a higher price to buy, so the green agricultural products and agricultural products than has the very high appreciation potential. Green agriculture in the process of development, very pay attention to protecting the environment, producing agricultural products have good quality, pollution-free advantages, also noticed that the harmonious development of man and nature, so, more in line with the concept of sustainable development of green agriculture. Should develop green agriculture is the product of The Times development, mainly because with the economic development, on the agricultural environment pollution is more and more serious, the security problem of agricultural products more and more serious, and because our country population engaged in agricultural production, and the per capita arable land is less, so if you want to increase agricultural production, you need to make the resource utilization of agricultural production was improved. However, the production resources of green agriculture have been protected to a certain extent, which is reasonable in development and can be effectively utilized to promote the healthy development of agriculture.

In the process of production and processing of agricultural products, the use of herbicides and pesticides and chemical fertilizers will damage to the environment, such as in the process of production, the use of these chemical products, can produce a large number of agricultural waste and the harmful toxic substances, such as rainwater into the groundwater and atmosphere and soil, which caused great pollution to the environment, local residents in drinking the contaminated water, breathe the polluted air, will cause serious influence to the health of residents, appear all sorts of diseases. Due to the excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers, serious problems such as excessive metal content and eutrophication of water will occur, which will also cause serious ecological security problems.

As the continuous development of economy in our country, the agricultural market supply of products is also got great rich, so that the number of products to meet, but in species and quantity increases, but the food safety problems. Food safety problems frequently occur due to the use of additives and some chemical pigments in the food by some undesirable merchants.

In recent years, due to the influence of green trade, exports of agricultural products in China under the influence of large, mainly due to China's agricultural products can't meet international standards to the requirement of agricultural products, construction process slow production standard system, which has certain effects on the quality of agricultural products.

To reductions in the use of fertilizers and pesticides, requires fertilization technology innovation, make the crop nutrient supply management, to make use of ecological technology for agricultural fertilizer, this would require the use of the diversity of the ecological environment, the use of farmyard manure and organic fertilizer should be reasonable, so that the green agricultural production efficiency was improved, in reducing the use of pesticides, learn to use the ecological prevention and control and biological control effect to achieve in preventing and controlling plant diseases and insect pests, the use of chemical anthelmintic, so as to promote the ecological balance, make the agricultural product quality was improved.

Widely used in modern emerging technology, can make the agricultural production efficiency was improved, to fully achieve food security, the quality and quantity of agricultural products must pay attention to, so that the modern food demands are met. Should strengthen the development of ecological environment seriously, to do to protect the ecological environment around when production, strengthen the monitoring of food safety, so as to promote the development of agriculture, promote the development of rural economy.

In the process of agricultural production, pay attention to the use of some new types of clean energy, to strengthen the recycling and reuse of waste, so that the green agriculture development in the direction of the energy conservation and environmental protection.

The development of green agriculture is conducive to the realization of China's food safety, so that the quality of food to meet international food safety standards, thereby promoting export trade. It is conducive to the protection of the ecological environment, so as to realize the sustainable development of the agricultural economy, to realize the development of the rural economy, and to build an economical and friendly society.

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