paper代写-economic development and environmental protection

本篇paper代写-economic development and environmental protection讲了中国在近几十年来表现出强劲的增长态势，而一部分成就是在一定程度上以环境破坏为代价的。从历史上看，中国是农业经济，19世纪后期的自强运动，大型工厂和制造基地首次建立以来，工业化进程开始蓬勃发展。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

How to balance economic development and environmental protection
China has demonstrated a strong profile of growth in the recent decades, while a portion of the achievement was made at the cost of environment disruption to some extent. Historically, China was an agricultural economy, while industrialization began to prosper since the Self-Strengthening Movement in the late 19th century, when large scale factories and manufacturing bases were firstly established. In the mid of 20th century after the New China was founded, the industrialization was accelerated and peaked in the late 20th century when great fortune was generated by the industrial sector and numerous citizens accumulated much personal wealth brought by industrialization. However, what came alongside was the worsening of the environment. The air was usually grey filled with fog and haze, which made it hard for people to breathe. The water became turbid and unknown solid particles precipitated when flowing out from the water pipes. Land desertification turned to be more serious and biodiversity got hurt. People come to realize the importance of sustainable development and the necessity of economic transformation to obsolete the capacity that causes damage to the environment and cultivate green capacity which produces zero or almost zero harm to the environment.
The most obvious explanation for the issue is pollutive manufacturing. Theoretically the incentive for manufacturers to produce at the cost of environment disruption is the negative externality, that is, the personal cost in doing so is less than the social cost incurred while the benefit as a result is larger than personal cost yet smaller than social cost. In other words, manufacturers pursue their individual benefits by sacrificing the benefits of “others”, while unfortunately, the “others” also include their next generations in the long run, so if the manufacturers can realize this, they will be motivated to act in another way. In other words, sustainable development also needs a shift in how people view the environment, society and economy (Giddings, Hopwood and O’Brien 187).
What drives Chinese people to realize the economics of sustainable development is the negatives impact people have suffered from. To begin with, health issues emerge such as lung disease caused by air pollution when the density of PM2.5 exceeds the acceptable level and breathing becomes a problem especially in north China. Secondly, polluted rivers have induced poor water quality with bacteria contained inside. Thirdly, land desertification triggered by reckless logging has increased the frequency of sandstorm occurrence further worsening the weather condition. Fourthly, fog and haze decrease the visibility which makes it dangerous for driving or walking on the streets. Actually there are much more direct and indirect consequences of the environment disruption that would sustain into the future and continue to impact the next generations if not treated properly. People cannot just focus on short term interest; rather, they should look far into the future and explore how to develop the economy in a green and sustainable manner.
Actually economic development is not necessarily accompanied by environment disruption (Roca, Padilla, Farre and Galletto 230). There is no absolute contradiction between economic development and environmental protection; rather, these two can be balanced well. We should find the equilibrium with Pareto improvement where both polluters and environmentalists can benefit (Oates and McGartland 668).
According to the Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China, the government has launched a variety of strategies in dealing with the environment disruption issue. Firstly, the government has released several plans to treat the air and water pollution, including setting up a pollution treatment fund of RMB10.6 billion, coordinating different key areas to cooperate in pollution treatment, obsoleting pollutive vehicles and replacing them with new energy vehicles, establishing a strict petrol standard, monitoring and controlling the emission of pollutants, restricting the use of pesticides, and setting up the liability insurance system of ships’ contamination damages. Secondly, the government has reinforced the execution of laws and regulations regarding environmental protection, such as imposing penalty on those pollutive producers or taxing them to increase their personal cost so that the negative externality can be reduced. This can be treated as the functioning of the visible hand to help the market reach the balance between economic output and environment quality. Thirdly, the government has strengthened the education on environmental protection to help cultivate the sense of sustainable development, and involved citizens nationwide in the environmental protection campaign by setting up a public tips off platform to report any misconduct since information disclosure is believed to be helpful in cleaning the cities (Zheng, Kahn, Sun and Luo 61). Even if the treatment of pollution and improvement of environment cannot be completed overnight, we can still see that some periodical achievements have been made, which are quite important since the capacity to respond to short-run shocks is valued when measuring resilience (Perrings 503). Reinforcement of laws and education of the public matter a lot and contribute to the improved situation (Zhu 123). An air quality monitoring system has been established to enable prompt response to any emergency. The water quality gets controlled and the testing result shows that it is improved. The installation of anti-pollution equipment has reduced the emission of harmful chemical wastes greatly. And it is estimated that hundreds of millions of citizens have benefited from the treatment.
Apart from the measures implemented by the government, I would recommend two more strategies to handle the issue. First of all, innovation, research and development of clean technology should be encouraged forcefully. In detail, the country should finance the establishment of research centers and equip them with abundant resources including human resource, materials and other necessary facilities. More scholarships should be established to reward those university students who contribute to the research and development. Secondly, sustainable development requires the cooperation and participation from various parties including resource users and other interest groups (Folke, Carpenter, Elmqvist, Gunderson, Holling and Walker 437). Policy makers, companies, scholars, environmentalists, communities and other stakeholders should cooperate to make the economy develop in a green way. For instance, government intervention could be applied in rewarding those companies that behave well in line with green production and environmental production via tax incentives, funding, administrative procedures simplification and so forth. The first strategy takes effect by enhancing the technological capabilities to realize green production which focuses on essential hard skills, while the second strategy can help improve the situation by engaging each individual in the country in the implementation of sustainable development which emphasizes cooperation so that people make efforts in the same direction.
In summary, implementing the strategies above including strengthening education, involving all stakeholders, encouraging innovation, enforcing laws and regulations and utilizing both market forces and government intervention could be effective in reaching the balance between economic development and environmental protection and developing the economy in an environment-friendly manner.
References
Folke, Carl, et al. "Resilience and Sustainable Development: Building Adaptive Capacity in a World of Transformations." Ambio 31.5(2002):437-440.
Giddings, Bob, B. Hopwood, and G. O'Brien. "Environment, economy and society: fitting them together into sustainable development." Sustainable Development 10.4(2002):187-196.
Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China: 2015 Annual Report.
Oates, Wallace E., and A. M. Mcgartland. "Marketable Pollution Permits and Acid Rain Externalities: A Comment and Some Further Evidence. " Canadian Journal of Economics 18.3(1985):668-75.
Perrings, Charles. "Resilience in the Dynamics of Economy-Environment Systems." Environmental and Resource Economics 11.3(1998):503-520.
Roca, Jordi, et al. "Economic growth and atmospheric pollution in Spain: discussing the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis." Ecological Economics 63.1(2007):230-242.
Zheng, Siqi, M. E. Kahn, Weizeng Sun and Danglun Luo. "Incentives for China's urban mayors to mitigate pollution externalities: The role of the central government and public environmentalism." Regional Science & Urban Economics 47.1(2014):61-71.
Zhu, Zhiqun. "Political economy of China and India: dealing with air pollution in the two booming economies." Historia Actual Online 3.7(2005):123-132.

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paper代写-Is gender determined biologically

本篇paper代写-Is gender determined biologically讲了性别问题可追溯到原始社会，男性和女性注定要养育孩子，以使人类成为在危险和不文明的野生环境中生存的种族。即使在今天，我们也是刻板印象，以履行性别所赋予的责任。男人生物学上有运动爱好，对视频游戏非常感兴趣，娶一个女人，养育自己的孩子，肩负起家人的责任。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

Introduction
The issue of gender can be traced back to primitive society where men and women were destined to breed children in order to make human beings as a race survive in dangerous and uncivilized wild environment. Even today, we are stereotyped to honor the responsibilities endowed by gender. Man is biologically tasked to have a relish for sports, harbour great interest in video games, marry a woman, raise their babies and shoulder the responsibility of supporting his family. On the other hand, woman is sexually determined to sleep with adorable dolls, wear a makeup, fall in love with a macho, give births to their offspring and handle pileup of housework. However, such norm has seemingly been tinged by the fact that waves of tomboys, gays, lesbians and transvestites have come along. This essay is to discuss whether gender is biologically determined by presenting two opinions that run poles apart.
Gender is settled biologically
With a holistic, historical view, we can find that human society is etched with biological determinism in a belief that we act in certain ways owing to our physical make-up, even though these years has witnessed a notable number of cross dressers, gays or lesbians (Monro, 2005). It is safe to say that most people are born to do what their genders endow them with. Gender awareness is developed and consolidated through family background, childhood, education, career, interpersonal experience and social environment (Crown, 1980). All these factors need to be taken into consideration especially when we account for sexual disorder that once had barreled people for centuries.
Parent guidance
When a baby comes to the world, its folks——who have a fixed awareness about gender——are inclined to cultivate them in line with their biological genders. Parents tend to dress up and buy dolls for girls and give toy cars to boys as a way to shape and strengthen their children’ s gender consciousness. In this connection, gender is biologically determined for parents are deliberate to build up babies’ attitude, recognition and identities according to their sexes and whereby it is natural to see children, who have impacted by such parenting and gender guidance, behave what their genders entail.
Social environment
In addition to that, public opinions come as a significant driver for sex identity, providing an inexhaustible source of conventional attitude toward gender. As we all know, nearly all conventional generations oppose to sex disorder, which is disdained as degenerating or unhealthy trends. At this point, even the word of homosexuality comes in our sight more frequently, it remains unnatural and represents a niche share of social psychology. From conventional perspective, a man needs to do what his gender dictates him to do, so does a woman. And public opinions and common sense play an paramount role in forming such idea and guiding human beings to do what conforms to gender.
Shoesmith (2015) mentioned that sex identity and gender identity differ as the former refers to physical characteristics of female and male while the latter refers to psychological features. If you regard gender is biologically determined, you may mix sex identity with gender identity. Even biological gender has a great deal with or even determine psychological gender, it by no means has full rein on spiritual gender, as evidenced by homosexuality, cross dressers, tomboys, transvestites, bisexuality and many other “abnormal” phenomena that run apart from what we consider as traditional or regular.
Gender has less with biological characteristics than expected
If we cast aside conventional opinions and guidance from parents, which have been noted above, we may find gender has less than we expect with physical characteristics of male or female. Sex identification disorder——which is judged as inconsistency between sex identity and gender identity——comes as a negation on biological determinism.
Homosexuality
Since democracy and rule of law were established in this world, those with “abnormal” sexual orientation seemingly have been becoming more and more acceptable to the general public. If a gene or phenomenon could do harm to subsistence of human group, it would fade away as time elapses. Homosexuality, nevertheless, has lasted long. And this boils down to psychological development, which has little with biology.
Homosexuality stays as a fixed phrase in one’ s life when a child at 3 to 5 is likely to prefer one of the parents with the same gender while show animosity to the other one. If this child goes through such period normally, he or she will usher in a heterosexual future; if not, he or she might embark on a track toward homosexuality (Friedman & Downey, 2002).
Another “culprit” for existence of gays and lesbians is can be delved into in the angle of behaviorism. Reward and punishment serve as a forcible driver for the building of homosexual trend. On other words, if one has homosexual sex with another one and even derive impressive joy from it, or if one has undergone a heartbroken heterosexual relationship that turns out to end up in tragic agony, he or she is highly likely to convert his or her sexual orientation (Crown, 1980). This is a good reason for rife homosexuality in jail and army and for sudden conversion of sexual orientation.
Transgender
As science and technology have been pushed to a new height, transsexual surgery has been applied in more and more countries and is capturing an increasing number of males or females who are struggling to hold righteous view on gender. It is fair to say transforming gender can be seen as a symbol of gender identity disorder, which is rather different from homosexuality that is closely related to sex orientation or preference.
When a child at about 4 turns conscious about gender, he or she is to embrace a new phase where gender awareness comes to germinate and flourish (Hines, 2007). Postnatal environment and acquired education act as important impacts on the formation of gender identity. For example, a single-parent family is more likely to cultivate manly girls or girlish boys for the reason that those children cannot absorb and assimilate the characteristics presented by both sides of their parents (Hines, 2007).
Apart from that, castration anxiety——which is bound up with Oedipus complex——plays an indispensable role in the settling of gender identity (Freud, 1900). A boy at certain age will simulate and learn from his father and assimilate his knowledge into his own mind, so does a girl. If such process of assimilation is distorted, disorder of gender identity might be generated in the child, in whom hatred to its own gender will simmer. Some children with problematic assimilation are in danger of committing sexual crimes, becoming homosexual and transvestite or even taking transgender surgeries.
Conclusion
It is tempting to say that we need to take a two-faceted view on gender, which can be contemplated biologically and psychologically. We have to admit that for most people, psychological gender is consistent with biological sexuality. However, biological characteristics in no way fully determine gender identity, which is also related to family, social experience and environment for growth.

References
Crown, S. (1980). Psychosocial Aspects of Homosexuality. Journal of Medical Ethics, 6(3), 130-132.
Freud, S. (1900). The Interpretation of Dreams. Franz Deuticke, Leipzig & Vienna.
Friedman, R., & Downey, J. (2002). Sexual Orientation and Psychodynamic Psychotherapy: Sexual Science and Clinical Practice. Columbia University Press.
Hines, S. (2007). TransForming gender: Transgender practices of identity, intimacy and care. Policy Press at the University of Bristol.
Monro, S. (2005). Gender Politics: Citizenship, Activism and Sexual Diversity. Pluto Books.
Shoesmith, G. (2015). Psychology: A New Complete GCSE Course, for AQA Specification 4180. Cambridge: Lutterworth Press.

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paper代写-produced with difficulty that people truly value

本篇paper代写-produced with difficulty that people truly value讲了人们只会重视一些困难的知识，而忽视了一些简单但基本的知识的平等的态度。考虑到简单基础知识在人类革命悠久的历史中发挥的重要作用，我反对国家。人们通常理解的知识，在理论上和实际上都可以被认为是某种形式的理解。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

I think the title clearly states that people only attach importance to some difficult knowledge, but ignore the equal state of some simple but basic knowledge. Considering the significant role the simple and basic knowledge has played in the long history of human revolution, I am against the state. Knowledge, as people commonly comprehended, can be referred to as a certain form of understanding of a subject both theoretically and practically. However, when it comes to the question of the definition of knowledge, it remains under heated discussions in philosophy and literature fields. It is also a cognitive form that involves the progress of acquisition and propagation, and it serves as an essential role in the civilized human society and distinguishes human from other kind of animals. With its nature of a complex consistence and the difficulties that may occur on every section of its progress, there always exists knowledge produced with difficulty. Thus, considering the very statement of knowledge to be the very basic of human society, it is hard to evaluate whether we value a certain knowledge, not to mention the one people have sweated for. As the word value, is defined to illustrate the behavior to reflect the importance of a certain thing. Somehow the knowledge is always bound with importance, no matter it is had won or daily witnessed, there is no such ranks in the world of knowledge, simply incomparable. So as to illustrate such thoughts, the knowledge can be further elaborated and divided into the art area and math area.
There are always news come as the Nobel Prizes releases its lists, rewarding the scientists for their outstanding achievements in making breakthrough in some sophisticated areas that requires both intelligence and diligence to overcome thousands of difficulties that occurred in the progress. Discoveries are made and people seem to pay more attention to these hard earned knowledge. People sell every kind of them to make profits. But people can never escape the truth that all of the new breakthroughs are based on some simple rules that apply to all people like the simple addition. So many simple rules accumulate and develop the question into something that involves hundreds of years and thousands of intelligent heads to solve. This is not a denial to intelligence, but it is the basic element of the world. And that knowledge cross subjects is incomparable. Treasures are the literature and art created by writers and artists, it costs time and efforts but it is not to be discovered. The knowledge of simple rules and art that acquired easily is no less important than the knowledge produced with difficulty. That is to say, from this point of view, it is not only knowledge produced with difficulty that we truly value.
Math, generally speaking, is based on simple rules that are no less valuable than that produced with difficulties. We do value the ones produced with difficulty, which are mainly applied in some highly academic Ares like astrophysics, applied mathematics and so on. Those knowledge usually require much more time, cost more money and brainchild to produce, and that can be treated as more difficulty. Scientists are making great benefits for the whole human beings using the hard earned accomplishments of modern technology and science, and people cannot deny that we are living in a world where knowledge is advocated and it will always be advocated in the following generations. Some of the top technologies are owned by big enterprises and are used to serve a certain group of people commercially. People even invented Copyrights to protect the ownership of the knowledge. This kind of behavior is just an epitome of the commercialized technology society. Like the competitions between Apple and Microsoft, people are racing for knowledge. There is no doubt that the company who processes a comparably more humanized or user-friendly will cut the edge, which indicates the higher-technology brings more money, or more worthy. People may recognize it as the evidence to prove the higher value they put on knowledge produced with (comparably more) difficulty, but it is actually how the knowledge is used in the commercial area. People confound the concepts of commercial use and with knowledge itself so easily that they may simply define the knowledge as a productive force. However, from my point of view, to speak purely on the being of the knowledge itself, it is equal. The ones produced with difficulty are the superimposition of some simple ones; it always involves difficulty to deconstruct the myth of how they are composite. Just imagine, if the simple rules are not processed, what will happen to those complex ones? There will be certainly no way to explore them, not to mention difficulty.
When it comes to the area of Arts, the existence of knowledge is even something more complex than it is in the Math area. Poems, paintings, writings, all kinds of arts convey not only knowledge’s, but also feelings. Unlike math that there is concepts of right and wrong, the art is not judged with exactness. Everyone has a unique feeling to insert into art works. And it involves the progresses of creating, transmitting, accepting and understanding. What’s more, arts are knowledge of artificial intelligence, it is something that within the human activities. And as long as it is based on humanity, there is always pattern to follow. However, this pattern is beyond skills or difficulty, it is stimulated by inspirations. Though people may argue that the some of the journeys to seek inspirations are filled with difficulty, which indicates that the knowledge itself is filled with difficulty, it is still hard to evaluate the value the knowledge carries and the way people value it. For example, not through wars do people understand peace, not through death people cherish life. These sounds really true, but people never actually dislike peace or abandon life. In this way, It is hard to say difficulty have something to do with the importance of the art knowledge. Great poems might be written after the poets are terribly drunk, and they write the prom without thinking. Some of the artists spent their whole life seeking for true beauty, but what they have found never came into the crowd’s view. And that some people are simply aggressively antagonistic towards work that may reflect negative emotions which is redirected by difficulty. So that the value of art knowledge is not judged on whether it is produced with difficulty, but it is something associated with individual’s appreciation.
In our everyday life, we are using some most simple knowledge in most of the time. But as the cognitive development goes, difficult knowledge is required, which marks the development of the human civilization. Like the design of the computer, the way people snap and talk, everything can escape the fundamental ones. And that people are still struggling through difficulty to achieve more knowledge, which is the base of future achievements. Things are internally developing as well as the knowledge is more difficult to achieve. This is the fundamental rule that should never be forgotten.
Knowledge is the very basic element of civilization, and it should be processed step by step, with the easiest one till the one under research to the future ones. Difficult ones are developed from the simplest ones, they multiply and systematic knowledge is born. Neither should be neglected or attached with little importance. It is not only the knowledge produced with difficulty that people truly value.

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paper代写-Survival Under the Pressure of English Subjects

本篇paper代写-Survival Under the Pressure of English Subjects讲了在世界各地移民后代的多元文化国家，设计学生，教师，校长和地区政府的双语教育计划时，应考虑四个主要因素。课程的重点应该是在课外活动中应用沟通技巧，而不是考试的另一主题。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

Introduction
In a multi-cultural country with descendants of immigrants from all over the world, four major factors should be considered when designing bilingual education programs, which are students, teachers, principals and regional governments. The emphasis of the programs should be on the application of communication skills in extracurricular activities, rather than another subject for the exams. From the initiation of a policy it goes through various levels of elements, each playing a role determining if the policy is a success at the end. This essay will follow the imaginary path of a bilingual education policy from the perspective of a policy maker, and examine how each element shapes the policy into its finalized form. Bilingual education in the public schools should distinguish itself from the traditional English programs in terms of subject scope, assessment system and mode of instruction, in order to be successful in the US public schools.
Demand of Students
There has been numerous research proving that the exposure to a bilingual environment is beneficial to a child or student in both language proficiency and intelligence. However, it is still disputable whether having a parallel language education is superior to the traditional English education. Some even doubt that learning a second language would interfere with the English education negatively (Johnson, 92-112). It is undeniable that to fully master a language and appreciate the beauty of it through literature, it would take years of immersion in the environment and a lot of effort in reading and writing. The public schools in the United States are only capable of providing such an education program in English. If the proportion of the second language is the same as English, the time spent on both languages would be halved, with the increase risk of only superficial understanding of the languages. Therefore, the bilingual education should still have one primary choice of language, assisted by theoretical concepts of a second language.
Using the mother language also help students create a safe atmosphere. Students from the same background can find common language more easily with the use of their mother language. As a result, the confidence and sense of cultural identity are created, thus promoting cultural diversity on campus. Being able to engage in activities in two languages is one of the biggest advantages of a bilingual program (Tabari & Firooz, 310). There are worries about the exclusivity and racial separation caused by it, but with proper arrangement and mixture of both English and secondary language activities it will be no issue. The advantages of bilingual education are not obvious in other areas of studies, such as math and science courses in a secondary language. Despite the implementation of such subjects in some schools, it is unnecessary and confusing for students. The importance of consistency in learning science subjects should be emphasized to avoid memorizing all the terminologies in different languages. Some may argue that it helps student understand the concept better if it was in their mother tongue, but the time spent on it is still wasteful. In order to be fully prepared for more advanced levels of education, which is in English, student should spend more time taking in the concepts and terms in English. In summary, bilingual programs are necessary for students to broaden their horizons, however, there should be a line drawn between science subjects and liberal arts ones. Non-English subjects should only be offered in subjects that are most relevant to the students’ daily lives, with the minimum interference with the ordinary English subjects.
Policy Practice and Adaption by Teachers
Teachers are the final link of the execution of a policy thus they are the key to the successful of an education program. In the bilingual program, teachers may find it difficult to truly help the students if they are from a different background. When in such a situation, the teachers should be prepared not to rushing into judgement by single behaviors of the students, since sometimes it is only the cultural difference that creates the misunderstanding. A teacher needs to engage with the students in ways that account for social and political backgrounds. Such preparations can be from self-studying, or a holistic approach where teachers learn about the linguistic, racial, and cultural backgrounds (Kim & Kara, 122-132). Only when a teacher understands where are the students from, what are the social, political and racial circumstances of the students can they provide psychological support for the students.
Sometimes, there are students in class with a higher level of mastery of the language than the rest, which becomes a motivation for the teachers to go beyond the guidelines and make adaptations. For students with higher proficiency level, teacher should usually provide extra materials or bonus assignments for them. However, most of the teachers fails to differentiate the autonomy needs of part of the student and give unified assignments. Adjustments in the program can be made to focus less on marks and increase the flexibility of the language courses to cater for the needs of different students (Kim & Kara, 122-132). With the supportive atmosphere, students can learn from each other and adapt to competitive learning as well. During the implementation of language policy, teachers adopt methods of teaching based on their own beliefs, which can be inaccurate sometimes. Sometimes they are faced with multiple yet conflicting mechanisms which makes it difficult for them to select the most advantageous way (Hopkins, 573-605). Therefore, it is important to consider the possible teaching scenarios while making the policy, so that there would be a cohesive and systematic way for the teachers to follow when in doubt.
Policy Adoption by School Principals
In the year of 2001, the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) policy was introduced. The bilingual program dropout rates for schools in New York increased dramatically in the years that followed. The NCLB was an invasive policy that had strict standards on students’ grades. It was later discovered that whenever emergent bilinguals do not perform well for the NCLB standards, bilingual programs were there to take the blame. People were convinced that the elimination of bilingual programs would help students focus on English subjects only and get better grades. However, such allegations are merely based on unsubstantiated beliefs and biases (Menken, 104). As a result of the decisions, most of the schools dropped the bilingual program to push the students for better performance in other subjects. When the principals were interviewed about the major factor that led to the abandonment of the bilingual programs, the answer was unanimous: the high pressure of accountability for students’ academic performances. It was only the few schools with a firm belief in bilingual education that kept the bilingual programs under pressure.
While it has been proved, that bilingual programs are not the primary objective for the policy makers, the failure of bilingual programs under the pressure of NCLB made people think about how the bilingual program can survive under the accountability pressure and competition from traditional English programs. With the fierce competition from other programs that push for performance, the bilingual programs should adopt a different approach that focus more on extracurricular activities and less on academic performances. It is also effective to learn and use a language in the real-life context, instead of reading from textbooks. The NCLB and the following “Race to the Top” programs are both systematic and rigorous ways to assess student continuously (Menken, 120). On the contrary, bilingual programs should promote on the light-heartedness and “soft skills” obtained in the program. The evaluation of the program can also be more versatile so that instead of a burden for school principals, it becomes a selling point of cultural vibrancy and diversity.
Policy Appropriation by the State and Local Governments
While the NCLB puts huge pressure of accountability on the shoulders of school principals, the multi-layered language policy makes it possible for state governments to shape the appropriation of federal language policy. With the federal policy shifting its focus away from bilingual education, some states implemented policies that revalue the importance of it and bring it back for the students. With different ways of interpretation, the same policies will have very different results in different states. When the policies are enacted under a social background, there is always a space where people can negotiate and find ways to respond to the policies to fit their best interest (Johnson, 92-112). In a multicultural region, despite the NCLB’s rigorous pursuit for performance, governments can still find ways to fit bilingual courses and activities into the students’ timetables.
Conclusion
Policy making is no easy task with the complexity of all the factors involved. Therefore, it is crucial to find the main elements that matter the most for the successful implementation of a policy. Students are the source of demand for a bilingual education program, which should fit the needs of the students in a social context, rather than in textbooks. Teachers are the practitioners of the policies, who must be made prepared and informed about the different cultural information needed. Adaptation of the program to different levels of student should also be provided in a systematic way. School are the decision makers on whether to adopt a bilingual program. When designing such a program it should be noted that no conflict between programs occur. To achieve this goal a reform is needed for the bilingual program to focus more on extracurricular activities and less on marks. This reduces the pressure on both the schools and the students. Finally, states and regional government are also key players with the ability to adapt to a policy into a more localized and customized form. Only when all the factors are considered can one make a decision that truly improve the students’ mastery of a second, or even third language.

References
Hopkins, Megan. “Beliefs in Context: Understanding Language Policy Implementation
at a Systems Level” Educational Policy June 2016 30: 573-605, first published on September 21, 2014 doi:10.1177/0895904814550073
Johnson, Eric J., and David C. Johnson. "Language Policy and Bilingual Education in
Arizona and Washington State." International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, vol. 18, no. 1, 2015., pp. 92-112 doi:10.1080/13670050.2014.882288.
Kim, Jung-In, and Kara M. Viesca. "Three Reading-Intervention Teachers' Identity
Positioning and Practices to Motivate and Engage Emergent Bilinguals in an Urban Middle School." Teaching and Teacher Education, vol. 55, 2016., pp. 122-132 doi:10.1016/j.tate.2016.01.003.
Menken, Kate, and Cristian Solorza. "No Child Left Bilingual: Accountability and the
Elimination of Bilingual Education Programs in New York City Schools." Educational Policy, vol. 28, no. 1, 2014;2012;., pp. 96-125 doi:10.1177/0895904812468228.
Tabari, Fatemeh, and Firooz Sadighi. "Bilingual Education; from Theory to Practice."
Modern Journal of Language Teaching Methods, vol. 4, no. 2, 2014., pp. 310.

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paper代写-How human survival and development

本篇paper代写-How human survival and development讲了人类的生存与发展自古以来就成为人们关注的重要课题，作为社会产品分配的手段，工资是人类发展的基础。当人们学习经济问题时，其性质和如何确定标准自然成为重要因素之一。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

How human survival and development has been an important topic of concern since ancient times, as a means of the social product distribution, wage is the foundation of human development. Its nature and how to determine the criteria naturally becomes one of the important elements when people study economic issues. Whatever it was the classical economics of the 17th century or the neoclassical economics and the modern economics of various economic theories consider the essence, the determination, the different function, the generation and role of wages as the important issues of its study. Economists try to explain the factors which determine wage, so they formed a variety of wage decision theory, and organized a comparative analysis of various wage determination theory, it is undoubted for some enterprises to explore and improve the wage determination mechanism with a high reference value. Today's enterprise's salary management not only relates to the vital interests of the employees but also to the realization of the whole enterprise's goal. Therefore, how to design a reasonable and competitive salary system according to the enterprises own characteristics from the enterprise's strategic goal so as to attract and retain talent, motivate staff, improve work efficiency, and ultimately achieve short-term and long-term business goals. This is the business managers have been concerned about in business activities; it is also an important management activity. Pay system design is good or bad sometimes directly related to the success and failure of the enterprise.
This paper summarizes several typical wage theories in classical, modern and modern economics. This is not a theory that refutes another theory. It analyzes the reasons for the gap of the wage in the society in order to draw an integration of practical guidance to the idea.
Classical economics, Adam Smith believed that wage labor • currency price, cause wage variance is occupational factors (the degree of difficulty of work, work and study the degree of difficulty, job stability, work accountability, working likelihood of success ) and policy factors (restricting labor competition and limiting labor mobility). Ricardo argued that the natural price of labor depended on the price of the laborers themselves and on the necessities of family life. The market price of labor is the price actually paid to the labor by the supply and demand of the labor market, and the natural price of labor has historical differences and regional differences.The theory of wage funds from Muller thought that the total wage fund decided by the total capital labor and other capital ratio, the level of wages, the total amount of funds and by the number of labor, the wage gap is due to free competition, monopoly, gender and so on.
In modern economics, Clark proposed the marginal productivity distribution theory, the wage level is determined by the output of the last unit of labor, in the absence of economic friction, the industry wage is not different, and the existence of various economic friction determines the wage fluctuations. Marshall analyzed the wage decision process by the analysis method of the equilibrium .The equilibrium wage is determined by the supply and demand of the labor market. The change of the commodity market, the working condition, the workability and the social habit influence the wage gap. In collective bargaining wage theory, he has emphased the importance of the trade union organizations to wages. The trade unions and employers' associations determine the wage range through collective bargaining.The reasons for the wage gap is that the workers' ignorance,career conversion costs, external forces.
In the case of constant capital, in the process of increasing labor, the average distribution of production tools and raw materials per unit of laborers is reduced, the supply of technology is deteriorating, and the quantity of products produced by one unit of labor increases must be less than the previous unit of labor produced by the number of products, which is the law of diminishing marginal productivity of labor. The figure below gives a description of this law, assuming that capital is fixed, the abscissa means the labor input, the vertical axis means the unit of labor output. Now use the AiBi line to express the labor produced by the first unit with the aid of a certain capital, use the A2B: line to express the increase in the output of the second unit of labor, and so on, the increase in the output of the last unit of labor is represented by the AsBs line.
In modern economics, Schultz and Becker put forward the theory of human capital, they believe that human capital can be obtained through education and training, the size of the human capital stock determines the level of wages, human capital investment in labor efficiency and "compensation Effect "led to wage differentials. In the case of labor market segmentation, the labor force between the market can not be normal flow, different labor market wage determination mechanism is different, each market has independent market characteristics, different market operation mechanism, wage difference also exists. The efficiency of wage theory argues that companies are willing to pay higher than the equilibrium level of wages in order to improve efficiency, prevent the slow down, reduce the work rate. Due to different labor costs, training costs, the demand for talent, business management model, resulting in a wage gap. Weizman's "sharing theory" persits that the wage system should be related to the operating conditions of the enterprise pay system, the main difference between the wages of workers because the difference of shareing wage .
The wage theory of Marxism thinks that wages are the monetary value of labor performance, wages are influncedby by the supply,the demand and the impact of competition of the labor market, the labor value will fluctuate as the center, the wage difference is due to differences in labor value and labor exploitation. According to the applicability, openness, explanatory power of the theory , Marxist wage theory can become the theoretical basis for the analysis of wage gap in the industry.
Along the Marxist analysis of the wage theory, the industry wage decision is divided into two parts: labor value factors and labor market factors, the former is the determining factor, which is the influencing factor. Firstly, the value of the means of subsistence of the labor force itself determines the wage of the industry. With the development of social production and the progress of science and technology, the labor productivity of all trades and professions has been improved to varying degrees. The same is true in the sectors of production and daily life. The working time of production and living materials is shortened in varying degrees, The unit value of the various subsistence also declined, but this does not mean that the value of labor force industry also declined. Because the labor value is the sum of the various means of subsistence, rather than the unit value of the means of subsistence, when an industry's labor intensity becomes large, the labor environment is poor, increasing the physiological and spiritual tension and pain, the labor required to compensate for the labor cost of the sum of the means of subsistence is bound to increase, the wage level is bound to be high. Therefore, the size of the wage industry should be decided by the total value of the means of subsistence of industry itself necessary.Besides,the total value of the industry is associated with the labor intensity, labor characteristics and the labor environment.Secondly, the industry's decision is decided by the family members of the labor force and the value of their children. Determining the value of the labor force is also the sum of the family members' value from the industry rather than the unit value of the means of subsistence. The sum of the value of means of subsistence is related to the number of family members of the labor force in the sector. The more the number of family members are, the more the means of subsistence are required. The number of family members is related to the infant's birth rate, life expectancy and welfare status.Thirdly, education and training costs are decided by the industry wage. Labor must have a certain labor capacity and labor skills in the labor process, different industries have different specific labor, labor skills, the labor force must go through a certain period of education and training before participate in a certain industry.
Labor market changes can affect wages, labor demand (changes in production technology, domestic product markets and international product markets) can lead to changes in wages, labor supply can lead wage changes in the opposite direction and labor market failure (labor market segmentation, monopolization of product markets, externalities of human capital and asymmetric information in the labor market) are uncertain about the direction of wage change.
In summary, the factors that affect the wage gap are mainly the two aspects of labor value and market. Wage difference is also a common phenomenon in society. We should take measures to minimize the wage gap rather than allow it to develop.

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