英国paper代写精选-Niccolò Machiavelli---a humanist

本篇英国paper代写精选-Niccolò Machiavelli---a humanist讲了一些学者认为尼古拉•马基雅维利，由于他对人性的悲观，他不是一个人文主义者（Bowle.1947）。然而，在这篇paper代写中，有人根据他的作品，认为马基雅维利不仅是一个人文主义者，而且是一个极端的人文主义者。本篇paper代写由51due英国代写机构整理，供大家参考阅读。

Niccolò Machiavelli (1469 - 1527), an Italian political thinker and historian, was born in Florence. There is a lot of controversy and debate about whether Niccolò Machiavelli is a humanist. As some scholar argues that he neither has a simple relationship with humanism nor is apart from it (Hakins, 1996). There is also an argument that Machiavelli is not a humanist due to his pessimism of the human nature (Bowle.1947). However, in this essay, it is argued that Machiavelli is not only a humanist but also an extreme humanist based on the interpretation of the extracts his main works---"The Prince” and “The Discourse”.
Machiavelli was a humanist as his main work "The Prince” broke the shackles of theology and ethics, opened up the path towards an independent discipline of political science and law. During the medieval time of the Western Europe, Christian Church with a strict hierarchy became the spiritual pillar of the feudal society, and people at that time regard God as the absolute authority who controlled anything. Machiavelli was aware of such social phenomenon, but he remarked that in The Prince “fortune is the arbiter of half the things we do, leaving the other half or so to be controlled by ourselves” (Machiavelli The prince ex.1, 79). Based on this remark, it could be seen clearly that Machiavelli began to notice and emphasize the power of human beings instead of focusing only on fortune controlled by the fortune and god. In addition, he pointed out the importance of the capability of the prince as he said that “one who adapts his policy to the times prospers, and likewise that the one whose policy clashes with the demands of the times does not” (Machiavelli The prince ex.1,79) based on his observation of the danger of total reliance on the fortune. Humanism, the ideology formed during the Renaissance, is consistent with the central idea of progressive literature of Machiavelli. Its advocates are all people-oriented, and against the authority of God. It believed that the people should be freed from the shackles of medieval theology. It aired on the liberation of personality, the pursuit of the improvement of prince’s ability to adapt to the time and the opposition of hierarchy. Thus, this point is in accord with not only the humanistic spirits but also the modern concept of the state based on reason and experience, as its main content is to make the "state" get rid of the medieval theocracy and is against belief that divine right of kings is given by god as the prince need to find methods and policy adapting to the time can prosper.
In his another main work “The discourse”, he showed respect to the ancient civilizations---another feature of humanism. And one main feature of humanist is a close reading of ancient history and moral philosophy (Skinner, 1981, p5). He said in the discourse,” In legal disputes between citizens and in diseases that men get, we have recourse to the judgments and the remedies prescribed by the ancients” (Machiavelli The discourse ex.2, 98). Machiavelli did not separate the ancient legal issues and medicine from the medieval legal issues and medicine due to a high reverse of the intelligence and admiration of ancient Greek and roman culture. He also expressed his admiration of ancient Greek and roman culture in a directly by saying, “ the origin of the [ancient] city of Rome, of its legislators and of its constitution, will not be surprised that in this city such great virtue was maintained for so many centuries”(Machiavelli The discourse ex.2,100). Here the word “virtue” is the humanism understood and admired by Machiavelli. This thought is rather consistent during this book, which could be explained by his earlier life experience: his family was closely related to the humanist circles and there was a strong humanistic belief at Florentine at that time (Skinner, 1981, p.p5-6). Thus, the living environment of Niccolò Machiavelli led him to a high level of respect and admiration of ancient civilizations, which is shown clearly in his main works.
However, Machiavelli’ works went over the limit and put too much emphasis on the individuals, which makes him became an extreme humanist. His thinking profoundly and clearly reflects an idea that an end justifies the means. In "The Prince", almost all remarkable success is linked with a variety of dirty tricks and evil natures of human being. This led him to subjectivity in the judgment of human nature based on his own perception and understanding of human nature. As written by George H. Sabine., he was not scientific at all due to the fact that his judgment on human nature was empirical from the daily observations of the rulers or study of rulers in the history (Sabine, 1961). He remarked, “the gulf between how one should live and how one does live is so wide”（Machiavelli The prince ex.1, 49-50）. He pointed out the superficial side of the human beings. He also made a bold and abrupt generalization of the human nature: they are ungrateful, fickle, liars, and deceivers, they shun danger and are greedy for profitable（Machiavelli The prince ex.1, 54-56）. He did not use any modifier, such as some or most to show that his remarks on human nature is applied to only small part of human beings. This remark is directed towards anyone, which is rather extreme. This subjectivity in the judgment of human nature makes Niccolò Machiavelli appear to be an extreme humanist.
As what have been mentioned about his over generalization on the evil human nature, his sad tone on the nature of human beings is the area where most debate occurred over whether he is a humanist. In Machiavelli's thought, there is a clear difference between moral and political issues, which is called as "Morality- politics". This binary opposition is based on considerations of realism of Machiavelli. Like the early humanists, in The Prince, he talked about the virtues of the monarch. For instance, he mentioned, “His behavior should be tempered by humanity and prudence so that over-confidence does not make him rash or excessive distrust make him unbearable” （Machiavelli The prince ex.1,53. He also mentioned “humanity “in this quote as a quality of ruler, which is an evidence of him as a humanist. But at the same time he claimed that the monarch can abandon virtues for the political purpose, which is the biggest dissimilarity between him and the early humanists. As George H. Sabine remarked about Machiavelli, he simply separate politics and other consideration such as morality and the politics itself has became an end (Sabine, 1961, p318). Machiavelli therefore was struck into a "moral - political" binary opposition, but also Machiavelli's dichotomy gives us an Enlightenment of diverse thoughts. This dilemma is clearly shown in one quote of Machiavelli in The prince: “He should not deviate from what is good, if that is possible, but he should know how to do evil, if that is necessary” (Machiavelli The prince ex.1, 57). Due to this, it could be said that Machiavelli separate politics with virtue as he admired virtue, but at the same time the prince can get rid of it from politics. In this sense, Niccolò Machiavelli made some improvement compared to earlier humanists.
Another main reason to argue Machiavelli as a humanist is based on the aim of his works---to prepare the man for government, which is a central theme of renaissance humanism. According to the book entitled The Renaissance: A Very Short Introduction by Jerry Brotton, Professor of Renaissance Studies in the University of London, the aim of renaissance humanism is rather pragmatic：to provide guild and prepare people for professional advancement, especially for man in government (Brotton, 2006). In this sense, "The Prince" by Machiavelli as a result of summary of his 14-year political career, especially diplomatic experience is indeed about technique and statecraft of monarch to be prosperous. It expounds on in great detail the gist of the monarch or other types of authoritarian rule, and how to consolidate their power, and status. For instance , he talked about that a good prince “have known how to trick men with their cunning” and “have not taken their promises seriously（Machiavelli The prince ex.1,56）. The central issue is divided into two areas: political and military measures. The book is written for powerful and respected king of authoritarian regime and ambitious officials.
To sum up, Machiavelli advocated the supremacy of the prince capability, and dismissed the authority of god and fortune. His masterpiece "The Prince" focuses on what ability and skills that the prince should have, in order to seize and consolidate power and so on. In addition, in “The Discourse”, he demonstrated his great admiration of the ancient Greek and Roman civilization. All this combined to make him a humanist despite his pessimism and negative description of the human nature makes the public doubt his status as a humanist. But it is dangerous to confuse the view on morality and attention on people. He is truly not only one of the main founders of modern political thoughts but also a great humanist.
Bibliography
Machiavelli, N. (2016) .The prince extract, Melbourne, Trinity College Foundation Studies.
John Bowle. (1947). Western political thoughts: an historical introduction from the origins to Rousseau. London: Lowe and Brydone limited
Jerry Brotton. (2006).The Renaissance: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press.
James Hakins. (1996). Humanism and origins of modern political thoughts. Cambridge University Press.
George H. Sabine. (1961). A history of political theory. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston
Quentin Skinner. (1981). Machiavelli: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press

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英国paper代写精选-Why Youth Heart Social Networks

本篇英国paper代写精选-Why Youth Heart Social Networks讲了由于科技的不断发展，社会网络已经成为不同年龄组别，而现在人们开始怀疑为什么年轻人的社交网络如此之多，似乎青少年甚至不能没有社交网络就能生活。因此，本篇paper代写主要介绍各方面对青年心理社会网络的理由。本篇paper代写由英国代写机构51due整理，供大家参考阅读。

Introduction
Increasingly advanced and developed is nowadays’ world in one way or another due to scientific and technological breakthrough, it is a common sense that social networks have already been a necessity for people from different age groups, especially teenagers. And now people begin to wonder why youth heart social networks so much and it seems that teenagers can even not live without those social networks. So you may have a fair knowledge that many people will put forward their own opinions as for why youth heart social networks much based on their daily observation, personal experience as well as the researches they have conducted. Therefore this paper will mainly introduce the responses of various people toward the reasons why youth heart social networks, during which my own opinion toward why youth heart social networks will also be illustrated.
Why Youth Heart Social Networks
First and foremost comes that Maryjane Peters has ever said that she agrees on Danah Boyd’s opinion that face-to-face communication is the best form for human beings to make exchanges with one another. But she doesn’t agree that social media sites like Facebook, MySpace and so on are only used by shy teenagers to conduct “cool” behaviors (Maryjane Peters. 2014). To put it more specifically, Maryjane Peters holds that social media sites are a wonderful place for people to explore interests and relate to all others worldwide that have the same interests as you (Maryjane Peters. 2014). In this way, people can be able to freely talk about what they feel on those social media sites and they can easily find others that have developed the same interests as them. From this, it can be found that not only “shy teenagers” will be the subjects for the use of those social media sites but also others that are not shy at all. Also, it is obvious that social media sites are not only be used by teenagers to shape themselves to be cool in front of others but instead it is also used by teenagers for their own purpose, like interests exploration, personal expression, like-minded people communication and resonance, etc. Maybe we can say that social media sites have already become a global platform for people from all over the world to go through for different purposes. It is just as what have been researched by me in the previous two projects that students from China and the United States have different media consumption and production situations and there are intergenerational differences based on their media use conditions, which indicates that people from different countries and from different age groups will all look through those social media sites even though their social media use conditions vary from one another more or less.
What follows is the opinion from Samantha that she agrees with Boyd on the fact that teenagers are able to create an online profile including one’s dislikes, likes, emotions, interests, thoughts which may not necessarily be the same as their offline identity (Samantha. 2014). Detailed speaking, social media sites can reflect one’s dislikes, likes and interests through all kinds of posts shown on those social media sites or communicating with others and it might not be the true representation of one’s offline identity. It is known to us that we tend to disclose ourselves easier and fuller when we are on those social media sites so that we can always show what we may not disclose in the real life. In the reality, we have to consider many issues so that we may preserve ourselves more or less when talking with others. Samantha mentions her own condition that she does not have a MySpace account as is the example listed by Boyd in her article, but she frequently logs into Facebook, Instagram, Twitter for the latest news or gossip to keep herself keep in pace with the outside world (Samantha. 2014).
Moreover, it is as well referred to by Samantha that recently the public sphere has gradually developed to be an online environment where people from all over the world gather together to engage themselves in communications with one another about whatever topic (Samantha. 2014). And Samantha expresses that it is not a bad thing for people to be inter-connected with one another on those social media sites in that people’s connection with each other is able to provide them more opportunities for people to freely communicate, leading to their getting closer and closer in their relationship. As for me, I also hold the view that people’s being closely related with others on those social media sites is a good way for people to get help from others in time. Or maybe it can be put in another way that out of those social media sites, people can seek for help immediately on those social media sites when they are in trouble and they can quickly receive others’ help at the same time out of the timeliness of the network. Those social media sites have actually benefited me a lot in my daily life and I enjoy using them quite a lot.
The same as Samantha, Amanda Lenhart has also not talked about MySpace but she concentrates on other three social media sites, Facebook, Instagram and Snapchat. It is stated by Amanda Lenhart that Facebook, Instagram and Snapchat are the top three social media platforms for teenagers (Amanda Lenhart. 2015). The detailed case is that Facebook is the most popularly used social media site among the great majority of teenagers; half of teenagers use Instagram and almost as many people use Snapchat (Amanda Lenhart. 2015), from which we can easily predict that MySpace has changed to be not that popular as what has been described in the writing of Danah Boyd. The rationale why such difference will appear lies in that as time goes by, people have begun to choose different kinds of social media sites and their social media use habits has also changed in one way or another during that process. Apart from that, Amanda Lenhart also explains that 71% of teenagers do not simply use one kind of social media site while they use over one kind of social media site at the same time (Amanda Lenhart. 2015). It can be easily understood because most teenagers have a diversified social media site use experience and they would like their different social media use caters to their different purpose. Furthermore, Amanda Lenhart puts forward that girls are the main dominators of social media while boys tend to play video games more (Amanda Lenhart. 2015), which has not been raised by Danah Boyd in her article. Danah Boyd hasn’t specially talked about gender difference but generally discusses the social media use of teenagers as a whole.
Furthermore, Larry D. Rosen has as well researched about adolescents’ use of MySpace and the author has emphasized the effect of MySpace toward those adolescents’ friendship, identity formation together with sexual predators (Larry D. Rosen. 2006). It can be easily found that Larry D. Rosen has also mentioned the identity formation of the adolescents when they use MySpace (Larry D. Rosen. 2006), which is right what is researched by Danah Boyd. Comparing what is illustrated by Larry D. Rosen and Danah Boyd, it can be readily got that these two authors both hold that social media site like MySpace has actually related people’s online world to their offline world and they both firmly believe that the process of using MySpace is also the same process of people’s forming their own identity. The fact is that these two authors propose that online profiles on those social media sites including MySpace are actually the perfect or desired image those teenagers would show to others that have access to their profiles on those social media sites (Larry D. Rosen. 2006). And the aforementioned perfect or desired image demonstrated in the due time can be realized through links, photos, status updates as well as other similar ones like that (Larry D. Rosen. 2006). Another similarity is that these two authors have both recognized that the teenagers do this with the hope that their offline friends can all have a look at their desired image. In this way, those teenagers can really appear to be “cool” in front of their classmates and friends so that they can feel their superiority to some extent.
Knowing that those two authors have agreed on the fact that those interactions may not reflect on how the person interacts offline, I would like to talk something about my own opinions. As far as I am concerned, I have to say that the desired and perfect image does have the effect to give people fuzzy and warm feelings while it is still too decisive to describe all people as projecting their online profiles as perfect or too ideal. That is too say, there are still many people that would like to create their online profiles based on their true personalities as offline and they don’t deem that there is the necessity to project a fictional online profile at all. Personally speaking, I am not one of the teenagers that would like showcase a perfect self with an ideal identity on MySpace but instead I am fond of expressing my true self on the social media sites. It can be understood in this way that I will usually deliver my most faithful emotions when I update posts on my social media sites without taking any regard of the doubt whether those posts can appear to be “cool” or not when seen by others. But it can not be denied that I will sometimes try to shape my social media presence in order to leave a deep impression on others.
With two authors’ insisting on MySpace’s being able to project teenagers’ desired or perfect image being stated at length in the above, what else has to be especially pointed out is that Danah Boyd has exceptionally placed importance of social media site’s online profile being able to act as a symbol for confirmation. Danah Boyd puts it in this way that teenagers’ freedom is denied to construct their daily routine of “[being] in class from morning to mid-afternoon… and work into the evening” (Boyd, p. 134), from which we can see that teenagers are eager to look for confirmation toward themselves. As a result, it seems that their online profile is right the tool for their confirmation toward themselves, which accounts for why the great majority of teenagers are fond of logging into those social media sites. Or maybe it can be put in another way that why youth heart social media sites so much is that social media sites can role as role as an unattainable public sphere for them to create and confirm both toward themselves or their own points of view. Though Boyd has talked much about social media sites use, it has to be added that social media sites should be used to serve higher purposes today, such as motivating activists to unite and spread information in time when there is something urgent happening. The rationale why Boyd has not mentioned the higher purposes of social media sites lies in that social media sites have not been used in that way at the time when her paper was written.
Last but not the least comes Michael S. Jeffress’s article Uses and Effects of MySpace among Christian Teens and Young Adult, during which the author has concentrated on the uses and effects of MySpace. In the paper of Michael S. Jeffress, MySpace is regarded as the focus as Danah Boyd because both Michael S. Jeffress’ and Danah Boyd’ articles are written in the year of 2008 (Michael S. Jeffress. 2015). So a fair knowledge can be obtained that social media use conditions tend to be similar during the same time period and people in the same times tend to use the same kind of social media site from the general sense. The difference is that Michael S. Jeffress has limited the subjects to Christian teens and young adults while Danah Boyd doesn’t have religious distinction in her article (Michael S. Jeffress. 2015). But it should not be denied that its conclusion can still apply to other people as well but not those Christian teens and young adults. And the results show that social media sites both have positive and negative effects on those Christian teens and young adults, which determines that teenagers and adults should try their best to take full advantage of the positive effects of social media sites and in the meantime bypass the negative effects of social media sites.
Here the negative effects of social media sites can be used to compare with what has been implied by Boyd that social networking sites will unconsciously make those teenagers involve themselves in dangerous behaviors. Such dangerous behaviors mainly refer to the phenomena like dating with complete strangers, hiding profiles from their parents due to the use of specific privacy option. Based on this, I have learned that as a matter of fact, teenagers should not prevent their parents from their profiles in that they still need parental supervision. Only with parental supervision can they guarantee their own safety when they are using those social media sites. What is a pity to say is that some others may argue that it doesn’t matter whether your parents can have access to your profile because police and government can always have access to your online profile. In order that all the teenagers can better deal with social media sites, Lee Rainie has especially talked about thirteen things for teenagers to know about, hoping that they can all use those social media sites in a wise way (Lee Rainie. 2014).
Conclusion
To sum up, different people really have different ideas as for why youth heart social networks and they all have their own personal experience of using social networks. What I would like to raise in the end is that teenagers should better control their degree of using those social media sites and not use them too much. Also, it is better if they can take advantage of those social media sites to create their ideal online profile first and then try to make efforts to realize it in the reality, which will be the meaning of using social media sites in the first beginning.
Works Cited
Amanda Lenhart. April 9, 2015. Teens, Social Media & Technology Overview 2015..
Boyd Danah. 2007. Why Youth (Heart) Social Network Sites: The Role of Networked Publics in Teenage Social Life. MacArthur Foundation Series on Digital Learning – Youth, Identity, and Digital Media Volume (ed. David Buckingham). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Larry D. Rosen. June 2006. Adolescents in MySpace: Identity Formation, Friendship and Sexual Predators.
Lee Rainie. July 23, 2014. 13 Things to Know About Teens and Technology.
Michael S. Jeffress. 2015. Uses and Effects of MySpace among Christian Teens and Young Adult. Vol. 1. No. 1.
Maryjane Peters. March 28, 2014. Critical Media Studies.
Samantha. March 30, 2014. Critical Media Studies.

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英国论文写作：确立好标题的方法

很多同学在平时的写作中可能不太注意对标题的选择。其实要想确定好一个标题是很重要的，它关系到整篇论文的中心主旨。我们大家都知道好的一篇文章一定要有吸引人眼球的地方，那就是题眼，对一篇论文来说，一个新颖的标题是会给你的论文加分的。那么今天我们51due英国代写平台将为大家讲解英国论文写作：确立好标题的方法。

毕业论文如果标题错了，是很严重的问题。 “题好文一半”，这句话就充分体现了标题的重要性。一个好的标题，无疑是一篇好论文的开始，甚至能勾起别人阅读的欲望。
当今世界很多信息令人目不暇接，怎样才能使自己的论文更加有吸引力这是我们值得考虑的问题。很多人都是看文章标题来查找自己所需要的东西，一个好的，新颖的，含金量高的标题是很重要的。这样才会提升你的论文价值。
同学们可能对这句话不以为然：好的标题意味着文章成功了一半。但事实的确如此，一个好的标题就成功地吸引了别人，标题是整个文章高度凝练，是文章的灵魂。下面取标题的时候我们要注意一些规则：
1、英国论文写作审题很重要。首先我们为了不偏题，就一定要仔细审题。我们肯定要选择与自己的选题和参考文献相关的题目。而且要与自己的选题方向和对文献资料的阅读程度有关系，即跟自己确定的中心论点有关系。大多数的论文题目可以直接看出文章的论点，有少部分的标题可能是问句形式的或是带有修辞的。
2、英国论文写作多积累。同学们要留心，在日常写作中就要养成良好的习惯。有这个习惯的同学就会发现，取一个好的标题不仅很重要，而且很难，要用英文表述，所以对于各位留学生的英文也有很大要求。英文标题字数不要过长，以简练为主，但是要适当具有概括性。最好是陈述句，英文当中不要有标点符号；标题要新颖，用语最好不要过于常规化;适当情况下可以使用一些陌生的词来表达同一个意思，可能会给老师耳目一新的视觉效果

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英国论文写作前要准备什么

我们都知道论文的写作是要提前构思好的，比如要写哪些内容，格式等，不能提笔就写，所以在进行英文论文写作之前我们还是需要做好充分的准备，最好就是做一个规划写作前有规划才能使文章更完美。今天我们51duu英国代写平台将为大家讲解英国论文写作前要准备什么。

英国论文写作前要准备什么
1、要注意类似要求的措辞不要出现的太频繁
当然了，除开作业要求，不然不要将要求原有的措辞用到你的论文上。如果你逐字出现要求中的措辞，老师可能认为你缺少自己的想法。这里同学们要多发表自己的看法，最好有独特的分析之处，这对你的论文很有帮助！
英国论文写作前要准备什么
2、不要只是概括原始材料
在你不熟悉某个主题的情况下，同学们是很容易将概括与引述串在一起的。这个可能会导致一个很糟糕的情况“拼凑”，这会使你的文章缺乏分析，甚至出现逻辑结构问题。导师无法读出你的想法立场观点，原材料的证据表现也将会变得薄弱的。
英国论文写作前要准备什么
3、切记不要围绕数据的主题进行组织报告
同学们要明白虽然在写作的时候有数据的支持很重要,但别因小失大，在论文结构和数据发生冲突的话同学们就不要纠结数据啦。有些同学写着写着发现数据不足以证明他的观点，就会修改文章来适应数据的主题，这会是一件很麻烦的工作，甚至会失去很多你原来的想法初衷，影响整个文章的逻辑。所以在写作前我们要先根据文章出题得出的分析性结构来安排数据，切忌盲目的不思考数据就开始创造！
4、要分清楚主次来进行分析
还有一些同学很喜欢在一些觉得很有兴趣或者感觉有意义的事情上，花很大的篇幅描述整个过程，甚至还一点点细节都不放过，但是根本就没有考虑到是否对论证给到帮助。如果你用过多笔墨来写这些句子，不是支持一个观点，而只是在讲述如何发现这个观点的故事，这将会给读者带来很无趣的过程。删除哪些无助于读者掌握你论证的部分，然后再重新组织其余部分。在写作过程要搞清楚最恰当的细节部分来描述，这样会更清晰明了。

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