北美作业代写：Western marxism

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- Western marxism，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了西方马克思主义。西方马克思主义思潮的出现是对20世纪初以来发生的一系列重大社会历史事件的批判和反思。20世纪30—60年代末，是西方马克思主义繁荣发展时期，而法西斯主义的出现，使西方马克思主义的发展获得了新的动力，大家也从马克思的手稿中吸取精神养料，对马克思主义作以人道主义的解释。

Western marxism is not only one of the western social thoughts with international influence in the 20th century, but also an unorthodox marxism with non-marxism tendency. Its development has gone through three stages of formation, prosperity and transformation, and has formed many schools. It has contributed to the study of marxist philosophy, social history theory, historical dialectics, ideology and alienation.

The concept of "western marxism" first appeared in the supplement material of kirsch's 1930 edition of marxism and philosophy. Put forward at the beginning of the 20th century is the background of the marxist camp debate on western revolutionary road, cole use of "western marxism" to represent the Russian marxism with the new tendency of marxism.

1955, mellau ponti in the second chapter "the adventures of dialectics", "western marxism", this paper discusses the "western marxism" and Leninism, and called the lukacs "western marxism", the founder of the lukacs's "history and class consciousness" referred to as the "bible" of western marxism. He attributed western marxists influenced by this work and inclined to understand marxism from the perspective of humanism and social theory to this trend of thought.

1976, perry Anderson in the western marxism to explore, expand the scope of the use of "western marxism", the main themes and concerns of the transfer from the theory to the analysis of "western marxism", thought theory theme of western marxism has moved from the traditional focus on economic focus on philosophy, and will have a common academic tradition theory of marxist scholars will be included in the "western marxism".

Chinese scholars use the concept of "western marxism" is more [xu chongwen in 1982 in the journal of "western marxism", meaning "after the first world war, the victory of the October revolution and the background of western revolution have failed, produced in the western capitalist countries, both against the second international new kantianism, and against the communist international 'mechanical materialism; In the analysis of modern capitalism and the prospect of socialism, in the revolutionary strategy and strategy and other issues, put forward different views from Leninism. In philosophy, it puts forward different from Engels and Lenin, marxist dialectical materialism and historical materialism, which was set forth, rediscover Marx's original design, main show is "left" ideology ".

At present, the concept of "western marxism" is still developing and enriching, and there are many controversies, but its existence as an ideological trend is an indisputable fact.

The emergence of western marxism is a critique and reflection on a series of important social and historical events since the beginning of the 20th century. In the course of more than 90 years of development, western marxism has experienced three periods, and there have been many schools of thought with different tendency and emphasis on different issues in different times.

From the 1920s to the end of the 1930s, western marxism was formed. After the first world war, the proletarian revolution succeeded in Russia, but failed successively in many countries in western and central Europe, which were more advanced than Russia. Lukacs, cole, gramsci marxists to rethink influenced western workers' movement of marxist theory of the second international, reflection, Leninism and stalinism formed different from Hegel's doctrine of marxism Leninism. They suggest should be restored marxism and dialectic relations, restore the marxist philosophy of consciousness, in the west to take, including economic, cultural and political revolution, overall strategy revolution. However, western marxism at this time is only an unorthodox marxist view within the international communist movement, and has not become an independent social thought.

The period from the 1930s to the end of the 1960s was a period of prosperity and development of western marxism. In the 1930s, the publication of Marx's economic -- philosophical manuscript of 1844 and the emergence of fascism gave new impetus to the development of western marxism. Marcuse et al. drew spiritual nourishment from Marx's manuscripts and interpreted marxism humanitarianism. For the proletariat has not been a significant development, but the fascism of the phenomenon, Reich's mass psychology of fascism, Bloch's legacy of this age, the hawk hammel "dictatorship", frome "escape from freedom" and so on a large number of works carried on the thorough analysis. After the 1950 s, the drawback of the Soviet socialist system becoming obvious, the rapid development of the western developed capitalist countries a lot of social problems, have brought the western marxist new confusion and thinking. Marcuse's Soviet marxism, Sartre "and critique of dialectical reason frome the marxist concept on people are against the Soviet union socialist mode and made a special analysis of the phenomenon of stalinism. Based on the reality of the development of capitalist society, western marxists believe that the basic contradiction of capitalist society still exists, but it is no longer an economic crisis, but mainly a human spiritual crisis. They reflect on the spirit of enlightenment, instrumental rationality, science and technology, mass culture, and are committed to the criticism of developed industrial civilization. Construct the philosophical foundation of critical theory and explain, supplement and reconstruct marxism with various western social thoughts. In the past three decades and more, western marxism has gradually evolved into a social ideological trend that combines unorthodox marxism with non-marxism with international influence. The main schools are: Frankfurt school, existentialist marxism, freudian marxism, structuralist marxism, new positivist marxism, etc. Among them, the Frankfurt school has the longest duration and the biggest influence.

After 1970s, it was the turning stage of western marxism. Increasingly acute contradictions between human and nature, the negative effect of science and technology is becoming more and more prominent, so a new generation of the western marxist social effect of science and technology revolution, and ecology problems as its research subject. Western marxism appeared diversified development, the Frankfurt school, existentialism, Freud's doctrine of marxism and marxism structuralist marxism divided, and the analysis of marxism, ecology marxism, post-modern marxism, etc. In the course of study, they transition from unorthodox marxism to non-marxism. This period are the common points of western marxism theory of marxism one or more of the main features of chronic rejection, these features include the historical materialism, as a social power and the method of dialectics, as the main characteristic of class of human society and the mode of production. Instead of trying to revise and supplement marxism, they abandoned it completely.

Western marxism various schools did not form a unified ideology, can only say that put forward from different angles and think about some common problems, and formed some theoretical hot spot in the development of western marxism.

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北美作业代写：Us monetary authority

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Us monetary authority，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国货币权力。美国货币权力不仅是一个法律范畴，而且还是一个极为重要的经济学范畴，美国货币权力的形成、模式选择与机制塑造经历了一个复杂、曲折的历史过程，充分反映了美国市场经济体制构建的过程和联邦与地方经济权力的配置过程。美国货币权力的扩张，一方面是从实体经济的价值衡量与信用功能延伸到虚拟经济中的交易与获利功能；另一方面，美国货币权力跨越国境成为影响他国经济、区域经济和世界经济的无形之手。

U.S. monetary authority is not only a legal category, also is an extremely important category of economics, the monetary authority form, mode selection and mechanism of shaping has experienced a complex and tortuous historical process, fully reflects the market economy system construction process and the configuration of economic power in the federal and local process. The expansion of monetary power in the United States, on the one hand, extends from the value measurement and credit function of the real economy to the trading and profit function of the virtual economy. On the other hand, the monetary power of the United States crosses national borders and becomes an invisible hand that affects other countries' economies, regional economies and the world economy.

Monetary power is a legal power, which is stipulated by a country's constitution and relevant laws and is an important part of national sovereignty. Therefore, a country's monetary power is also called monetary sovereignty. In general, a country's monetary authority is limited to their borders, but the dollar is recognized as a world currency, the dollar control not only impact on the U.S. economy, for the rest of the capital market, exchange rate, foreign exchange reserves and international borrowing and foreign trade price will have direct impact, which makes us monetary authority quietly across the incoming extend all over the world. Since world war ii, almost all the world's economic prosperity and crisis is closely related to the U.S. currency manipulation of power, so from the perspective of economics at America's monetary authority has both practical significance, but also through the prism prospective thinking history.

The formation of monetary power in the United States has gone through a long and tortuous historical process, which can be roughly divided into three stages:

As early as the British colonial period, the king of England had the right to issue money in the north American colonies and strictly controlled the inflow of metal money into the colonies. On September 1, 1764, the British parliament passed the money act, which prohibited all colonies from issuing money and explicitly denied the legal status of paper money. At the same time, the British government banned the smuggling of metal currency into the colonies to cut off the access of north American traders. The above measures have severely damaged the colonial economy of North America, further intensified the long-standing economic contradiction between the colonies of North America and the United Kingdom, and made the American war of independence imminent. At the second continental congress, held shortly after the outbreak of the revolutionary war, state representatives drafted the articles of confederation on permanent union, a constitutional document. The act provides that the federal government and the states shall have the rights of the United States to mint, manage the currency and issue the notes. A constitutional convention in Philadelphia in 1787, established the constitution of the United States of America, which specify: monetary powers belong to the nature of state sovereignty, national currency power enjoyed by congress and any state are not allowed to cast, distribution and use of any items except gold and silver as repayment of the debt of the currency. The federal congress has full monetary authority, including the power to coin money, determine the color and standard of metal money, and determine foreign currency. The federal government enjoys national sovereignty, and the fiscal, tax, monetary and creditor rights are exercised by congress. The relevant provisions of the first constitution of the United States have a far-reaching historical impact on the formation of the monetary power of the United States and its nature and function positioning, which are embodied in the following aspects:

One is completed the monetary authority ZhuQuanHua, the legal definition of the monetary authority clear to the category of state sovereignty, first established the main body of monetary authority is the national, rather than the local government, this is the American economy law concept of a historic sublimation.

Second, the right to seigniorage and issue of banknotes was granted to the federal parliament, enabling the country to form a unified currency and currency, thus laying the necessary foundation for a unified domestic market.

3 it is to give congress has the power to "set value of foreign currency", means that the congress shall have the right to adjust the value of foreign currency to the dollar, to make foreign currency to correspond to the value of the dollar standard, in order to ensure the states in the federal system the stability of the currency exchange value.

Fourth, congress has the power to levy taxes and hold creditor's rights, providing an important guarantee for the country to effectively exercise monetary power and maintain fiscal stability.

In the federal constitution comes into force, the American government began by the monetary authority in the constitutional spirit and construct the relevant provisions of the new monetary system, the process is not only a practical process, is also a game full of fierce debate, interests and constant process of correction and improvement. The basis of monetary system is to determine the monetary standard system and monetary unit. In 1792 congress passed the coinage act, practice the system of gold and silver and should be, for sure, the dollar as the basic monetary unit of the real exchange rate of gold and silver as 15:1, the decimal currency system. In 1900, the gold standard act was promulgated, and the system of duplication was officially abolished. Gold became the only standard of value in the United States. During the civil war, the northern government issued "greenbacks" as legal tender. After the civil war, some economists have suggested should take this opportunity to establish a credit currency system, make the green printing system survive for a long time, but the finance minister Hugh McCulloch, congress rejected the credit monetary system, the United States and return to the gold standard.

To build the core of the country's monetary system is to establish the central bank, but the United States on a central bank is quite controversial from the start, this kind of dispute both the legal level, also have profit level. In 1790 congress approved the establishment of the first United States bank, but only for 20 years. By 1811, the first bank of the United States was terminated because the charter could not be renewed. In 1812, the war between the United States and Britain broke out, and congress approved the establishment of the second United States bank to finance the war. The second bank of the United States is dissolved in 1836, where the federal government largely given up on banking supervision and management of the United States entered the "free banking" period of nearly 27 years, is an age of money market chaos. In June 1864, congress passed the national banking act, which gave up first and the second bank of the United States period of the centralized type management mode, to adopt the way of dual banking system to establish the national banking system, in order to play a role similar to the central bank. Under this system, the ministry of finance sets up the monetary supervision agency to supervise the banking industry and guarantee the issuance of national currency. However, the implementation of the national banking act and failed to establish the real meaning of the central bank, because there are still quite a number of state Banks expanding business and keep exuberant vitality, finally formed the dual banking system continues today. In addition, the law gives the Treasury the authority to set up the office of the comptroller of the currency (comptroller of the currency) and the ability to create money, which should belong to the central bank.

The economic crisis of 1907 as a direct result of the U.S. government had to give up the idea of national bank system, in 1913, President Woodrow Wilson signed by the President of the federal reserve act, set up the federal reserve system, responsible for the issuance of federal reserve notes. Compared with the national bank system, the federal reserve system is a real central bank, is a certain independence in monetary and financial decision-making mechanism, its power and are constrained by the reasonable. The federal reserve system consists of the federal reserve board and 12 federal reserve Banks. The seven members of the federal reserve board are nominated by the President and approved by the senate for a 14-year term. One is appointed every two years. The Treasury secretary and the comptroller of the currency are ex officio members, and any eligible state bank may voluntarily apply to join the federal reserve system. The federal reserve system, however, are still lack of strong, need money management, place the reserve bank of fragmented, in times of crisis can't play a lender of last resort function, so in 1929-1933 during the great depression failed to rise to effectively curb the deterioration of the economic crisis and the spread of role. So, President Roosevelt drive and signed the banking act of 1935, the federal reserve system for reform of the structure, mechanism and power configuration, the concrete content includes the following several aspects: one is the director of finance ministers and monetary who is no longer the fed board members, to ensure that the fed is independent of the ministry of finance committee. Second, the board of directors of the federal reserve bank of the election of the chairman, vice chairman, must be approved by the federal reserve board, thereby establishing the authority of the board. Third, the fed's committee has the power to conduct open market operations and adjust reserve requirements. The reform to the fed's monetary committee get real power and the country's monetary policy decisions, make the fed a veritable central bank, is the American monetary power reconfiguration and monetary management mechanism, and the central bank functions to the final positioning. However, in the practice of monetary management, the influence of the Treasury on the fed is always present. In 1951, President Truman, under the coordination of the fed and the Treasury last understanding agreement between debt management and monetary policy in the future, the finance minister and chairman of the federal reserve will common policy on the basis of equal consultation. Only then did the fed get rid of the constraints of the Treasury Department in the system and speak with the Treasury on an equal footing and become an independent institution in the federal government.

Although the evolution of monetary power in the United States is tortuous and complicated, the core content and essential problems mainly focus on the following four aspects:

One is in the colonial period to the British authorities for monetary sovereignty states, namely for the monetary authority control in our own hands, thus the economic fate in his hands, the appeal with the victory of the war of independence.

Second, the centralization and decentralization of the mode of contention. Federal government advocated monetary distribution, supervision should be control by the state, and the banking industry developed states and advocated by the states of relevant interest groups to currency manipulation of power, the end is centralized pattern predominates.

Third, congress and the government on the currency power game. Due to historical and political reasons, in America's monetary authority has been operating for a long time in the hands of congress, after the government reform and eventually become a currency actual control of power, but are constrained by the reasonable of the congress.

Fourth, the allocation of power within the government and the reform of the fed's independence. The fed as the central bank belongs to the government, but has been limited by the ministry of finance on business, subject to the administration and congress, on human relations after the reform and coordination, the federal reserve finally gained independence and straighten out the relations with the Treasury, and therefore the real decision-making body of American monetary policy.

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Literature Review写作的策略

Literature Review是英文论文写作中的重要部分，对英文论文起着决定性的作用。对于中国留学生来说，以前几乎没有写作Literature Review的经验，所以会对Literature Review有一定的困惑。下面就给大家分享一下Literature Review的写作策略。

第一步：找到一个写作核心点

Literature Review写作的第一步要Find a focus，Literature Review，就像一篇term paper, 通常都是围绕思维点一步步展开的，而不是将采集的资料进行简单的组织，或者将所有的参考书目简单地排列起来，这就意味着你要做的不是简单地将参考文献及参考来源简单地罗列出来，而是要深入细致地进行解说。当你围绕你的topic进行广泛的阅读时，要有一定的选择性，要选择与你的主题或问题相关的文献参考，这些研究是否有提出几个不同的解决方案?是否这些研究也有一定的研究缺陷?这些研究相关的参考资料是否合适?是否根据合适的理论进行了分析和描述?这些研究能够揭示该领域的一个发展趋势吗?这些研究所提出的问题是否有过激烈的讨论?你需要做得就是针对一个主题话题进行组织编排。

第二步：创设一个working thesis statement

这一步骤是极为关键的，你需要根据你所发现的focus创设一个thesis statement. 对，你没有听错，Literature reviews也有他的thesis statements，然而，你所写的literature review的thesis statement并不需要围绕一个立场或一个观点进行据理力争，他只是为了体现相关参考材料下的特定观点和认知。以下是一些简单的literature review的thesis statements范例：

当前，治疗充血性心力衰竭的趋势是需要将手术治疗与药物治疗紧密地结合起来。

越来越多的文化研究学者接受大众传媒，这是一个值得探讨的学术话题。

第三步：考虑组织架构

你已经得到了你的literature review的focus，你已经将你需要写作和考虑的内容缩减到了一个thesis statement的范围，那么现在你就需要思考一个问题：最有效地呈现你文章信息的方法是什么?最重要的话题是什么?次要的话题是什么?你的评论需要包括哪些信息?你应该以什么样的方式将这些信息展现出来?因此，就需要做一个细致的组织架构。

像大多数的academic papers一样, literature reviews也要至少包括以下三个基本元素：

introduction或background information;

参考文献来源的相关讨论;

Introduction: 简洁快速地介绍literature review的主题信息，比如说central theme或 organizational pattern.

Body: 主要包括参考文献来源的相关讨论，还要体现你的时间顺序，主题信息或方法论等。

Conclusions/Recommendations: 对你的literature review做一个总结，讨论截至目前你的literature review都讨论了哪些内容，这些内容都要如何进行。

一旦你已经讨论了这些内容，你就必须深入讨论如何展现这些内容，要采用极富逻辑性的方式去展现，以便读者能够更好地吸收。

以上就是关于Literature Review的写作讲解，Literature Review其实并不难，因此没有必要产生恐惧，只要大家学会方法，就一定能够顺利完成literature review.

想要了解更多英国论文写作技巧或者需要英国代写，请关注51Due英国论文代写平台，51Due是一家专业的论文代写机构，专业辅导海外留学生的英文论文写作，主要业务有英国代写、essay代写、assignment代写、paper代写。亲们可以进入主页了解和获取更多关于英国代写以及英国留学资讯，我们将为广大留学生提升写作水平，帮助他们达成学业目标。如果您有英国代写需求，可以咨询我们的客服QQ：800020041。

Paper代写：Financial management of e-commerce enterprises

本篇paper代写- Financial management of e-commerce enterprises讨论了电商企业的财务管理。传统的经营模式是以物质变化为对象的动态管理，而电商企业不同点在于各项经营活动可以不受时间和空间的限制。虽然这些变化给电商企业带来了很大的便利和节约了成本，但同时也给企业带来风险，因此对企业财务管理提出了更高的要求。企业可以通过电商环境建立相应的财务风险预警机制，对企业进行动态监测，并根据检测结果及时调整经营策略。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

In recent years, along with the rapid development of network, electricity enterprises have sprung up, this not only gives people's life convenient, also many enterprise provides new opportunities for development. According to iresearch, e-commerce transactions in the Chinese market reached 20.2 trillion yuan in 2016, an increase of 23.6%. China's e-commerce market has been developing steadily. Among them, online consumption shopping accounts for 23.3%. Compared with the previous year in 2015, the growth momentum is good. As the electric business enterprise scale increasing, many enterprises become a node in the network transactions, enterprise sales, procurement is through the network platform, due to the efficiency of the network, although said to save a lot of cost, but also increase the difficulty to the enterprise financial management. Therefore, it is urgent to study the financial management of e-commerce enterprises and put forward countermeasures.

Electronic commerce broadly refers to rely on the information network and the Commodity Exchange as the center of business activities, popular, electronic trading via the Internet platform, make the enterprise internal, supplier and customer business activities between each link all electronically and networking. E-commerce has two characteristics: first, it must be traded through the Internet platform; 2 it is to pass? ^ the Internet to complete the business activities. E-commerce around the market demand for innovation, through the medium of the Internet enterprise of supply and marketing activities and internal management organically, so as to realize the informatization of electric business enterprise management, to adapt to the new network era is change and innovation of the market demand.

In traditional financial management, for the sake of the production chain not appear rupture, enterprises generally ensure adequate inventory, but such management model in a certain extent, limits the turnover of funds and harmful to the development of the enterprise. And the characteristics of electricity enterprises can avoid the adverse effect, can use the Internet to real-time access to consumer demand for the supply of information and supplier information, at the same time can also effectively for the supply of goods according to the real-time demand of adjustment, and through the sales network in a timely manner, so as to improve efficiency, reduce cost.

In traditional business activities, some commodity information is obtained mainly through paper documents or field observations. Electricity enterprise broke this time and geographical constraints, through a third party platform release all kinds of advertisements, transmission commodity information, market information, customer can understanding their needs through a network of commodity information anytime and anywhere.

The traditional way of buying and selling is to trade metal currency or paper money on the spot. After e-commerce enterprises implement e-commerce, their procurement and sales can be carried out through the Internet. Electronic transactions are a series of supply and marketing activities through alipay, unionpay and online transfer. The funds are relatively safe, and the transaction time is reduced and the efficiency is improved.

The electronic trading platform is open to a certain extent, and every link is gradually electronic. Although it reduces the time transaction cost, financial risks increase. Because of the network itself is not security, financial information through the network transmission of hidden trouble, network financial model in the emphasis on timeliness and at the same time reduces the intermediate links such as examination and approval of some criminals use electricity enterprise financial management loopholes in illegally obtaining electric business enterprise financial information, lead to corporate secrets leaked out, and improve the financial risk index.

The vast majority of e-commerce enterprises belong to small and medium-sized enterprises. These small e-commerce enterprises are completely dependent on their accumulated wealth to maintain their operation, which makes them unable to expand in a short time. Enterprises tend to pass through the start-up stage, growth stage, growth and decline of the four stages, and small electric business enterprise a large portion of the time due to limited funds in growth period is longer, which seriously restrict the development of the electric business enterprise, and at this stage the enterprise operation is not very stable, many enterprises are not a sound financial system, the lack of perfect financial information and assets that can be mortgaged, the financing for small and medium electricity enterprises has brought great difficulties.

Electric business enterprise managers often is the investor of the enterprise, in such aspects as financial benefit, risk management level of experience and lack, there is no such financial management professional knowledge and ability, the manager's quality is uneven, thinking mode still stays on the traditional financial management mode, this kind of thinking mode against the development of electricity enterprise. Such as: the interests of the investors in order to seek more, without a reasonable estimate the funds needed for the investment scale, risk and so on, appear blind investment phenomenon, cause the enterprise capital turnover, and even bankruptcy occurs, increase the risk of the enterprise, and the ability to meet the needs of modern enterprise management.

Part of the electricity business enterprise is by traditional enterprise transformation, there are some enterprises belong to a new industry, financial personnel's professional skills and working scale can meet the requirements of electric business enterprise development. Many electric business enterprise financial personnel can't according to the requirement of the era of innovation, lack of experience in professional skills, the computer operation and software application ability is low, the financial management level is insufficient, lack of long-term view, fail to grasp the dynamics of the market, not adapt to the new financial management mode, lead to work efficiency, efficiency is not high.

The traditional business model is based on material changes to the object's dynamic management, and electric business enterprise difference in various business activities can not be restricted by time and space, electronic commerce is through a third party trading platform, contract signing, payment, sales receipts and cargo insurance and other economic activities are carried out through the network, thus realizing the real-time trading information, and virtualization. Although these changes to the electricity business enterprise has brought great convenience and save cost, but also brings to the enterprise risk, therefore puts forward higher requirements on enterprise financial management, can from the following two aspects:

In electric business mode, can according to the characteristics of electronic commerce, the maintenance of the system to establish control system, readjust the business process and management standards, the risk assessment process for the deal, clear authority and responsibility of business personnel, optimize the processing of information transfer.

Enterprises establish corresponding financial risk warning mechanism through e-commerce environment, conduct dynamic monitoring of enterprises, and timely adjust operation strategy according to the test results. Intensify the analysis of financial statement data, strengthen the debt repayment ability, operation ability, profit ability and development ability evaluation system, financing, investment and allocation of enterprise financial risk identification and prevention.

Because the network of the timeliness and convenience for the centralized financial management provides the foundation, in this management mode, enterprise can through the network to the financial information is updated and processing, realize the centralized control of power, the concentration of the centralized deployment and information sharing, improve the use of enterprise resources. At the same time, the required management personnel are also greatly reduced, which not only reduces the staff cost, but also improves the operating efficiency. Specific improvements can be made from the following two aspects:

By introducing advanced network financial management system, unified management of electricity enterprise financial data and information sharing, so as to realize the centralized processing of each link of financial and capital reasonable allocate, electricity enterprise management can understand through the financial system in real time, production, inventory and loss, more intuitive to the supervision of the operation of the enterprise.

The management of e-commerce enterprises can also create a more transparent and controllable environment for financial management through the detailed management of branch units. Achieve the goal of financial management to infiltrate each business link, each post, each business unit and work flow, as well as the financial budget, risk management, tax planning, etc. To provide support, feedback the real-time data of financial and other business.

Most e-commerce enterprises belong to small and medium-sized enterprises, and their strength is not strong. If they want to achieve long-term development of enterprises, they must pay attention to improving financial management system and set up correct development goals. According to their own situation, e-commerce enterprises can consider the following aspects:

Small and medium enterprises, many deficiencies in the management mode, considering the rapid development at the same time to clear the relationship between the various business activities, only the operation of the enterprises to establish a long-term to long-term development.

Many investors are also managers and lack some professional knowledge. In order to gain profits, blind investment is easy to occur. Before investment, specific analysis can be made according to market data, environment and feasibility of investment.

Electricity is there are a lot of new companies in the business enterprise, managers understanding of the industry and there is a shortage of master professional skills, so we must strengthen the electricity management understanding of electricity enterprise operation mode and the accumulation of knowledge.

In order to meet the requirements of the development of e-commerce era, e-commerce enterprises should attach importance to the training of financial personnel. Compared with the traditional financial management mode, electricity enterprise business model both in time and space, great changes have taken place in electricity enterprise financial personnel can't stick to the traditional processing way, in the following several aspects:

Many electricity enterprise belongs to the new enterprise, relative to the requirement of financial management is a big difference between traditional enterprises, enterprises must organize to study financial management, financial personnel to enhance understanding of the electric business enterprise financial management, improve their professional skills.

Improve accounting personnel's professional skills, not only to learn by internal, external communication is needed, you can often organizations to take part in some business activities, enhance the understanding of industry dynamics, draw lessons from and absorb other enterprise management experience, etc.

The majority of small and medium-sized enterprises in e-commerce enterprises are small and medium-sized ones. Due to the imperfect management, they do not have a high understanding of financial management and do not pay attention to the professional qualities of financial personnel, which makes them difficult to adapt to the new e-commerce environment. Therefore, if e-commerce enterprises want to develop, they should not only improve the professional skills and network resilience of financial personnel, but also improve their professional ethics.

To sum up, the rapid development of e-commerce enterprises has ushered us into a new era, not only changing people's lifestyle, but also bringing new opportunities and challenges to e-commerce enterprises. In the face of this form, if electricity enterprises want to adapt to the development of The Times, must change the financial management mode, fully aware of the risks of existing in the enterprise development, through the establishment of financial early warning mechanism, the innovation of financial management mode, set up the correct financial goals, improve the professional quality of financial personnel, make the enterprise in the new electricity, environment health? M development.

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Essay代写：Industrial chain finance

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Industrial chain finance，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了产业链金融理论。产业链金融，就是金融支持产业链的形成和延伸，以核心企业为中心为整条产业链条上的企业提供一切金融服务。产业链金融不仅为核心企业的各种资金需求提供融资，还为核心企业的上下游企业提供融资服务。

For industrial chain finance, there are differences between the international and domestic financial institutions in concept and practice. International financial institutions focus on solving the problems of core enterprises, while domestic financial institutions are numerous upstream and downstream enterprises in the early stage, and core enterprises are only the intermediary means of marketing. At present, the industrial chain finance is only a summary of experience in practice. It has not been defined yet. In order to analyze industry chain finance accurately, relevant definitions need to be determined.

The industrial chain is formed by industrial division of labor. The more detailed the division of labor, the longer the industrial chain will be, the more value-added links will be, and the more technological progress can be extended. The output or by-product of the upstream industry becomes the input of the downstream industry, and the relationship between the output and the input of the industry forms a vertical industrial chain, which is the definition given in this paper. Therefore, the industrial chain is the result of division of labor, technological progress and industrial segmentation.

To form industrial competitiveness, a region should occupy a relatively advantageous position or key node in the industrial chain and extend the industrial chain appropriately within a reasonable range. Mosaic now features a regional comparative advantage, formed by special products pillar industry, pillar industry to the raw materials, to the deep processing and high value-added industries, the formation of organic industrial chain. Attaches great importance to the formation and extension of industrial chain, the key of the key nodes, on the development of the industrial chain development play a key role in the industrial chain, and the upstream and downstream of industrial chain control and influential link, or industrial value-added ability strong, wide appreciation will link. To develop the industrial chain, we must first focus on the formation and expansion of the industrial chain, and also pay attention to the development of key nodes.

Therefore, the industrial chain is a kind of chain correlation form objectively formed by industrial departments according to specific logic and space-time layout, which is used to analyze the macro trend of industrial development. Value chain is the process of breaking down the enterprise's production and value creation into value-added activities that are different from each other and connected with each other. It is a method and tool to analyze the industrial chain. Supply chain refers to the connection of various business activities before goods are delivered to consumers, focusing on the relationship between upstream and downstream enterprises from the perspective of supply. Therefore, the industrial chain is objective, without the supply relationship there is no supply chain.

Industry chain finance is the formation and extension of financial support industry chain. Finance supports the development of the real economy, first of all, it selects the featured products and pillar industries, second, it supports the formation of a competitive industrial chain, and then it forms a complex industrial cluster. Financial support for the formation and extension of the organic industry chain, and to find out the key support on key node and the industry chain extension of the bottleneck node, support key nodes in backbone enterprises, the backbone enterprise financing guarantee, well-funded its upstream and downstream enterprises, so as to drive the financial services sector and the extension of value chain.

It can be seen from the above that there is a fundamental difference between industry chain finance and supply chain finance. Industrial chain finance is the core enterprise as the center for all of the whole industry chain enterprises with financial services, and financial supply chain centered on financial institutions to look at in the supply chain financing problems. So far, there has been no standardized industrial chain financial concept, this paper argues that the industrial chain finance is the powerful enterprise as the core, using reasonable means of capital operation, the industry chain enterprises to minimize the cost of financing, industry competition ability to maximize capital financing activities for the purpose of enterprise clusters.

Industrial chain finance not only provides financing for various capital needs of core enterprises, but also provides financing services for upstream and downstream enterprises of core enterprises. Industrial chain finance usually has several obvious features: one is the industrial chain financial around the core enterprise to the procurement of raw materials, product production and sales, into an organic whole repeatedly the upstream suppliers, manufacturers and downstream distributors, retailers and final consumers organic together as one piece, for the whole industry chain enterprises to provide financing. Second, it has broken through the traditional financing risk taking mode. This model can effectively disperse the systemic risk by taking risks independently by individual enterprises and optimizing the sharing of risks for the whole industrial chain. Third, promote the common development of the entire industrial chain. The financing of upstream and downstream enterprises through the credit of core enterprises can effectively solve the capital demand problem of industrial chain enterprises, provide production efficiency and promote the common development of the whole industrial chain enterprises.

From the perspective of industrial chain finance, the ultimate goal of industrial chain finance is to achieve the goal of "extending industrial chain, improving value chain and optimizing supply chain" through financial services. At the same time, the industrial chain contains "logistics, capital flow and information flow". The relationship between them can be simply summarized as: logistics flows forward according to the supply relationship. Fund flows are reversed in accordance with supply relations; Information flows in both directions in a supply relationship.

Therefore, in this paper, the meaning of the financial industry chain is summarized as: industrial chain finance refers to financial institutions to provide all the companies on the industry chain is associated with the production, the sale of the arrangement of the package of financial services, the industry chain for each key link, each node enterprise provide financial services, to promote the healthy development of the whole industry chain financing mode.

According to the basic concept, the industrial chain finance generally includes financing objects, participants and leverage, mainly is the fixed assets, working capital financing object, participants is the core enterprise and upstream and downstream enterprises and financial intermediaries, leveraged finance dimension is the size of the financing, financing costs, financing. In industrial chain finance, thanks to the industrial chain of financial internal information, industrial chain of internal investment rate is relatively lower than external investment risk, therefore, the industrial chain finance exists between internal and external information asymmetry, the information cannot convey to the outside or with external communication cost is higher.

Model mainly includes two major participants, industry chain and internal financial markets, financial markets provide core enterprise and upstream and downstream enterprises in the industry of the interest rate is different, because of their different risk profile. In the industrial chain, investing in a project can be either invested by one of two companies or financed through financial markets. Investment must take into account the relevant financing institutions, the availability of financing rates and the availability of information among participants.

Suppose you have A loan company B investment project P, have A good project information, clear the development of projects in the future and return rproject, and assumes that the company B had no money of his own, only completely K or industrial chain inside A financing from outside investors.

There is the risk of moral hazard in the financial industry chain model, because the external investors and the industrial chain is internal information asymmetry phenomenon, the industrial chain internal enterprises with investment of the project information about the project A P of the information in the future. Therefore, A can calculate the probability p of success of the project

The basic model is only a single-phase static financing model, with time from t0 to t1. The project income is determined, and all debts need to be paid off. Also need to study here, in the decision to invest, under what conditions the industrial chain of financial financing, namely won't come to the financial markets when P K B investment projects financing, but to A core enterprise financing. At the same time, it is also necessary to solve under what kind of ROI core enterprise A is willing to finance the industrial chain finance.

The industrial chain of financial figure 1 gives A brief model shows that the P B investment projects, the upstream and downstream enterprises only through to the core enterprise and upstream and downstream industry chain financing enterprise benefit at the same time, B only to the core enterprise of upstream and downstream enterprises financing K rather than through financial markets. In the brief model of industrial chain finance, K in the financial market only provides financing to core enterprises, and then to upstream and downstream enterprises. Core enterprises play a key role. This is different from the modern industrial chain finance, which is a package of related financial services for the upper, middle and lower reaches of the industrial chain. For this reason, this paper expands the brief model of industrial chain finance, as shown in figure 2.

K extension model in figure 2 shows that financial markets by industrial chain financial financing function, will be at the core position in the industry of the enterprise and upstream and downstream enterprises B together as A whole, the core enterprise and upstream and downstream enterprises to credit, to the core enterprise in the industry of credit as A starting point, for each node enterprise production and sales of services, in order to improve the whole industry chain of value creation ability.

From the perspective of models, industry chain finance can partially overcome the information asymmetry and moral risks between financial market and industry chain parties seeking financing. In the financial model, the extension of industry chain upstream and downstream enterprises B directly from the high cost of financing, financial markets and the lack of eligible collateral, exist in the reality of financing difficulties, financing your problems are widespread. In this case, there are two kinds of feasible financing channels can choose: one is the upstream and downstream enterprises to obtain financing from A core enterprise B, relative to financial markets, the core enterprise of industrial chain upstream and downstream enterprise B have more information, reducing the core enterprise A and B, the information asymmetry between the upstream and downstream enterprises, therefore, upstream and downstream enterprises can B at A lower cost to get money from A core enterprise, the financing difficulty is reduced. Second, upstream and downstream enterprise B USES the credit guarantee of core enterprises to obtain financing from financial market K. In these two kinds of financing ways of the industrial chain, the financial market K depend on the core enterprise can reduce the risk of financing industry chain, on the one hand, through the core enterprise can get A B more information industry chain upstream and downstream enterprises, can grasp the development trend of the upstream and downstream enterprises B in time, the use of funds can have very good supervision effect; On the other hand, the credit guarantee of core enterprise A reduces the possibility of financing default and the probability of moral hazard. Three from the perspective of financial intermediation, B relative upstream and downstream enterprises, being able to master the core enterprise A more information, and A qualified limits is more, the core enterprise financing relative industry chain upstream and downstream enterprises B, or guaranteed by the core enterprise, to the upstream and downstream enterprise's financing risk is relatively low. Therefore, from the perspective of the whole industry chain finance, under the current development of the financial market, the industry chain finance can better solve the financing problem of upstream and downstream enterprises.

In a word, the financial financing of the industrial chain is flexible and can meet the financing needs of upstream and downstream enterprises of the industrial chain. Because industry chain finance involves many industries, different industries have different characteristics of capital demand and large capital demand. Therefore, in the industrial chain of financial services, financial institutions should actively innovative financial products, to provide diversified financing services, meet the capital needs of the industrial chain, industrial chain finance theory has also been verified effectively in practice.

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