About the Santa Fe Institute
Preface
Scaling in Biology: Patterns and Processes, Causes and Consequeneces
1 BACKGROUND
1.1 SIZE AND SCALING
1.2 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: THE RIDDLE OF QUARTER-POWER SCALING
1.3 GENRAL PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGICAL SCALING
2 LEVELS OF SCALING IN BIOLOGY
2.1 WITHIN ORGANISMS
2.2 AMONG INDIVIDUALS: TRADITIONAL ALLOMETRY
2.3 SCALING OF POPULATIONS AND ASSEMBLAGES
3 CONCLUDING REMARKS
REFERENCES
Allometry and Natural Selection
1 SELECTION FOR SIZE
2 THE EFFECTS OF SIZE CHANGE ON SHAPE
Isometry
Altered Allometry
Convergent Solutions to Size Increase
New Anatonmy to Accommodate Size Change
3 CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Hovering and Jumping: Contrasting Problems in Scaling
1 INTRODUCTION
2 HUMMIMGBIRDS AND BEES
3 LOCUSTS
4 FROGS
5 DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
Scaling of Terrestrial Support: Differing Solutions to Mechanical Constraints of Size
1 SIZE-RELATED CHANGES IN LOCOMOTOR POSTURE AND MUSCLE MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
2 IS THERE A THEORETICAL BASIS FOR A LINK BETWEEN THE BIOMECHANICS OF MUSCLE SCALING AND ENERGY SUPPLY ?
3 STRESS-SIMILARITY SCALING AT GIANT SIZE: POSTITIVE SKELETAL ALLOMETRY
4 GEOMETRIC SCALING AT SMALL SIZE: A CONSTRAINT OF STIFFNESS VERSUS STRENGTH ?
5 DIFFERENTIAL SCALE CONSTRAINTS WITHIN A TREE
6 SCALING OF LIMB MECHANICAL ADVANTSAGE AND LEG STIFFNESS
7 CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Consequences of Size Change During Ontogeny and Evolution
1 TRANSITIONS IN FUNCTION AS SIZE CHANGES
1.1 EXAMPLES OF FUNCTIONAL SHIFTS ACCOMPANYING SIZE CHANGE
1.2 WHERE TO EXPECT FUNCTIONAL SHIFTS TO OCCUR AS SIZE CHANGES
1.3 ECOLOGICAL AND EVOLUTIONARY SIGNIFICANCE OF FUNCTIONAL SHIFTS THAT OCCUR AS SIZE CHANGES
2 TRANSITIONS IN THE EFFECTS OF MORPHOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR AS SIZE CHANGES
2.1 EXAMPLES OF SIZE-dEPENDENT CPONSEQUENCES OF MORPHOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR
2.2 ECOLOGICAL AND EVOLUTIONARY CONSEQUENCES OF SIZE-DEPENDENT CONSEQUENCES OF MORPHOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR
3 EXAMPLES OF SIZE-DEPENDENT EFFECTS OF SIZE CHANGE
3.1 EXAMPLES OF SIZE-DEPENDENT EFFECTS OF SIZE CHANGE
4 THE CONSEQUENCES OF SIZE CHANGE DEPEND ON MORPHOLOGY
4-1 EXAMPLES OF MORPHOLOGY -DEPENDENT EFFECTS OF SIZE-CHANGE
4-2 ECOLOGICAL AND EVOLUTIONARY COSEQUENCES OF MORPHOLOGY-dEPENDENT CONSEQUENCES OF SIZE CHANGE
5 THE CONCEQUENCES OF SIZE CHANGE DEPEND ON HABITAT
5-1 EXAMPLES OF HABITAT-DEPENDENT EFFECTS OF SIZE CHANGE
5-2 ECOLOGICAL AND EVOLUTIONARY CONSEQUENCES OF HABITAT-DEPENDENT CONSEQUENCES OF SIZE CHANGE
6 EVOLUTIONARY CONSEQUENCES OF SIZE CHANGES
6.1 ANOTHER POSSIBLE mECHANISM FOR THE ORIGIN OF NOVELTY
6.2 POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF SIZER CHANGE ON RATES OF EVOLUTION
7 CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Preface
Scaling in Biology: Patterns and Processes, Causes and Consequeneces
1 BACKGROUND
1.1 SIZE AND SCALING
1.2 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: THE RIDDLE OF QUARTER-POWER SCALING
1.3 GENRAL PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGICAL SCALING
2 LEVELS OF SCALING IN BIOLOGY
2.1 WITHIN ORGANISMS
2.2 AMONG INDIVIDUALS: TRADITIONAL ALLOMETRY
2.3 SCALING OF POPULATIONS AND ASSEMBLAGES
3 CONCLUDING REMARKS
REFERENCES
Allometry and Natural Selection
1 SELECTION FOR SIZE
2 THE EFFECTS OF SIZE CHANGE ON SHAPE
Isometry
Altered Allometry
Convergent Solutions to Size Increase
New Anatonmy to Accommodate Size Change
3 CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Hovering and Jumping: Contrasting Problems in Scaling
1 INTRODUCTION
2 HUMMIMGBIRDS AND BEES
3 LOCUSTS
4 FROGS
5 DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
Scaling of Terrestrial Support: Differing Solutions to Mechanical Constraints of Size
1 SIZE-RELATED CHANGES IN LOCOMOTOR POSTURE AND MUSCLE MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
2 IS THERE A THEORETICAL BASIS FOR A LINK BETWEEN THE BIOMECHANICS OF MUSCLE SCALING AND ENERGY SUPPLY ?
3 STRESS-SIMILARITY SCALING AT GIANT SIZE: POSTITIVE SKELETAL ALLOMETRY
4 GEOMETRIC SCALING AT SMALL SIZE: A CONSTRAINT OF STIFFNESS VERSUS STRENGTH ?
5 DIFFERENTIAL SCALE CONSTRAINTS WITHIN A TREE
6 SCALING OF LIMB MECHANICAL ADVANTSAGE AND LEG STIFFNESS
7 CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Consequences of Size Change During Ontogeny and Evolution
1 TRANSITIONS IN FUNCTION AS SIZE CHANGES
1.1 EXAMPLES OF FUNCTIONAL SHIFTS ACCOMPANYING SIZE CHANGE
1.2 WHERE TO EXPECT FUNCTIONAL SHIFTS TO OCCUR AS SIZE CHANGES
1.3 ECOLOGICAL AND EVOLUTIONARY SIGNIFICANCE OF FUNCTIONAL SHIFTS THAT OCCUR AS SIZE CHANGES
2 TRANSITIONS IN THE EFFECTS OF MORPHOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR AS SIZE CHANGES
2.1 EXAMPLES OF SIZE-dEPENDENT CPONSEQUENCES OF MORPHOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR
2.2 ECOLOGICAL AND EVOLUTIONARY CONSEQUENCES OF SIZE-DEPENDENT CONSEQUENCES OF MORPHOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR
3 EXAMPLES OF SIZE-DEPENDENT EFFECTS OF SIZE CHANGE
3.1 EXAMPLES OF SIZE-DEPENDENT EFFECTS OF SIZE CHANGE
4 THE CONSEQUENCES OF SIZE CHANGE DEPEND ON MORPHOLOGY
4-1 EXAMPLES OF MORPHOLOGY -DEPENDENT EFFECTS OF SIZE-CHANGE
4-2 ECOLOGICAL AND EVOLUTIONARY COSEQUENCES OF MORPHOLOGY-dEPENDENT CONSEQUENCES OF SIZE CHANGE
5 THE CONCEQUENCES OF SIZE CHANGE DEPEND ON HABITAT
5-1 EXAMPLES OF HABITAT-DEPENDENT EFFECTS OF SIZE CHANGE
5-2 ECOLOGICAL AND EVOLUTIONARY CONSEQUENCES OF HABITAT-DEPENDENT CONSEQUENCES OF SIZE CHANGE
6 EVOLUTIONARY CONSEQUENCES OF SIZE CHANGES
6.1 ANOTHER POSSIBLE mECHANISM FOR THE ORIGIN OF NOVELTY
6.2 POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF SIZER CHANGE ON RATES OF EVOLUTION
7 CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
