作业代写：The goal of western antitrust law

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- The goal of western antitrust law，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了西方反垄断法的目标。任何法律都有其目的，而执行法律是为了达到一定目的而做出的一系列行为和措施。反垄断政策的目标是一个既简单又复杂的问题，在不同的国家，不同的时期其目标往往不同，同一个国家在同一个时期，其竞争政策的目标也不是单一的。而西方反垄断法的首要目标，就是提高经济效率，或者更确切地说是资源配置效率，从而保护消费者的权益。

Any law has a purpose, and the enforcement of law is a series of actions and measures to achieve a certain purpose. The goal of antimonopoly law for the formulation and implementation of anti-monopoly law has decisive role, how to determine the content of the anti-monopoly law, when to apply the antimonopoly law, how to apply the antimonopoly law, how to implement, according to the goal of the antimonopoly law. In the absence of specific provisions in relevant laws, the specific behaviors of anti-monopoly law enforcement agencies can be guided by legal objectives, so as to ensure that anti-monopoly law enforcement conforms to the original intention of the policy. Nowadays, it is very important to study the aim of anti - monopoly law.

Actually, the antitrust policy goal is a simple and complex problems, in different countries, different period the goal often is different, the same country in the same period, its goal is not a single competition policy.

At present, many scholars believe that the primary goal of anti-monopoly law is to improve the economic efficiency, or rather, the efficiency of resource allocation. The measure of the efficiency of resource allocation is the total social welfare, that is, producer welfare plus consumer welfare. Economic welfare is the standard by which western economists measure the quality of an industry, including the total welfare of all organizations in the economic field. The total benefit is the consumer surplus plus the producer surplus. A consumer of the consumer surplus is he willing to pay the price for a particular goods and the goods should pay the price difference between actual, total consumer surplus is the sum of all the consumer surplus in society. A single producer surplus is the profit a producer makes from selling a product, and the total producer surplus is the total profit of all producers.

It can be seen that under other conditions, if the commodity price increases, the producer surplus will increase correspondingly and the consumer surplus will decrease accordingly. Economists have shown that when prices rise, the producer's surplus does not fully compensate for the consumer's losses. Therefore, when the commodity price is close to the monopoly price, the total surplus of the society is the lowest. And when the price of goods approaches the marginal cost, the total social surplus is the highest.

American Chicago school first proposed the idea, they according to on the theory of new classical economics, increase the social total welfare is the only goal of competition policy and antitrust law, in the Chicago school point of view, the behavior of a vendor may make consumer welfare to drop, but producers welfare increase amplitude is higher than the consumer welfare reducing amplitude, make the increase of total social welfare. In this way, although the interests of consumers have been lost, the act does not belong to the competition policy should be opposed, and it is legal.

But if you think about it a little bit more, you'll see that this assumption of total social welfare can only be based on static conditions, and it's not always true if you put it in a dynamic environment. If competition authorities using power to fix prices near the marginal cost, while it reached the highest point total social welfare, but because of the investment in the industry to become unprofitable, investors could be greatly reduced in the future, these conditions can be expected in the future the social total welfare not raised is decreased, and the quality of products and services will also decline. For these reasons, some scholars have suggested that the antitrust laws are not as a tool to improve gross national wealth, increase the efficiency of resource allocation is never the antitrust laws norm, also is not the precondition of the anti-monopoly law enforcement, economic efficiency is merely a byproduct of antitrust.

There are also many arguments that the primary goal of the new law is to protect consumers. For example, the post-chicago school believes that anti-monopoly competition policy should take the primary goal of preventing monopoly manufacturers from transferring consumer welfare to monopolistic welfare, rather than improving the efficiency of resource allocation. If manufacturers rely on their own monopoly power push up prices, can achieve wealth transfer, although in the process, the wealth of the whole society may actually increased, but it led to the redistribution of social wealth, makes the strong more rich, the weak poorer eventually threaten social stability.

From the perspective of national legislation, consumer welfare should be considered when formulating competition policy and anti-monopoly law. In the European Union, as prescribed in article 81 of the ec treaty any joint action, or if the contract can promote production efficiency, promote the progress of science and technology or the development of economy, at the same time, allow consumers to share the achievements of this, so this kind of behavior or the contract is legal. The eu's merger rules also define "consumer interest" as an effective defence of consolidation in the form of legal principles. But the directive on vertical limits stresses that the protection of competition is the primary objective of eu competition policy, which will enhance the welfare of consumers and create effective ways to allocate resources. The new U.S. merger guidelines also say law enforcement will consider whether a merger can stop a merger from harming consumers' potential in the relevant markets, such as the city's markets, by preventing prices from rising.

Article 2 of the Australian trade practices act directly provides that the purpose of this act is to improve the welfare of Australia by promoting competition and fair trade and protecting consumers. According to the Italian competition authority, the main purpose of the Italian competition law enacted by the congress is to cultivate and protect market conditions, that is, to allow enterprises to have equal opportunities to compete and enter the market. The purpose of protecting consumers is to realize low price and improve product quality through the function of market forces. Japan "ban law" also rules designed to prevent the excessive concentration of economic power, ruled out because the joint, protocols, and other methods of production, sales, price, technology and other aspects of the unfair restrictions, promote fair and free competition, stimulate the entrepreneurs' creativity, prosperous economy, improve the level of employment and national real income level, to ensure that the general interests of consumers and promote democracy, healthy development of national economy.

It is undeniable that the anti-monopoly law is ultimately beneficial to consumers and should also target the interests and welfare of consumers. However, the author thinks that if the protection of consumers' interests is the ultimate goal of competition policy, then the public nature of competition policy is misunderstood. Of course, the public interest should be considered in competition policy, but the public interest is not equal to the consumer interest. Although we all belong to the consumer society, but people in society is not only consumers, they have to work, but also the production, sales and service, so they also is a producer and provider. If competition policy is based on the overall economy and the public interest of the society, it cannot favor consumers. Historically, in practice, monopolies have tended to drive down prices and consumer returns. Standard oil company in the late 19th century was a monopoly, but because of its scale effect and innovation mechanism, make the price of oil from 30 cents a gallon in 1869, to less than 6 cents per gallon by 1897. The American tobacco company was recognized as a "monopoly" in 1911, but it made cigarettes 2 per thousand from 1895. Seventy-seven dollars, down to two per thousand in 1911.

This is mainly the proposition of some lawmakers in the early implementation of anti-monopoly law. The first antitrust law, the Sherman act, was largely based on complaints from farmers and small business owners against big trusts. Both the Clayton act of 1914 and the Robinson - patman act of 1936 were intended to protect small businesses. In approving the Clayton act and the federal trade commission act, the President of the United States, 'Mr. Wilson says the law is the common aim "can make people who operate in small way and the success" as free as a big businessmen. Robinson and partman's law protects small businesses from getting the same discount as big wholesalers, and is clearly protecting small businesses from efficient competitors. It was not until 1950, when the United States enacted the sayler-kevorville act, that senator kevorville, the sponsor, said," Can we get the country into the hands of a few companies? ...... Shouldn't we protect small businesses that operate locally and are independent?"

Is protecting small business owners the goal of competition policy? Protecting competition in contemporary society does not mean protecting every competitor. Large chains are able to sell goods at lower prices, taking advantage of the size effect and their dominance in negotiating with suppliers. Small grocery stores cannot afford to sell at the same low price. In the end, small grocery stores will inevitably lose out in competition and eventually go bankrupt. It may seem unfair to small competitors, but fair to all consumers.

For the understanding of the competition, at present there are two concepts, namely static and dynamic competition theory, the static view of competition will compete as a real market for trading by two or more operators. Dynamic view based on the evolution of market competition, many people think the competition is not only a realistic market rivalry between activities, and there is a potential market entrants, the monopoly as the result of the competition to win, but it is also the cause of the new activity, and potential competition. By competitive mechanism, we mean dynamic competition.

The perfect competition mechanism can realize the reasonable allocation of resources and has the function of stimulating and innovating.

To achieve the rational allocation of social resources is one of the important functions of competition, in a market economy, the independent economic subject scattered on the production and consumption of economic decision-making, through the role of market price and the competition mechanism to coordinate with each other as a whole. The change of market price signal reflects the scarcity of the product, which shows that a certain degree of product requirements, under the competition of the economic subject for the pursuit of their own economic interests and the enormous pressure of market competition, will inevitably make flexible to the change of market price signals, timely response, adjust their production, the scale and structure. The results to ensure the production of the product and product structure constantly adapt to the demand and demand structure and demand and the demand structure changes caused by production and the product structure and will lead to a combination of factors of production, and resource advantage of changes in the way. In this way, the limited resources will eventually be used where they are most needed. No market price signals, will not be able to learn the scarcity of the product and structure to adapt to the requirements and if there is no competition force and pressure, will not make economic main body react accordingly, so that the production scale and structure to adapt to the changes in demand scale and structure. If there is no function of the price and the market competition mechanism, individual economic agents of production and consumption decision plan won't be able to coordinate with each other as a whole, the market economy will not run efficiently.

Economic entities are profit-oriented, and every participant in the market competition hopes to beat the competitors in the market and maintain a preferential profit over the competitors. According to the principle of marxist political economics, to obtain priority will make oneself of the lower cost profit, or to develop new products and new market, and this will stimulate the ongoing technological innovation and product innovation, in order to get an edge in the competition. But if in a monopolistic market where the competition mechanism fails, the monopolists can get preferential profits through their monopolistic position, they have no incentive to stimulate technological innovation.

In fact, the value of anti - monopoly law should finally be protected by the market mechanism. When the market is completely competitive, the resource allocation efficiency is the highest, the innovation ability is the strongest, and the total social welfare is the largest, and the consumer welfare is the biggest. As brandeis judge in 1958 in the northern Pacific railway company v. United States "a case said the verdict" is the premise of the Sherman act based on unlimited competitive interaction will produce the best economic resource allocation, the lowest price, best quality and the largest material progress. The resulting environment will help preserve our democratic political and social system.

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作业代写：The story of michelle bhutto's novel

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The story of michelle bhutto's novel，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了米歇尔·布托尔的小说叙述。米歇尔·布托尔的小说以小说与现实的“象征性”关系为立足点，以小说的艺术形式革新为核心内容，将小说从叙述结构、叙述人称和叙述视角诸方面进行创新探索，充分调动读者的参与意识，以适应当代社会纷繁复杂的现实。

Michelle bhutto's novel theory relationship between fiction and reality "symbolic" as foothold, the artistic form of the novel innovation as the core content, requires novel to from the narrative structure, narrative person, narrative Angle of view has made some research on innovation, give full play to the reader's participation, to adapt to the contemporary society the complicated reality, showing a different with the traditional novel and more objective in essence the real world, has a strong innovative experimental.

Fair to say that in traditional lashed out at the novel, strongly advocated narrative innovation of "new novel" the home, michelle bhutto's narrative theory is solid plain, the objective of. He doesn't like Natalie Mr Lott face to face with the "age of doubt," resolutely decisively to break away from the traditional, "not only against the idea of depth psychology, and opposed ideas about character inference", focusing on display "as all personality to change the basis of" no personality ", "former level" of human nature; Also don't like rob ? Gerry, under the guidance of "the doctrine" ideas, the pursuit to the simulations of fine pure object world, efforts and traditional novel ubiquitous "humanitarian" draw a line. May be about his years of study life hone, michelle bhutto's novel theory lacks both aggressive agitation abilities, in the expression in the art of fiction is about more than a lot of scholars, relieve and calm. In the relationship between fiction and reality "symbolic" overall understanding, under the domination of bhutto's narrative theory in the form of a novel innovation as the core, the content involves the fiction and reality, and traditional and skill The narrative theory system of "new novel" school has been improved and enriched in such aspects as ingenious innovation.

"New novel" pie in the 1950 s boom and fame, the reason is that they lift up high the flag of novels, the credibility of the traditional novels and the art form unequivocally questioned and denied. "new novel" pie leader Robert ? Gerry "by the tone of ironic banter accused the traditional novel as a" myth "about depth, believe that the" depth "consciousness is the chief culprit of novel art in the stagnant state, asked for a perfect thing in this world phenomenology meticulous observation and depict. Natalie Mr Lott also believes that the traditional GeLang desktop is hardly enough to show typical characters in the novel Various complexity characters infinite broad mind world. As we know, literary authenticity is often closely contact with the problem of the relationship between the literature and art with the world together, also is any serious writers and critics could not avoid the fundamental problem is unable to avoid. As an important writer, "new novel" send bhutto's narrative theory and starting from the fundamental question.

From fundamental sense, bhutto's ideas about relationship between fiction and reality is not beyond the basic category of theory of reflection, which argues that literature and art and the world is the relationship between relationship is reflected and reflection. He thought that the truth of the fiction novels is a kind of imitation, is the life of an isolated, easy to grasp the fragments of description and representation. It is a kind of medium and carrier, at the same time people can by writing novels in depicting, represent the life "of a kind of psychology, sociology, moral or other theory". He called the general relationship between fiction and reality of this novel "symbolic". This kind of "symbolic" relationship "determines our general Often referred to as the subject matter or theme of a novel, the novelist's task is to try to express and clarify this "symbolic" relationship.

From the point of view, the thor, in turn, points out, "symbolic" relationship contains two levels of meaning. One is made of the novel and the objective world "external" symbolic. The characters in the novel always to the outside world and events as its subject, is a refraction of the real world situation. From this perspective, the novel can become the symbol of the outside world, in short, the world is ontology, in the novel purves acknowledges is the content of the show; 2 it is made of the novel form and content "inner" symbolic. Due to the content of the novel always through certain to be in the form of organization, form is content organization, considering and become the symbol of the content, the form or content into ontology, form become purves acknowledges. By reflecting the content to the refraction of the world, form is realized in the double relationship between the indirect symbol of reality, also is what bhutto's call "novel external symbolic tend to reflect, in symbolic". In bhutto's point of view, on the one hand, because of the novel and reflect and reflect the relationship between the objective world, and era of social change It is bound to cause the change of the novel concept and form. On the other hand, with the continuous development of novel concepts, artistic skill improvement, form is not only is the way of some kind of decoration and the performance content, but also a meaningful, can be self-sufficient, refraction of the real world of special forces. The changing process of its implied the trace of the development of the real world, is worth us to observational studies seriously.

In complicated, diversity of contemporary society, the traditional artistic skills of the novel has far couldn't keep up with the world changes the speed of development, the co-action in front of it, hard to do, "can't hold all the rapid emergence of a new relationship, the result is a persistent, don't adapt to, we can't arrange consciousness of all the information to us, because we lack of proper tools." therefore, if a writer also hopes his creation to adapt themselves to society, you must have the courage to break the bondage of both specifications, with their own understanding and determination to replace those from others indirect experience, explore new art forms , research new performance way. In other words, the contemporary novel first with the core of the problem is in the form of innovation. Reality in any way or in what way may be present in people's eyes, should be the cause of writer attaches great importance to the priority. In this way, "the novel form of innovation is far from myopic reviews often imagine, is opposed to realism, on the contrary, it is necessary to more advanced realistic conditions."

To emphasize his trumpeted the rationality of the novel form of innovation, benazir bhutto, will prove my eye from contemporary to traditional, from literature to find the theory basis for the development of the process. In the "symbolic" relationship under the guidance of overall understanding, benazir bhutto, in combination with the history of European novels, examines the evolution of the novel form and the relationship between the transformation of times. Bhutto, pointed out that the western novel of epic and romance, and the tramp novel, to mature in the 19th century development, from beginning to end is closely related with the time development of social life.

Bhutto's thought, in the feudal of the middle ages, the populace is weak, don't compete with nobility, which occupies the center of the social life. However, their authority, is the result of widespread recognition, with the aid of a bard sung's singing a colourful and deeply rooted in the hearts of the people of the family reputation. This reality determines the heroic epic plot must be single, must be centered on the nobles, sung by their heroism as the main content. So in the epic "the history of a nation is the history of the country's imperial; Narrative of a war, that is, describe the general's feats "phenomenon, it is not hard to understand. At the end of the middle ages, the bourgeois adventure race to draw profit-seeking activities to broaden the people originally narrow field of vision, also changed the traditional literature, with the inner obscurity of freemen and enterprising spirit, is increasingly attracting the attention of the public, and then replaced aristocrats as literary upstarts, then adapted to roam adventure tramp novel contribute, in a long time to become a widely adopted novel style. Since then, with the growing bourgeoisie strength, increasing stabilization of international capitalism people start to raise The socialist society tired hypocrisy of civilization and the reality and suspicion, from the mysterious and exotic things, valentine, express sad feelings is becoming a new trend of literary performance, gloomy and romantic "secret societies became the basic theme of romantic literature in the 19th century", the novelist through "to the existing communities or revelation, or recognition, and introduced a new, positive and effective groups.... Ushered in a new language, new language and new words. "the establishment of the capitalist system and the development, broke the boundary between the person and the person originally fixed identity, give a person a degree of freedom development provides opportunity, interpersonal relationship has become increasingly complex, the destiny of man also has an unprecedented uncertainty. So, that from others too outstanding personal experiences, basically the chronology of character activities for recording linear novel structure is stable and change is insufficient, stretched in front of the new reality, be replaced by the novel structure of multiple has become an inevitable history. In general, is when to adapt in the form of European novels On the other hand, the changes of the novel form clearly indicate the historical track of The Times change.

Relationship about the evolution of the novel form and times change, benazir bhutto, check it on the one hand, from the diachronic perspective analysis, on the other hand, in Balzac's "human comedy", for example, comments and discusses it from the synchronic perspective. With Gerry and Mr Lott many paper discusses Balzac, benazir thought that Balzac's "human comedy" adopted by the form is to adapt to The Times and highly fit with typical. In his view, Balzac novel forms of innovative contributions are two:

First is about image creation "character representation method". Every important figure in the "human comedy" is the representative of a class has a certain social background and life experience, their actions in the novel is not only fragments of his life experience, and show a side of social life at the same time. Will they connected, in different before and after the activity of the novel not only constitutes the complete the life line of the character, but also to show a certain historical period laid the possible broad social style and features. These representative connections to each other, hand in photograph, have taken place in the structure of the "human comedy" by point and plane, plane and solid by revolutionary change , constitute a complex system, its size and capacity is almost a par with the real world. Not only that, Balzac also interwoven, intended to make some real historical figures make it into the fictional world of a certain position, become the participants and interaction with the exchange of fictional characters. They shuttle between the fictional character and the world, better solve the imaginary world and the real world is compatible with contradictions, create a "virtual and actual" the authenticity of the results.

Followed by the "human comedy" in that kind of shift with the real social structure, the overall structure of the reflection relationship. Bhutto, pointed out that Balzac's genius, is not only using the character representation method to build a solid real effect, and which is his custom research of several scenarios as the foundation, to show the complexity of social life more and more intense, greatly strengthening the authenticity of the novel world. At the same time, he wasn't content to like later naturalistic writers, make the novel the copy and copy of life, but to actively be considerable variation in the real, through the studies of philosophy and the analysis and research Architecture away from real life, to work and maintained a certain amount of space between reality and directs the novels in the direction of the virtual world, set up a "true magic" path. However, whether it is "empty and fact" or "verisimilitude and illusions", build the effect the performance of the technique is with the French bourgeoisie strength growing, ups and downs, social life destiny of realistic situation corresponds to the bizarre.

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Paper写作超字数了怎么办

国外大学对于学生们的paper写作都是有字数要求的，不能太多也不能太少，不符合字数要求的都会扣分。所以同学们在写作paper 的时候，一定要注意paper的字数。当然，超字数的情况还是比较少的，但如果真的超了，该怎么办呢？下面就给大家解答一下。

Tip # 1：动词优先（避免名词化）

先看看以下范文:

We should take into consideration several factors.

He must make a decision about what to do.

They gave us information about the new research program.

上方句子在文法上是完全正确，但因为不直接使用动词而选择该动词的名词型而导致字数变多且不够直接与简洁。

We should take into consideration several factors. [7个字]

He must make a decision about what to do. [9个字]

They gave us information about the new research program. [9个字]

红色部分就是名词化，我们可以将这部分直接用一个动词替换，建议写作时多注意句型 。

We should consider several factors. [5个字]

He must decide about what to do. [7个字]

They informed us about the new research program. [8个字]

动词名词化还有另一个缺点就是容易写出被动语态结构：

× The analysis of how X-factor impacts B gene expression was conducted. [11个字]

√ We analyzed X-factor’s impact on B gene expression. [8个字]

利用把名词化转成一个动词，轻轻松松把句子转成主动语态并成功缩减字数。

如果你查找常见的动词名词化，可以发现一个模式。动词使用像是“make”和“take”，动名词（verb + ing），或名词由-tion，-sion，-ment，-ence，和-ance结尾的，很高机率都有一个相对应 动词， 所以当你在修改英文时，利用寻找功能找出这些结尾和动词后修正就行。

什么时候该修改动词名词化？

有时候动词名词化的确是必须或无法避免的，但目前我们是过度使用了。下面我们列出常见的应修正名词化的情况：

1.无意义动词+动词名词形：删除无意义的，将动词名词形转换为主要动词。

Joe will conduct research on the impact of the recent drought on local wildlife. → Joe will research the recent drought’s impact on local wildlife.

The board will make a decision next week about whether to accept you next week. → The board will decide next week whether to accept you.

2.当动词名词形是被动语态结构的主词时：找出真正的主词，并将动词名词形转换为该主题的动词。

The approval of the plan was given by the committee yesterday. → The committee approved the plan yesterday.

3.动词名词形两两相接:转化第一个动词名词形为动词，保留第二个或将其转化成疑问子句。

Their interpretation of the implementation of the institute’s program was insightful. → They insightfully interpreted how the institute implemented its program.

First was their introduction of their analysis of dreams by the trauma patients. → First, they introduced how they analyzed the trauma patients’ dreams.

4.当主词中的动词名词形与谓词的动词名词形时:将两个动词名词形转成动词，考量两者的关系并加上合理的连接词(because, when, if, although, even though, despite, etc.)。

Her understanding of the situation was evidenced by the quitting of her job. → She understood the situation … she quit her job → When she quit her job, she showed she understood the situation.

以上就是关于paper写作超字数的改法，同学们要做的，就是在不改变paper质量的前提下对论文进行合理的删减。

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Paper代写：News photography in the all-media age

本篇paper代写- News photography in the all-media age讨论了全媒体时代的新闻摄影。全媒体时代的到来，让新闻摄影发生了众多变化，读者对新闻图片要求更高，动态图片更吸引眼球；摄影者的增多，新闻摄影迎来了平民化时代；专业摄影记者转变角色，变得更加全能。这对于新闻界而言，既带来了挑战，也带来了进步。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

In the current media environment, all of them, and in newspapers, magazines, publications, or broadcast, television, movies, telecommunications, audio and video, satellite communication, the Internet and the means of dissemination of information in escalating, dissemination of information tools include a visual, auditory, and tactile, and for the needs of the audience is not the same same, selecting the best media dissemination way and method, to be completely fine strokes and large capacity of information services, that covers all the audience and the best information dissemination effect has been achieved.

So then you will be to the traditional print media and readers in the form of a huge impact, especially the dissemination of information carrier, mode, method, and the change of the way for readers in reading habits, skills, and will need to change a lot. Makes reading traditional forms of print media personnel has the more strict requirements for news pictures, used the excited that part has no manners and do not have a high technical level and depth of field recording. That part does not have the humanities color picture, has not been able to be the reader as the first choice picture. Their demand is no longer just asked us to express things clear, and it also requires emotional color and rich in the relevant details, part is located in the special Angle of view, even in the interpretation of the news, can give a person with profound brand image; What is needed is a combination of knowledge, interest, technology, and appreciation and the ability to accurately present images of news content.

In the all-media era, not only readers have higher requirements on news images, but also with the rapid development of digital technology and the Internet. Grassroots photographers are also on the rise, and news photography has ushered in the "grassroots era". Photography is no longer the preserve of professional photographers. At the same time, the whole media era has a higher demand for professional photojournalists, who should quickly change their roles from "one expert" to omnipotent.

At present, the print media also favours reported by scientific and efficient image information, to build a "map reading age", news photos to each kind of newspaper pictures, the threshold of the image quality is increased. Readers often in the newspaper, it is easy to be news section, and pleasing to the eye movement attracted news photos, full of vigor and vitality, has such a variety of real, concise, image, vivid, strong impact and so on the characteristic of picture's readers favor and attention, for news photography worker, no matter what type of interview. All of them should arrive at the news scene in time and finish the work of news photo shooting in a logical manner, in which they should grasp the novel Angle of news theme and show rich life connotation. Use images to convey the unique information, including information content must be reliable, should have rich amount of information, convey certain artistic spirit, to be able to create visual impact, can hold readers' attention.

The headline picture is usually the best news photo of the day, and it relies on the "newness" of the image to attract the audience's attention. So, photographers need accurate news values, spread news "useful information", in the form of the dynamic focus and typical of news photography, news site condition to reproduce, make contact to achieve barrier-free between audiences and news.

The development of science and technology such as digital technology is becoming more and more intense. In particular, the development of high-pixel phones has transformed photography from a skill that requires specialized people to a well-known skill. With the introduction of digital cameras into people's lives. The speed of online information transmission has also been increased, so that as long as people can take photos in society, they can inform others of the new things around them. In hangzhou, a large number of news information appeared in the newspaper. The urban express hotline news as early as August 2005 set up a "find most interesting photos" column, solicitation occurs around the citizens of new, people use a camera or mobile phone capture classic moments to program team, the column follow by other media. Someone had statistics, as of January 2001, the urban express photographers pictures only nine times on the front page, and the reader than journalists pictures more than 2 times, one light 11, 15 of the readers photos more than press photo 6. It is not hard to see that ordinary citizens are also a major "competition" for professional photographers.

On March 4, 2008, He Yanguang as a famous photographer, in China photography newspaper published an article, wrote, "in fact, we should thank most is the popularity of the camera, at the same time we also need to thanks to the Internet. With the popularization of cameras, many noble pets have become common people's homes. Anyone can become a photographer through social practice.

Nowadays, the society is an information age, and the traditional media are facing new changes. Competition among the major media is becoming increasingly fierce. There were calls a few years ago. As a professional photojournalist, you must learn to change your role in time. I hope to become an amphibious journalist in a short time, otherwise, I will be eliminated by this era. Nowadays, with development of era, the new media technology also continues to develop, if as a professional photographer, only has the function of amphibious operations, so will be hard pressed to appropriate time development, it is hard to meet the situation required. In today's all-media era, for photographers, traditional ideas have been changed. It is particularly important to move from "special skills" to "omnipotent" fields.

What skills do you need to have as a professional photojournalist in today's all-media era? The author summarizes this and concludes it into five words: "zhao", "write", "take", "edit" and "net". The so-called "zhao", in fact, refers to the photographic kung fu. It can also be understood as photography skills. It's also a skill many photographers pride themselves on, and some see it as their greatest skill. The so-called "write" actually means. The writing skill is undoubtedly a major weakness for photographers. The so-called "taken", actually means, camera capability, some people think that, in the network era of photographers, need to constantly go beyond, towards universal direction, so that to improve living environment. The so-called "edit", in fact, refers to editing, editing skills. The so-called "net" actually means. Network transmission, network technology, etc., this era network technology is very developed, as a photographer, to improve its own network quality, and constantly develop the network feelings, so that to with the whole media era development.

In a word, in the all-media era, there have been many changes in news photography, readers have higher requirements on news pictures, and dynamic pictures are more attractive. The number of grassroots photographers, news photography ushered in the grassroots era; Professional photographers change their roles from "expert" to omnipotent. This poses a challenge for the press. It also brings progress.

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Essay代写：Virtual art gallery

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Virtual art gallery，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了虚拟美术馆。虚拟美术馆是一种将美术藏品以互联网为媒介展出的空间，美术馆里的实物通过现代信息技术等进行技术处理，并且将这些实物转化成信息产品。虚拟美术馆可以通过数字化处理将保存在库房内的重要美术藏品及有关知识数字化，发挥美术馆研究和收藏的功能，让更多人有机会了解和欣赏。

Art galleries are now a model, ranging from national galleries and regional galleries, to galleries and private galleries from colleges and universities, to display works. Art gallery in the traditional sense is the collection, conservation, exhibition and research institutions of fine arts, art museum is the art of saving art culture and language, improve public culture and communication for the artists create art activities and collect information, the lovers of art.

Entity gallery, since its establishment, in the continuation of unique advantages, disadvantages are also many, in China, for example, at present China has not adapt to the development of non-profit organizations tax legal system, with the social and cultural institutions such as the artist organizations to make donations or sponsorship can enjoy is contradict with frontal duty-free function; Second, quite chaotic management system, this is not just in China, many of the other in the world art museum this kind of situation is very common, they establish a new system of work lags behind, in short, the gallery administrative levels relatively low generally, the organs at higher levels or no time management art gallery, or don't have the ability to management art museum, art museum is on the verge of such a struggle.

Virtual gallery is a collection of fine arts to the medium of the Internet on display space, of the object by modern information technology in the gallery, such as text, pictures, voice, video and other types of data processing technology, etc. And the physical into processing, storage, transmission, access to information products. Virtual gallery can through digital processing will be stored in the warehouse of the important digital art collection and relevant knowledge, develop the function of art gallery, research, education, collection, this is a chance for more domestic and foreign audiences to understand and appreciate, let people around the world to share the information resources of human civilization best way; In the form of this novel, by the use of Internet technology, reduce the distance between the audience and art gallery, expand art influence ability, raise public awareness of the gallery, you can also strengthen exchanges and cooperation between various art gallery, let them together, using a lower cost update, shows rich content, the characteristics of them break traditional gallery boring, cold, sacred, unattainable, to better provide service for society and for the people.

The establishment of virtual art gallery has its obvious practical significance. With the development of commercial society, land, material and human resources with high economic prices have become inevitable practical problems. Obviously, digital, networked virtual gallery will show to the public through the network, exhibits can save floor space, reduce the damage probability, reduce the maintenance cost advantages, such as exhibition, to expand the perfect large clothing? The stack? The public welfare of construction plays an incomparable important role, which not only completes the social function of public welfare and education, but also saves many kinds of costs. Rely on intelligent interactive software systems and virtual reality technology provides special awareness framework and the construction of virtual art museums, as a concept it not only impact the space form of traditional art gallery, and as the technology to create the future of the art gallery.

From the comparison above, it is not hard to see that, although there is a huge space for the development of digital and network virtual art galleries, it does not mean that they will completely replace the traditional art galleries. Firstly, the virtual art gallery lacks the atmosphere to visit the traditional art gallery when participating. Secondly, the feeling of presence, material, spiritual and emotional shock of the exhibits can only be experienced in the atmosphere of the museum. Thirdly, although virtual art galleries can partially replace education functions and information dissemination, they cannot replace collection, protection and research functions.

As a result, we can see the relationship between virtual museum of art and traditional art gallery is not who substitute tension, but "complement each other, interdependent relationship, it not only is a threat to traditional art gallery, on the other hand, also for will promote the work of traditional art gallery.

Virtual art gallery, breakthrough the limitation of time and space entity art gallery, with low cost, is not subject to roll over and any restrictions on the size, for the different needs of infinite exhibition, realize the maximization of the exhibition effect and the cost and achieve more with social public exhibition.

Virtual art galleries have greatly broken through the tolerance of physical art galleries and are independent of tradition. The timely interaction of relevant information, the real-time discussion of artistic concepts and more detailed exhibition interpretation data will be the best supplement and extension to the social functions of the physical art gallery. Virtual network at the same time, expand the international high-tech exhibition space, effectively absorb international art and dynamic information, the first time an academic discussion, more intelligently analyze the original data and retention, retains the firsthand information to the research of art history, to promote art history research and artistic innovation.

Virtual museum of art by its unique convenience, interactivity, amiable, way of use, in people's life level, aesthetic concepts to improve at the same time, reflects the popularity of the Internet, to adapt to the new requirements of The Times, it is the crystallization of wisdom. On break the traditional mode, the innovation of this more general public's understanding of real life reach art, let more people to experience the true meaning of art, and it sends out a strong appeal.

Art exhibitions display works of art through a carefully designed space, so virtual exhibitions can be regarded as an extension of art exhibitions on the Internet. Generally speaking, it takes into account the general public, not only students or academic researchers, and he has won wide public recognition for this, which can reflect the "people-oriented" characteristics everywhere. With the support of the general public, is the virtual art gallery just talk on paper?

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