上の写真は冬期の河回村の空撮写真（韓国観光庁資料画像）。
周辺の洛東江も結氷している。たぶん最寒期。
白く雪で覆われた河回村全景はまるで浮かぶ空中城郭のように見える。
日本の中世都市価値感、城郭都市としての見方からすると最適地形。
堀を巡らせて防備力を若干高めれば交通としても日本海に出られるし
オモシロい地政学的位置と知れますね。
１月の厳寒期の最低気温でもマイナス７度程度なのですが、
内陸型の寒暖差のある気候のようです。
しかし集落をぐるっと囲んでいる洛東江上を渡ってくる寒風は
たぶん気温に対してマイナス５度程度の体感をもたらすでしょう。
画面左下側の樹林は松林で風水思想で植樹された人工林。
なんですが、韓国における暖房装置・オンドルのエネルギー源、
薪の大量消費社会のことを考えると、森林破壊、ハゲ山危機を思わされる。
日本と比べて年間降雨量が少なく、有効活用可能な河川も少ない地形条件。
そういうことなので水田耕作が日本の統治期まで進まなかった。
自然条件では日本よりも森林伐採に対して復元力の弱い気候条件。
江戸期までの日本では主要なエネルギーは薪であり、
主に煮炊きの熱源として利用されたが、暖房については
囲炉裏での直接輻射のみで暖房ではなく「採暖」概念に近い。
このことは住宅の暖房環境性能としては日本は著しく低レベルだったけれど、
薪の消費量を考えると、エコロジカルであったともいえる。
ちなみにこういった日本社会の特性が伝統的に日本の政策に反映していると思う。
韓国に比べて森林復元力では優れた気候条件ながらよりエネルギー消費は
低いレベルで抑えられていたとも言えるのでしょうか。
しかしそういう社会であったけれど、常にエネルギー問題は重要で
元禄期以降、人口停滞しておおむね3000万人規模の人口だったのには、
そういった条件に対応した社会の「維持」優先の考えだったと言えるでしょう。
一方で朝鮮・韓国では旺盛な薪需要でハゲ山化が進んでいたとされ、
政府による極端な森林資源保護政策がとられていたと言う。
住宅の個別の性能進化という側面では日本民家よりも先進したが、
こういったネックがもたらされて社会停滞が深刻化した。
近代以前の社会でのエネルギー問題はこうした不都合な真実性を持っている。
エネルギー問題は根幹的な意味での国家安全保障の領域のことだとわかる。
この問題について耳障りのいい情緒的な判断基準では破綻を来す。
江戸期の人口停滞が長く続き、社会進歩が閉塞したのは、
このエネルギー問題が大きかったのだとつくづく思う。
結局、この問題を石炭火力で解決し克服して近代資本主義を発達させた
イギリスが世界を制覇していった流れが世界の主流を形成し、
明治維新以降の近代化・社会激変させていったのが日本社会だったのでしょう。
一方で朝鮮半島では中国への傾斜・儒教思想での社会停滞が続いた。
まことにエネルギー問題とは国の根幹に関わることを実感させられます。
English version⬇
[National crisis depending on biomass firewood Reminiscences of Andong Hahoe Village, South Korea-17]
The photo above is an aerial photograph of Andong Hahoe Village in winter (Korean Tourism Agency document image).
The surrounding Nakdong River is also frozen. Probably the coldest season.
The whole view of Andong Hahoe Village, which is covered with white snow, looks like a floating aerial castle.
Optimal terrain from the perspective of Japan's medieval city value and walled city.
If you go around the moat and increase your defense a little, you can go out to the Sea of Japan as transportation.
It is known as a funny geopolitical position.
Even the lowest temperature in the cold season of January is about -7 degrees Celsius.
It seems to be an inland climate with different temperatures.
However, the cold wind that crosses the Nakdong River that surrounds the village
Maybe it will give you a feeling of minus 5 degrees Celsius with respect to the temperature.
The forest on the lower left side of the screen is a pine forest, an artificial forest planted with the idea of Feng Shui.
What is it, the energy source of heating equipment and ondol in Korea,
Considering a society that consumes a large amount of firewood, it seems that deforestation and the Bald Mountains crisis are occurring.
Topographic conditions with less annual rainfall and fewer rivers that can be effectively used compared to Japan.
For that reason, paddy farming did not progress until the Japanese colonial rule.
Under natural conditions, climatic conditions are less resilient to deforestation than in Japan.
Firewood was the main energy source in Japan until the Edo period.
It was mainly used as a heat source for cooking, but for heating
It is close to the concept of "warming" rather than heating with only direct radiation in the hearth.
This is a remarkably low level in Japan for the heating environment performance of houses,
Considering the amount of firewood consumed, it can be said that it was ecological.
By the way, I think that these characteristics of Japanese society are traditionally reflected in Japanese policy.
Compared to South Korea, forest restoration power is superior in climatic conditions, but energy consumption is higher
Is it possible to say that it was suppressed at a low level?
However, even in such a society, energy issues are always important.
Since the Genroku era, the population has stagnated and the population was about 30 million.
It can be said that the idea was to prioritize the "maintenance" of society in response to such conditions.
On the other hand, in Korea and South Korea, it is said that bald mountains were progressing due to strong demand for firewood.
It is said that the government had taken an extreme forest resource protection policy.
Although it was more advanced than Japanese private houses in terms of the evolution of individual performance of houses,
These necks were brought about and the social stagnation became more serious.
Energy problems in pre-modern societies have this inconvenient truth.
It turns out that the energy problem is the realm of national security in the fundamental sense.
The jarring and emotional criteria for this issue go bankrupt.
The reason why the population stagnation in the Edo period continued for a long time and social progress was blocked
I think that this energy problem was big.
After all, this problem was solved and overcome by coal-fired power, and modern capitalism was developed.
The flow that Britain conquered the world formed the mainstream of the world,
It was probably Japanese society that modernized and drastically changed society after the Meiji Restoration.
On the other hand, on the Korean Peninsula, the inclination toward China and the social stagnation due to Confucianism continued.
It makes me realize that energy problems are really related to the foundation of the country.