PREFACE
A GUIDE TO THE BOOK
1 Putting two and two together
1.1 Darwin's earthworms
1.2 'An inordinate fondness for beetles'
1.3 The extinction of birds on Hawaiian islands
1.4 Pollen and honeybees
1.5 Estimating the sizes of redwoods and whales
1.6 Plant productivity and use of solar energy
1.7 The number of cells in the human body
1.8 William Harvey and the circulation of the blood
1.9 How our kidneys work
1.10 Calcium, and the small litter sizes of bats
1.11 Conclusions concerning biological arithmetic
2 Units, formulae and the use of old envelopes: confronting some obstacles to quantitative thinking
2.1 Units of measurement
2.2 Checking formulae for consistency of units; avoiding errors in calculation
2.3 Checking appropriate units for unfamiliar quantities
2.4 Dimensional analysis
2.5 Approximate arithmetic
2.6 Cultivating a feeling for magnitudes
2.7 Looking at an equation
3 Aspects of energy metabolism
3.1 Energy from food
3.2 Basal metabolic rate
3.3 Fat storage and the control of appetite
3.4 Birds' eggs and rspuratory quatients
4 Getting things in proportion
4.1 Aspects of human heat and energy balance
4.2 Fat as an aid to buoyancy in water
4.3 Buoyancy in fish
4.4 Temperature, metabolism and buoyancy－a general formula
4.5 Blood volumes of snails
4.6 Blood volumes and animal populations－another general approach
5 Perilous percentages,dangerous ratios
5.1 Some general points
5.2 Dangers in treating losses of body heat as percentages
5.3 Organ mass as percentage of body mass－'gonosomatic index'
6 Building a trophic pyramid
6.1 The smaller mass of predators than of prey
6.2 Populations of grazers on grassland
6.3 The base of the pyramid
7 Sodium in animals and plants
7.1 Sodium in herbivous insects
7.2 The puddling behaviour of moths
7.3 The importance of sodium in the diet of moose
8 Exchanges of water and carbon dioxide
8.1 Transpiration and photosynthesis
8.2 The dependence of plant productivity on rainfall
8.3 Solar energy used in transpiration and photosynthesis
8.4 The role of breathing in mammalian water balance
8.5 Water balance in foraing bumblebees
9 A geometric series
9.1 More approximate arithmetic
9.2 Darwin, Linnaeus,and Malthus
9.3 Ancestors and inbreeding
9.4 The penetrtion of sunlight through water
9.5 Fish and probabilities
9.6 The genetic code
9.7 Final comments
10 Introduction to lgarithms
10.1 A logarithm to remember
10.2 A note on natural logarithms
11 Bringing logarithms to life
11.1 How do logarithms come into biology?
11.2 How else do logarithms come into biology?
11.3 The growth of insects
11.4 The sizes of New Guinea fruit pigeons
11.5 Logarithms and sensation
12 Exponential relationshipos
12.1 Basic mathmatics
12.2 An exponential increase: pollen grains in a sequence of sediments
12:3 An exponential decrease: dung flies and the attractiveness of dung
12.4 An exponential decline: the viability of seeds in soil
12.5 Other ways of viewing an expoenntial decrease
13 Aspects of allometry
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 As an example of b being less than 1, take b=0.75, and again let Y=1.0 when X=1.0. What X is (1)10, and (2)1000?
13.2 Relative growth: the claw of the fiddler crab
13.3 Relative growth of gourds
13.4 Macrotriopus－a problem of taxonomy
13.5 Stag beetles－failure of the relationship
13.6 The graphical estimation of scaling exponents and scaling coefficients
13.7 Antlers
13.8 Eye size in mammals
14 More on allometry, and on quantitative patterns in nature
14.1 Surface area / valume relationships
14.2 Body size and meabolic rate in mammals: the importance of surface area
14.3 Body size and metabolic rate: Kleiber's rule
14.4 Birds'eggs: metabolism and water loss
14.5 The mammalian skeleton
14.6 Tree height and trunk diameter
14.7 Wind-borne seeds and fruit
14.8 The energetic equivalence rule
14.9 The 'self-thinning' rule－and a general caution
14.10 Numbers of bird species in Pacific islands
15 How the abundance of food affects rates of feeding
15.1 Rates of predation and the abundance of prey
15.2 Food availability and the grazing rates of herbivores
16 The characterization of trees and other branching systems
17 Epilogue
17.1 What then is the crocodile's average energy consumption per day?
17.2 If the estimate for the crocodile is correct, how might it be that the much smaller man has the hugher metabolic rete?
17.3 On that basis, what is the mass of a 5.5-m crocodile?
17.4 What is the estimated metabolic rate at 20℃ in kcal/d?
NOTES
A GUIDE TO THE BOOK
1 Putting two and two together
1.1 Darwin's earthworms
1.2 'An inordinate fondness for beetles'
1.3 The extinction of birds on Hawaiian islands
1.4 Pollen and honeybees
1.5 Estimating the sizes of redwoods and whales
1.6 Plant productivity and use of solar energy
1.7 The number of cells in the human body
1.8 William Harvey and the circulation of the blood
1.9 How our kidneys work
1.10 Calcium, and the small litter sizes of bats
1.11 Conclusions concerning biological arithmetic
2 Units, formulae and the use of old envelopes: confronting some obstacles to quantitative thinking
2.1 Units of measurement
2.2 Checking formulae for consistency of units; avoiding errors in calculation
2.3 Checking appropriate units for unfamiliar quantities
2.4 Dimensional analysis
2.5 Approximate arithmetic
2.6 Cultivating a feeling for magnitudes
2.7 Looking at an equation
3 Aspects of energy metabolism
3.1 Energy from food
3.2 Basal metabolic rate
3.3 Fat storage and the control of appetite
3.4 Birds' eggs and rspuratory quatients
4 Getting things in proportion
4.1 Aspects of human heat and energy balance
4.2 Fat as an aid to buoyancy in water
4.3 Buoyancy in fish
4.4 Temperature, metabolism and buoyancy－a general formula
4.5 Blood volumes of snails
4.6 Blood volumes and animal populations－another general approach
5 Perilous percentages,dangerous ratios
5.1 Some general points
5.2 Dangers in treating losses of body heat as percentages
5.3 Organ mass as percentage of body mass－'gonosomatic index'
6 Building a trophic pyramid
6.1 The smaller mass of predators than of prey
6.2 Populations of grazers on grassland
6.3 The base of the pyramid
7 Sodium in animals and plants
7.1 Sodium in herbivous insects
7.2 The puddling behaviour of moths
7.3 The importance of sodium in the diet of moose
8 Exchanges of water and carbon dioxide
8.1 Transpiration and photosynthesis
8.2 The dependence of plant productivity on rainfall
8.3 Solar energy used in transpiration and photosynthesis
8.4 The role of breathing in mammalian water balance
8.5 Water balance in foraing bumblebees
9 A geometric series
9.1 More approximate arithmetic
9.2 Darwin, Linnaeus,and Malthus
9.3 Ancestors and inbreeding
9.4 The penetrtion of sunlight through water
9.5 Fish and probabilities
9.6 The genetic code
9.7 Final comments
10 Introduction to lgarithms
10.1 A logarithm to remember
10.2 A note on natural logarithms
11 Bringing logarithms to life
11.1 How do logarithms come into biology?
11.2 How else do logarithms come into biology?
11.3 The growth of insects
11.4 The sizes of New Guinea fruit pigeons
11.5 Logarithms and sensation
12 Exponential relationshipos
12.1 Basic mathmatics
12.2 An exponential increase: pollen grains in a sequence of sediments
12:3 An exponential decrease: dung flies and the attractiveness of dung
12.4 An exponential decline: the viability of seeds in soil
12.5 Other ways of viewing an expoenntial decrease
13 Aspects of allometry
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 As an example of b being less than 1, take b=0.75, and again let Y=1.0 when X=1.0. What X is (1)10, and (2)1000?
13.2 Relative growth: the claw of the fiddler crab
13.3 Relative growth of gourds
13.4 Macrotriopus－a problem of taxonomy
13.5 Stag beetles－failure of the relationship
13.6 The graphical estimation of scaling exponents and scaling coefficients
13.7 Antlers
13.8 Eye size in mammals
14 More on allometry, and on quantitative patterns in nature
14.1 Surface area / valume relationships
14.2 Body size and meabolic rate in mammals: the importance of surface area
14.3 Body size and metabolic rate: Kleiber's rule
14.4 Birds'eggs: metabolism and water loss
14.5 The mammalian skeleton
14.6 Tree height and trunk diameter
14.7 Wind-borne seeds and fruit
14.8 The energetic equivalence rule
14.9 The 'self-thinning' rule－and a general caution
14.10 Numbers of bird species in Pacific islands
15 How the abundance of food affects rates of feeding
15.1 Rates of predation and the abundance of prey
15.2 Food availability and the grazing rates of herbivores
16 The characterization of trees and other branching systems
17 Epilogue
17.1 What then is the crocodile's average energy consumption per day?
17.2 If the estimate for the crocodile is correct, how might it be that the much smaller man has the hugher metabolic rete?
17.3 On that basis, what is the mass of a 5.5-m crocodile?
17.4 What is the estimated metabolic rate at 20℃ in kcal/d?
NOTES