本篇paper代写-economic development and environmental protection讲了中国在近几十年来表现出强劲的增长态势，而一部分成就是在一定程度上以环境破坏为代价的。从历史上看，中国是农业经济，19世纪后期的自强运动，大型工厂和制造基地首次建立以来，工业化进程开始蓬勃发展。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。
How to balance economic development and environmental protection
China has demonstrated a strong profile of growth in the recent decades, while a portion of the achievement was made at the cost of environment disruption to some extent. Historically, China was an agricultural economy, while industrialization began to prosper since the Self-Strengthening Movement in the late 19th century, when large scale factories and manufacturing bases were firstly established. In the mid of 20th century after the New China was founded, the industrialization was accelerated and peaked in the late 20th century when great fortune was generated by the industrial sector and numerous citizens accumulated much personal wealth brought by industrialization. However, what came alongside was the worsening of the environment. The air was usually grey filled with fog and haze, which made it hard for people to breathe. The water became turbid and unknown solid particles precipitated when flowing out from the water pipes. Land desertification turned to be more serious and biodiversity got hurt. People come to realize the importance of sustainable development and the necessity of economic transformation to obsolete the capacity that causes damage to the environment and cultivate green capacity which produces zero or almost zero harm to the environment.
The most obvious explanation for the issue is pollutive manufacturing. Theoretically the incentive for manufacturers to produce at the cost of environment disruption is the negative externality, that is, the personal cost in doing so is less than the social cost incurred while the benefit as a result is larger than personal cost yet smaller than social cost. In other words, manufacturers pursue their individual benefits by sacrificing the benefits of “others”, while unfortunately, the “others” also include their next generations in the long run, so if the manufacturers can realize this, they will be motivated to act in another way. In other words, sustainable development also needs a shift in how people view the environment, society and economy (Giddings, Hopwood and O’Brien 187).
What drives Chinese people to realize the economics of sustainable development is the negatives impact people have suffered from. To begin with, health issues emerge such as lung disease caused by air pollution when the density of PM2.5 exceeds the acceptable level and breathing becomes a problem especially in north China. Secondly, polluted rivers have induced poor water quality with bacteria contained inside. Thirdly, land desertification triggered by reckless logging has increased the frequency of sandstorm occurrence further worsening the weather condition. Fourthly, fog and haze decrease the visibility which makes it dangerous for driving or walking on the streets. Actually there are much more direct and indirect consequences of the environment disruption that would sustain into the future and continue to impact the next generations if not treated properly. People cannot just focus on short term interest; rather, they should look far into the future and explore how to develop the economy in a green and sustainable manner.
Actually economic development is not necessarily accompanied by environment disruption (Roca, Padilla, Farre and Galletto 230). There is no absolute contradiction between economic development and environmental protection; rather, these two can be balanced well. We should find the equilibrium with Pareto improvement where both polluters and environmentalists can benefit (Oates and McGartland 668).
According to the Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China, the government has launched a variety of strategies in dealing with the environment disruption issue. Firstly, the government has released several plans to treat the air and water pollution, including setting up a pollution treatment fund of RMB10.6 billion, coordinating different key areas to cooperate in pollution treatment, obsoleting pollutive vehicles and replacing them with new energy vehicles, establishing a strict petrol standard, monitoring and controlling the emission of pollutants, restricting the use of pesticides, and setting up the liability insurance system of ships’ contamination damages. Secondly, the government has reinforced the execution of laws and regulations regarding environmental protection, such as imposing penalty on those pollutive producers or taxing them to increase their personal cost so that the negative externality can be reduced. This can be treated as the functioning of the visible hand to help the market reach the balance between economic output and environment quality. Thirdly, the government has strengthened the education on environmental protection to help cultivate the sense of sustainable development, and involved citizens nationwide in the environmental protection campaign by setting up a public tips off platform to report any misconduct since information disclosure is believed to be helpful in cleaning the cities (Zheng, Kahn, Sun and Luo 61). Even if the treatment of pollution and improvement of environment cannot be completed overnight, we can still see that some periodical achievements have been made, which are quite important since the capacity to respond to short-run shocks is valued when measuring resilience (Perrings 503). Reinforcement of laws and education of the public matter a lot and contribute to the improved situation (Zhu 123). An air quality monitoring system has been established to enable prompt response to any emergency. The water quality gets controlled and the testing result shows that it is improved. The installation of anti-pollution equipment has reduced the emission of harmful chemical wastes greatly. And it is estimated that hundreds of millions of citizens have benefited from the treatment.
Apart from the measures implemented by the government, I would recommend two more strategies to handle the issue. First of all, innovation, research and development of clean technology should be encouraged forcefully. In detail, the country should finance the establishment of research centers and equip them with abundant resources including human resource, materials and other necessary facilities. More scholarships should be established to reward those university students who contribute to the research and development. Secondly, sustainable development requires the cooperation and participation from various parties including resource users and other interest groups (Folke, Carpenter, Elmqvist, Gunderson, Holling and Walker 437). Policy makers, companies, scholars, environmentalists, communities and other stakeholders should cooperate to make the economy develop in a green way. For instance, government intervention could be applied in rewarding those companies that behave well in line with green production and environmental production via tax incentives, funding, administrative procedures simplification and so forth. The first strategy takes effect by enhancing the technological capabilities to realize green production which focuses on essential hard skills, while the second strategy can help improve the situation by engaging each individual in the country in the implementation of sustainable development which emphasizes cooperation so that people make efforts in the same direction.
In summary, implementing the strategies above including strengthening education, involving all stakeholders, encouraging innovation, enforcing laws and regulations and utilizing both market forces and government intervention could be effective in reaching the balance between economic development and environmental protection and developing the economy in an environment-friendly manner.
References
Folke, Carl, et al. "Resilience and Sustainable Development: Building Adaptive Capacity in a World of Transformations." Ambio 31.5(2002):437-440.
Giddings, Bob, B. Hopwood, and G. O'Brien. "Environment, economy and society: fitting them together into sustainable development." Sustainable Development 10.4(2002):187-196.
Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China: 2015 Annual Report.
Oates, Wallace E., and A. M. Mcgartland. "Marketable Pollution Permits and Acid Rain Externalities: A Comment and Some Further Evidence. " Canadian Journal of Economics 18.3(1985):668-75.
Perrings, Charles. "Resilience in the Dynamics of Economy-Environment Systems." Environmental and Resource Economics 11.3(1998):503-520.
Roca, Jordi, et al. "Economic growth and atmospheric pollution in Spain: discussing the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis." Ecological Economics 63.1(2007):230-242.
Zheng, Siqi, M. E. Kahn, Weizeng Sun and Danglun Luo. "Incentives for China's urban mayors to mitigate pollution externalities: The role of the central government and public environmentalism." Regional Science & Urban Economics 47.1(2014):61-71.
Zhu, Zhiqun. "Political economy of China and India: dealing with air pollution in the two booming economies." Historia Actual Online 3.7(2005):123-132.
要想成绩好，英国论文得写好，51due代写平台为你提供英国留学资讯，专业辅导，还为你提供专业英国essay代写，paper代写，report代写，需要找论文代写的话快来联系我们51due吧。—Ace
How to balance economic development and environmental protection
China has demonstrated a strong profile of growth in the recent decades, while a portion of the achievement was made at the cost of environment disruption to some extent. Historically, China was an agricultural economy, while industrialization began to prosper since the Self-Strengthening Movement in the late 19th century, when large scale factories and manufacturing bases were firstly established. In the mid of 20th century after the New China was founded, the industrialization was accelerated and peaked in the late 20th century when great fortune was generated by the industrial sector and numerous citizens accumulated much personal wealth brought by industrialization. However, what came alongside was the worsening of the environment. The air was usually grey filled with fog and haze, which made it hard for people to breathe. The water became turbid and unknown solid particles precipitated when flowing out from the water pipes. Land desertification turned to be more serious and biodiversity got hurt. People come to realize the importance of sustainable development and the necessity of economic transformation to obsolete the capacity that causes damage to the environment and cultivate green capacity which produces zero or almost zero harm to the environment.
The most obvious explanation for the issue is pollutive manufacturing. Theoretically the incentive for manufacturers to produce at the cost of environment disruption is the negative externality, that is, the personal cost in doing so is less than the social cost incurred while the benefit as a result is larger than personal cost yet smaller than social cost. In other words, manufacturers pursue their individual benefits by sacrificing the benefits of “others”, while unfortunately, the “others” also include their next generations in the long run, so if the manufacturers can realize this, they will be motivated to act in another way. In other words, sustainable development also needs a shift in how people view the environment, society and economy (Giddings, Hopwood and O’Brien 187).
What drives Chinese people to realize the economics of sustainable development is the negatives impact people have suffered from. To begin with, health issues emerge such as lung disease caused by air pollution when the density of PM2.5 exceeds the acceptable level and breathing becomes a problem especially in north China. Secondly, polluted rivers have induced poor water quality with bacteria contained inside. Thirdly, land desertification triggered by reckless logging has increased the frequency of sandstorm occurrence further worsening the weather condition. Fourthly, fog and haze decrease the visibility which makes it dangerous for driving or walking on the streets. Actually there are much more direct and indirect consequences of the environment disruption that would sustain into the future and continue to impact the next generations if not treated properly. People cannot just focus on short term interest; rather, they should look far into the future and explore how to develop the economy in a green and sustainable manner.
Actually economic development is not necessarily accompanied by environment disruption (Roca, Padilla, Farre and Galletto 230). There is no absolute contradiction between economic development and environmental protection; rather, these two can be balanced well. We should find the equilibrium with Pareto improvement where both polluters and environmentalists can benefit (Oates and McGartland 668).
According to the Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China, the government has launched a variety of strategies in dealing with the environment disruption issue. Firstly, the government has released several plans to treat the air and water pollution, including setting up a pollution treatment fund of RMB10.6 billion, coordinating different key areas to cooperate in pollution treatment, obsoleting pollutive vehicles and replacing them with new energy vehicles, establishing a strict petrol standard, monitoring and controlling the emission of pollutants, restricting the use of pesticides, and setting up the liability insurance system of ships’ contamination damages. Secondly, the government has reinforced the execution of laws and regulations regarding environmental protection, such as imposing penalty on those pollutive producers or taxing them to increase their personal cost so that the negative externality can be reduced. This can be treated as the functioning of the visible hand to help the market reach the balance between economic output and environment quality. Thirdly, the government has strengthened the education on environmental protection to help cultivate the sense of sustainable development, and involved citizens nationwide in the environmental protection campaign by setting up a public tips off platform to report any misconduct since information disclosure is believed to be helpful in cleaning the cities (Zheng, Kahn, Sun and Luo 61). Even if the treatment of pollution and improvement of environment cannot be completed overnight, we can still see that some periodical achievements have been made, which are quite important since the capacity to respond to short-run shocks is valued when measuring resilience (Perrings 503). Reinforcement of laws and education of the public matter a lot and contribute to the improved situation (Zhu 123). An air quality monitoring system has been established to enable prompt response to any emergency. The water quality gets controlled and the testing result shows that it is improved. The installation of anti-pollution equipment has reduced the emission of harmful chemical wastes greatly. And it is estimated that hundreds of millions of citizens have benefited from the treatment.
Apart from the measures implemented by the government, I would recommend two more strategies to handle the issue. First of all, innovation, research and development of clean technology should be encouraged forcefully. In detail, the country should finance the establishment of research centers and equip them with abundant resources including human resource, materials and other necessary facilities. More scholarships should be established to reward those university students who contribute to the research and development. Secondly, sustainable development requires the cooperation and participation from various parties including resource users and other interest groups (Folke, Carpenter, Elmqvist, Gunderson, Holling and Walker 437). Policy makers, companies, scholars, environmentalists, communities and other stakeholders should cooperate to make the economy develop in a green way. For instance, government intervention could be applied in rewarding those companies that behave well in line with green production and environmental production via tax incentives, funding, administrative procedures simplification and so forth. The first strategy takes effect by enhancing the technological capabilities to realize green production which focuses on essential hard skills, while the second strategy can help improve the situation by engaging each individual in the country in the implementation of sustainable development which emphasizes cooperation so that people make efforts in the same direction.
In summary, implementing the strategies above including strengthening education, involving all stakeholders, encouraging innovation, enforcing laws and regulations and utilizing both market forces and government intervention could be effective in reaching the balance between economic development and environmental protection and developing the economy in an environment-friendly manner.
References
Folke, Carl, et al. "Resilience and Sustainable Development: Building Adaptive Capacity in a World of Transformations." Ambio 31.5(2002):437-440.
Giddings, Bob, B. Hopwood, and G. O'Brien. "Environment, economy and society: fitting them together into sustainable development." Sustainable Development 10.4(2002):187-196.
Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China: 2015 Annual Report.
Oates, Wallace E., and A. M. Mcgartland. "Marketable Pollution Permits and Acid Rain Externalities: A Comment and Some Further Evidence. " Canadian Journal of Economics 18.3(1985):668-75.
Perrings, Charles. "Resilience in the Dynamics of Economy-Environment Systems." Environmental and Resource Economics 11.3(1998):503-520.
Roca, Jordi, et al. "Economic growth and atmospheric pollution in Spain: discussing the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis." Ecological Economics 63.1(2007):230-242.
Zheng, Siqi, M. E. Kahn, Weizeng Sun and Danglun Luo. "Incentives for China's urban mayors to mitigate pollution externalities: The role of the central government and public environmentalism." Regional Science & Urban Economics 47.1(2014):61-71.
Zhu, Zhiqun. "Political economy of China and India: dealing with air pollution in the two booming economies." Historia Actual Online 3.7(2005):123-132.
要想成绩好，英国论文得写好，51due代写平台为你提供英国留学资讯，专业辅导，还为你提供专业英国essay代写，paper代写，report代写，需要找论文代写的话快来联系我们51due吧。—Ace
※コメント投稿者のブログIDはブログ作成者のみに通知されます