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ランダムウォークで気ままに,ガリレオ。
我々は流れ星のなりの果て。
El dia que me quieras.

Scaling Cambridge Texts in Applied Mathematics

2018-03-29 21:48:55 | 日記
Foreword
Preface

Introduction

Chapter1 Dimensional analysis and physical similarity
1.1 Dimensions
1.1.1 Mesurement of physical quantities, units of measurement, Systems of units
1.1.2 Classes of systems of units
1.1.3 Dimension of a physical quantity
1.1.4 The dimension function is always a power-law monomial
1.1.5 Quantities with indepandent dimensions

1.2 Dimensional analysis
1.2.1 Governing parameters
1.2.2 Transfomation to dimensionaless parameters, Generalized homogeneity.П-theorem
1.2.3 Problems

1.3 Physical similarity
1.3.1 Physically similar phenomena
1.3.2 The rule for scaling the results for a physically similar model up to the prototype
1.3.3 Choosing the governing parameters of the model
1.3.4 Problems

Chapter2 Self-similarity and intermadiate asympotics
2.1 Gently sioping groundwater flow. A mathematical model
2.2 Very intense concentrated flooding: the self-similar solution
2.3 The intermediate asymptotics
2.4 Problem:very intense groundwater pulse flow-the self-similar intermediate-asympototic solition

Chapter3 Scaling laws and self-similar solutions that cannot be obtained by dimensional analysis

Chapter4 Complete and incomplete simiarity.Self-similar solitions of the first and second kind

Chapter5 Scaling and transformation groups. Renormalization group

Chapter6 Self-similar phenomena and travelling waves

Chapter7 Scaling laws and fractals
7.1 Mandelbrot fractals and incomplete similarity
7.1.1 The concept of fractals. Fracrtal curves
7.2 Incomplete similarity of fractals
7.3 Scaling relationship between the breathing rate of animals and their mass.Fractality of respiratory organs

Chapter8 Scaling laws for turbulent wall-bounded shear flows at very large Reynolds numbers
8.1 Turbulence at very large Reynolds numbres
8.2 Chorin's mathematical example
8.3 Steady shear flows ay very large Reynolds numbers.The intermadiate region in pipe flow
8.4 Modification of Izakson-Millikan-von Mises derivation of the velocity distibution in the intermadiate region.The vanishing-viscosity asymptotics
8.5 Turbulent boundary layers

WHAT IS ECOLOGY ? by D.F.OWEN

2018-03-25 18:22:49 | 日記
About this book

1 What is ecology?
What is an ecologist?
Natural history and ecology
Everone is an ecologist
Looking after a lawn
Catching a fish
Thrushes and earthworms
The importance of ecology
The scope of ecology

2 Thinking exponentially
Populations
What is exponential growth?
Reproduction and death rates
Examples of exponential population growth
Population decrease
Thrushes eating snails
Exponental consumption of resources
Available land is limited
The limits to exponential growth

3 How populations are regulated
Carrying capacity
Limiting factors
Competition
What is an individual?
Density-dependence and the stability of populations
Heron populations in Brutain and North America
Periodical insects
Naturally unstable population
Some rival theories of how population are regulated

4 Communities, food webs, and organic diversity
The species concept
Inter-relationships between species in communities
Succession
Tropical rain forest and temperate woodland communities compared
Grassland
Food chains and food webs
Organic diversity
Weather and climate
The seasons
Mogration
Community structure

5 Ecosystems and how they work
Productuin in ecosystems
Trophic levels
Trophic models
Energy flow in and between ecosystems
Cycles of essntial materials
Ecosystems and food production
Ecosystems and man

6 Natural selection and adaptation
Natural selection
Natural selection and evolution
Buddleia in Europe: adaptation or adjustment?
Some genetic consequences of pollution
Natural selection and satbility
Dutch elm disease
A man-made world

7 How does ecology affect us?
Thinking ecologically
Man's ecological inequality
Producing food and preventing disease: are we succeeding?
The ecology of motor cars
Rooks and squirrels
What can be done?

A guide to further reading

IN THE BEAT OF A HEART: LIFE, ENERGY, AND, THE UNITY OF NATURE

2018-03-22 21:46:42 | 日記
By JOHN WHITFIELD

1 PROLOGUE: "I HAVE TAKEN TO MATHEMATICS"
Father and Son
A Lean and Hungry Town
Unsuspected Wonders
Aristole's Disciple
On Growth and Form
The Last Victorian

2 THE SLOW FIRE
The Torch of Prometheus
Counting Calories
Max Rubner's Big ldea
Of Poles and Penis Bones
The Surface Rule

3 MOVING THE LINE
Cracks in the Surface Law
From 2/3 to 3/4
Allometry
Noah's Scales

4 SEARCHING FOR SIMILARITY
Inside or Out?
Fudge Factors
The Metabolic Ark
Quarters, Quarters, Everywhere
Intellect and Muscle
Dissenting Voices

5 NEYWORKING
Branching into Biology
Enter the Ecologists
The Insurance Man
Thinking Big
Into the Woods
All for the Best
Plumbing
Networks in Plants
Alternative Routes
Single Cells, Virtual Networks
Of Reptiles and Bananas

6 THE PACR OF LIFE
The Form of Growth
Changes of Life
Evolution's Winning Post
The 30-Tonne Gorilla
Burning Out
Dangerous Radicals
The Bat Paradox
Bending the Rules
Nature's Gamelan

7 SEEING THE FOREST FOR THE TREES
The Way to San Jose
How to Build a Forest
Animals in space
The One Forest
Meta-Metabolism
The One Tree
Root and Branch

8 THE CULT OF SANTA ROSALIA
Job Opportunities
The Paradox of Diversity
Healthy Competiton
The Modern Niche
The Antichrist of Ecology
Patterns or Explanations?
Unraveling the Web
A Unified Theory?

9 HUMBOLDT'S GIFTS
Discovering Diversity
The Greatest Scientific Traveler Who Ever Lived
Tropoical Wonders
A Harsh World?
Diversity Through Stability
A Madagascan Surprise
The Importance of Histroy
Big Places Have More Species
Evolution's Workshop
No Easy Answers

10 A NEWTON OF THE GRASS BLADe
Physics Envy?
What Makes a Theory
Mutual Dependency
The Other Pillar
The Silent Majority

11 EPILOGUE: "THE GREAT DESIDERATUM"

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Web Site

SCALING: WHY IS ANIMAL SIZE SO IMPORTANT ?

2018-03-21 18:49:13 | 日記
Knut Schmidt-Nielsen

Preface
1 The size of living things
・ The smallest and the largest
・ Giant dinosaurs: Were they samiaquatic?
・ The largest land mammals

2 Problems of size and scale
・ Definition of sacling
・ Constrains can be overcome by a novel design
・ Siomilarity
・ Allometric scaling
・ Dimensions
・ Dimensionless quantities

3 The use of allometry
・ Biological significance and statistical significance
・ The allometric signal
・ Secondary signals
・ Outliers and extrapolations
・ The use of allometric equations
・ Were dinosaurs stupid?
・ Scaling fish

4 How to sacle eggs
・ Bird eggs
・ Requirments to be met
・ Egg size and bird size
・ Incubation time
・ Pores in the eggshell
・ Water loss from eggs

5 The strength of bones and skeltons
・ What skeletons do
・ Scaling mammalian skeletons 
・ What about real animals?
・ How light are bird bones?
・ Aquatic animals: lighter skeletons?
・ The strength of bones
・ External skeltons: a complicated matter
・ Breaking eggshells

6 Metabolic rate and body size
・ Metabolic rates of mammals
・ Is the "tree" slop really 0.75?
・ Specific metabolic rate
・ Marsupial mammals 
・ Birds
・ Reptiles
・ Amphibians and fish
・ Invertebrates

7 Warm-blooded vertebrates: What do merabolic regresion equations mean?
・ Body temperature
・ The surface law
・ Isometric or not? 
・ McMahon's model
・ Gravitational effects as an exlanation?
・ Metabolic similarities

8 Organ size and tissue metabolism
・ Tissue metabolism and cell size
・ Summated tissue respiration
・ Metabolic equipment of the tissues 

9 How the lungs supply enough oxygen
・ The lungs of mammals
・ Bird lungs
・ A remarkably simple concept: symmorphosis  
・ Cold-blooded vertebrates 
・ Fish gills

10 Blood and gas transport
・ Hemoglobin concentration
・ Blood volume
・ Red cell size
・ Oxygen uptake and delivery 
・ Fuel supply
・ Conclusions

11 Heart and circulation
・ The mammalian heart
・ The bird heart
・ Marsupials  
・ Cold-blooded vertebrates
・ The work of the heart
・ Vascular turbulence
・ Circulation time
・ Non-scaleable variables

12 The meaning of time
・ Time and frequency: How fast beats the heart?
・ Metabolic rate and metabolic time
・ Life: How long, how fast?
・ Long life and big brains
・ A cold look at time

13 Animal activity and metabolic scope 
・ Maximal performance
・ An imortant principle
・ Metabolic scope
・ Tayor and Weibel 
・ Birds and bat
・ To supply oxygen for flight: lungs and heart
・ Factorial scope: cold-blooded vertebrates
・ Muscle mass and muscle power

14 Moving on land: running and jumping
・ Running on land
・ The energy cost of running
・ How fast animals run
・ Running uphill and carrying loads 
・ Scaling of jumps
・ Elastic energy storage

15 Swimming and flying
・ Fish
・ Swimming salmon
・ Flying animals
・ Birds
・ The structure of birds
・ Flight speed
・ Drag and cost of fligt
・ Maximum size for bird fligt
・ Is there a lower size limit?
・ Cost of transport

16 Body temperature and temperature regulation
・ Scaling of heat loss
・ The role of fur
・ Conductance and tolerance to cold
・ The smallest birds and mammals

17 Some important concepts
・ Non-scaleable and scale-independent variables
・ Optimal design
・ Constraints and discontinuities 
・ Ecological implocations 

Appendixes
A Symbols used
B The allmetric equation
C Recalculation of equations according to units used for body mass
D Algebraic rules for operating with expressions that contain powers and roots  
E Dimensional formulas for some commonly used physical quantities in the MLT system
 

 


SIZE, FUNCTION, AND LIEF HISTORY

2018-03-18 22:05:29 | 日記
By William A. Calder Ⅲ

Preface to the Dover Edition
Preface to the First Edition

1 The Biology of Body Size
Allometry: Why and so What?
The Evolution of Body Size in Birds and Mammls
・SHREW TO BALUCHITHERIUM, BEE BIRDS TO ELEPHANT BIRDS
・INTRASPECIFIC VARIATION IN BODY MASS
・ECOLOGICAL SEPARATION
・SOME SCALING RULES

2 Body Composition and Compartmentalization
・INTEGUMENT
・SKELETON
・SKELETAL MUSCLE
・HEART AND bLOOD VOLUME
・LUNG
・DIGESTIVE TRACT
・NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Summary
Symmorphosis

3 Physical and Quantitative Background
The Allometric Equation
Big Eggs, Deer Antlers, and the Fire of Life
・SIZE OF BIRD EGGS
・HETEROGONY OF DEER ANTLERS
・METABOLIC RATES OF MAMMALS
The Derivation of Allometric Equations
Additional Considerations
・PRELIMINARY REGRESSIONS FROM LIMITED DATA
・WHY NOT USE MULTIPLE REGRESSION
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
Body Compartment-An Allometric Summary
Brain Size
Checks on Allometric Predictions for Body Components

4 Form and Structural Support
Endoskeltons
Birds
Exoskeltons
Tensile"Skeletons"

5 Homeostasis
Metabolism
・BODY-SURFACE AREA
・STANDARD METABOLIC RATE
・THE GEOMETRY OF FOUR DIMENSIONS
・DIMENSONAL ANALYSIS
・COMPROMISING WITH GRAVITY
Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
・RESPIRATION
・CIRCULATION
・SMALL INVERSE EXPONENTS AND INTENSE METABOLISM OF SMALL HOMEOTHERMS
Fuel Supply
・GUT CAPACITY
Fluid, Osmotic, and Ionic Homeostasis
・KIDNEY FUNCTION
・SIZE AND RECLAMATION OF FILTERED WATER
・WATER BALANCE

6 Physiological Time
Evolution of Function
Life Span

7 Locomotion
Running and Fiying
・EUTHERIAN MAMALS
Energy Costs LOcaomotion
・TERRESTRIAL LOCOMOTION
Migration
Uphill and Downhill
Traveling the Terrain

8 Environmental Coupling
Temperature and Heat Exchange
・THERMONEUTRALITY
・HEAT STRESS
Endurance
・FASTING ENDURANCE
・DESICCATION ENDURANCE
・DIVING ENDURANCE TIME
Energetics in the Wild
・EXISTENCE METABOLISM
・TOTAL ENERGY REQUIREMENTS
The Dimension of Time
Sensory Design: Hearing

9 Reproduction
Correlation with Size
Reproduction Energetics
Life Span of Gametes
More about Bird Eggs

10 Growth
The Scaling of Embryonic Growth
Size and the Pace of Growth
Allometric Comparisons of Growth
Provisions for Growth
Conclusions

11 Life History and Body Size
Home on the Range
Home Range and Population Density
Size, Competetition, and Energy Conversion
Crossing and Patrolling the Home Range
Territory Size in Birds
Time Scales in Ecology
Population Dynamics and Size
Survivorship with Age-Dependent Mortality
Population Cycles and Irruptions

12 Adaptive Strategies
Fish Gills
Evaporative Colling in 40-g Birds
The Eggs of Chicken-Sized Birds
Reproduction Energetics
Long Necks
Longevity of Mice
Growth Rates and Life Spans
r-Selection and K-Selection
Limits to Largness
Limits to Smallness
Limits to Body Size in Reproduction
Displacement among Body Sizes

14 Alternative and Applications
M1/3 Scaling-Still a Possibility
Allomertic Splitting and Grouping
Applied Aiiometry
・PALEOECOLOGY
・PHARMACOLOGY
・EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND ANALYSIS
Life-Histrory Pewrdulums

Epilogue

APPENDIX A
Symbols, Dimensions, and Units

APPENDIV B
Interpretation and Prediction from Allomertic Exponents

APPENDIX c
Study Problems("Allometricks")