"Green Revolution" has a major impact on China

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- "Green Revolution" has a major impact on China，本文讲述今天的今天，绿色革命的社会经济影响已经正确地转移到了公众辩论的最前沿.1960年代末期开始使用``绿色革命''一词来涵盖``新技术''及其随后的后果。这项技术包括谷物，特别是矮小的小麦和水稻等新的高产品种（HYV），以及化肥和农用化学品，以及受控的水供应（通常涉及灌溉）和新的耕种方法，包括机械化。所有这些都被视为取代“传统”技术的“一揽子实践”，并将被整体采用。 “绿色革命”一词似乎是由美国国际援助局（USAID）执行官威廉·S·高德（Wade，1974）发明的，由于“新技术”的含义，它可能具有重要意义。不仅将增加产量并消除饥饿，而且还将减轻土地动荡，并减轻红色革命的危险；为此，必须记住是冷战时期和美国介入越南的时期。

"Green Revolution" has a major impact on China


INTRODUCTION
Today, in fact, the socioeconomic effects of the green revolution have rightly moved to the forefront of the public debate.The term 'Green Revolution' came into use in the late 1960s to cover 'the new technology' and its then-predicted consequences. This technology comprised new, high-yielding varieties (HYVs) of cereals,especially dwarf wheats and rices, in association with chemical fertilizers and agrochemicals, and with controlled water-supply (usually involving irrigation) and new methods of cultivation, including mechanization. All of these together were seen as a 'package of practices' to supersede 'traditional' technology and to be adopted as a whole. The term 'Green Revolution' seems to have been invented by William S.Gaud, an administrator of the U.S. Agency for International Aid(USAID) (Wade, 1974), which may be seen as significant because of the implication that the 'new technology' would not only increase production and banish hunger but in doing so assuage agrarian unrest and,with it, the danger of Red Revolution; for this, it must be remembered,
was the period of the Cold War and of American involvement in Vietnam.
The increasing use of the new high-yielding varieties of cereal seeds during the past decade has undoubtedly brought about immense agricultural and social progress in the developed world. Contrary to all expectations, however, the application of these technological innovations, commonly known today as the 'green revolution', has not resulted in similarly favorable developments in the underdeveloped countries,particularly of Asia, but rather seems to have shaken the economic foundation of their agricultural populations and given rise to unexpected developments.Some observers still maintain that the very momentum of the green revolution will eventually be strong enough to bring about the gradual transformation of agriculture which is an essential precondition for development. Considering the structure of the prevailing agrarian systems, however, it seems more likely that rather than improving rural conditions such a transformation will primarily benefit the already privileged farmers while bypassing the bulk of the rural people and even reducing their chances of gaining a livelihood in agriculture.
This lecture aim to exploit the impacts of the‘Green Revolution’on agriculture and farmers in China. For the lecture will, on the one hand, look back over the valley of the years at the research project on technology and agrarian change and discussing certain further changes that have taken place in the study area and elsewhere in South Asia in those ten years.
The project, it should be said, was inter-disciplinary; involved both sample surveys and studies in depth; and can claim to have attained the fruitful relationship between disciplines and between techniques of field study that some have described as 'hard to achieve' (e.g., Hoben and Timberg, 1980).
On the other hand, The reflexions presented in this paper, therefore, are based largely on recent literature on the subject particularly with respect to social developments in China.
DISCUSSION
The application of science and technology to traditional agriculture has begun to produce dramatic results, above all in Asia.It is clear, then, that the 'Green Revolution' has increased inter-regional disparities in agricultural production and so in prosperity(Farmer, 1974b; Corbridge, 1984]. It must be remembered, however, that the HYVs and 'the new technology' are still spreading to new areas.It is now generally known that major technological breakthroughs in food production are believed to have lifted the specter of famine in the immediate future and to have postponed the prospect of Malthusian population disaster. Startling developments have been accomplished in wheat, rice and corn—major food staples in much of the developing world. The possibilities for doubling or even tripling production are based upon new high-yield varieties coupled with adequate supplies of water, fertilizer, pesticides and modern equipment. Overnight, the image of agriculture in the developing countries has changed from that of an economic backwater to that of a major potential contributor to overall development. The new varieties are rapidly spreading both within countries and across national boundaries. A recent estimate of the International Agricultural Development Service of the U.S, Department of Agriculture reveals that in Asia alone the estimated acreage planted with these new high-yield varieties rose from 200 acres in 1964-65 to 20 million in 1967-68. Traditional food-importing nations like the Philippines and Pakistan are becoming self-sufficient and have the prospect of becoming net food exporters.It will be no easy task to achieve the potential increased production offered by the new technology, particularly when it involves millions upon millions of diverse farms and farmers scattered over the countryside. If the increased production is in fact obtained, this will automatically produce a whole new set of second-generation problems which must be faced if development is to be sustained and accelerated. Therefore, two considerations need to be borne in mind.
First, there is reason to believe that the further spread of new varieties will not be as fast as early successes might suggest.
Second, the new problems arising out of the spread of the new technology, whatever its
speed, need to be foreseen and acted upon now. The probable developments in each case have the greatest significance for economic growth and for the conduct of international relations.
The reasons for believing that the new technology will not in fact spread nearly as widely or as rapidly as supposed and predicted include, first, the fact that the availability of irrigated land imposes at least a short-run limit to the spread of the new high-yield varieties. Most of these require irrigation and careful water control throughout the growing cycle. In China about one-fourth to one-half of the rice lands are irrigated; the remainder are dependent upon monsoons and seasonal rains. The speed with which additional land can be converted to the new technology depends on the rapidity with which new irrigation facilities can be constructed; and here the high capital costs are likely to be a retarding factor.Large-scale irrigation projects can seriously strain the investment capacity of developing nations.
Further, significant additional costs are involved in converting existing irrigation systems to the requirements of modern agriculture. Many of the old gravity irrigation systems were not designed to provide the sophisticated water controls demanded by the new varieties.(For example, each plot must be controlled separately through-out the growing season,)
Second, there are doubts about the ability of existing markets to handle the increased product. Storage facilities and transport are inadequate and crop grading often deficient. Not only must the marketing system be expanded to handle a larger output; there also is an increased need for farm supplies and equipment. Fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides must be available in the right quantities, at the right times, and in the right places.Given the inadequacy of the agricultural infrastructure, the need to expand and modernize marketing systems is likely to reduce the pace of the Revolution,because many of the new varieties, especially rice, do not appeal to the tastes of most consumers, it is difficult to calculate
the size of the market. Some argue that until newer varieties which are closer to popular tastes are developed, the market will be limited.
Third, the adoption of the new technology is likely to be much slower where the crop is a basic food staple, grown by a farmer for family consumption. Such farmers are understandably reluctant to experiment with the very survival of their families.Peasant producers are obviously far more numerous in China than are commercial farmers and the task of converting them to a more modern technology is considerably more difficult. So far, spectacular results have been achieved primarily among the relatively large commercial farmers. Some semi-subsistence farmers have begun to grow the new varieties,but the rate at which they adopt them may be slower.Fourth, farmers must learn new farming skills and expertise of a higher order than was needed in traditional methods of cultivation.The new agronomic requirements are quite different as regards planting dates and planting depths; fertilizer rates and timing; insecticide, pesticide and fungicide applications;watering and many others. Unless appropriate extension measures are taken In China to educate farmers with respect to these new farming complexities the higher yields will not be obtained.
Fifth, many of the new varieties are non-photosensitive and the shorter term will allow two or three crops per year instead of one. Multiple cropping is good, but there may be difficulties if the new harvest comes during the wet season without provision having been made for mechanical drying of the crop to replace the traditional sun drying. In addition, there may be resistance if the new harvest pattern conflicts with religious or traditional holidays which have grown up around the customary agricultural cycles.
Sixth, failure to make significant institutional reforms may well be a handicap. There is evidence in several Latin American countries that a failure to make needed changes in policies now detrimental to agriculture, or a reluctance to effectuate the institutional reforms required to give real economic incentives to small farmers and tenants, has been primarily responsible for the very slow spread of Mexico's success with new varieties of wheat and corn to its neighbors to the south.


CONCLUSION
From all this one may deduce that the "first" or "early"adopters of the new technology will be in regions which are already more advanced, literate, responsive and progressive and
which have better soil, better water management, closer accessto roads and markets—in sum, the wealthier, more modern farmers. For them, it is easier to adopt the new higher-yield varieties since the financial risk is less and they already have better managerial skills. When they do adopt them, the doubling and trebling of yields mean a corresponding increase in their incomes. One indication of this is the large number of new private farm-management consultant firms in the Philippines which are advising large landlords on the use of the new seed varieties and making handsome profits out of their share of the increased output.
As a result of different rates in the diffusion of the new technology, the richer farmers will become richer. In fact, it may be possible that the more progressive farmers will capture food markets previously served by the smaller semi-subsistence producer. In China, only 20 percent of the total area planted to wheat in 1967-68 consisted of the new dwarf wheats, but they contributed 34 percent of the total production. Such a development could well lead to a net reduction in the income of the smaller, poorer and less venturesome farmers. This raises massive problems of welfare and equity. If only a small fraction of the rural population moves into the modern century while the bulk remains behind, or perhaps even goes backward, the situation will be highly explosive.

REFERENCES
Alavi, Hamza A.
1970 'Elite Farmer Strategy and Regional Disparities in the Agricultural Development of West Pakistan', in Stevens, R. D., Alavi, H. A. and Bertocci, P. (eds), Rural
Development in Pakistan (Honolulu, East-West Center)
Amjad, Rashid and Sen, A.
1977 'Limitations of a Technological Interpretation of Agricultural Performance—A
Comparison of East Punjab (India) and West Punjab (Pakistan)', South Asia Papers,
South Asia Institute, Lahore 1.
C. H. Shah, Economic and Political Weekly, Bombay, 10 January 19
Erich H. Jacoby, 'Man and Land: The Fundamental Issue in Development', App. IV, Andr6 Deutsch, London, 1971
Cai, D. 1992. Shèhuìkesu¯ é Wénxiàn Chu¯baˇnshè @The
Chinese National People’s Congress system#.
@Social Science Publishing House#, Beijing.
Economy, E.C. 2007a. The Great Leap Backward? The Costs of China’s
Environmental Crisis. Foreign Affairs 86~5!:38–59.
Economy, E.C. 2007b. The River Runs Black: The Environmental Challenge
to China’s Future. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 337 pp.
Pranab-Bardhan, 'Green Revolution and Agricultural Labourers', Economic and
Political Weekly, Bombay, Special Number, July 1970, pp. 1239 ff., and 14 November
1970.
R. Barker, S. H. Liao and S. K. De Datta, 'Economic Analysis of Rice Production
from Experimental Results to Farmer Fields', Paper presented at Agronomy Depart-
ment Seminar, UPCA, 9 August 1968, offset, p. 12.
V. M. Jakhade, Presidential Address, Twenty-Ninth All-India Agricultural
Economics Conference 1969, Andhra University Waltair, Indian Society of Agricul-
tural Economics, December 1969.
V. S. Vyas, D. S. Tyagi and V. N. Misra, 'Significance of the New Strategy of
Agricultural Development for Small Farmers—A Cross-Section Study of Two Areas'
(Agro-Economic Research Centre, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar,
1968).
Wolf Ladejinsky, 'Green Revolution in Bihar, The Kosi Area, A Field Trip',
Economic and Political Weekly, Bombay, Vol. IV, No. 30.

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Women discrimination in rural areas of China

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文-Women discrimination in rural areas of China。本文讲述1970年代，一位名叫毛的中国老领导人说：妇女可以举起一半的天空。他所说的话在当时掀起了反妇女歧视热潮。但是，中国妇女仍然面临歧视，特别是在农村地区。这种歧视是由于历史而形成的。本文的主要目的是讨论中国农村地区对妇女的歧视。随着历史的变迁，这种情况仍然存在，长期以来一直是一个严重的问题。政府和其他人应帮助他们树立正确的态度，并为他们提供接受教育的机会，以应对这种歧视。显然，他们在帮助女性对抗歧视方面做得还不够。这里仍然有待解决的问题。但是，女性歧视不仅存在于中国，而且存在于许多发展中国家。所有男人和女人都是平等创造的（Jacka，1997）。人们应该立即停止性别歧视，尤其是在农村地区。中国是一个历史悠久的国家，对中国妇女的歧视也有着悠久的历史。在奴隶社会和封建社会中，男人有权统治一切。随着时间的流逝，妇女陷入一种糟糕的境地，使她们不在乎自己是否受到歧视。没有人关心他们的生活或工作，甚至他们自己。他们长期处于弱势群体。

Women discrimination in rural areas of China

Author Note
This paper was prepared for UP Research Writing, Section B, taught by Hannah Murphy.
Women discrimination in rural areas of China
Introduction
In 1970s, an old Chinese leader named Mao said that: Women can hold up half of the sky. What he said started an anti-women’s discrimination boom at that time. However, Chinese women still face discrimination especially in rural areas. This kind of discrimination is shaped because of the history. The main aim of this paper is to discuss discrimination against women in Chinese rural areas. With the change of history, this kind of situation still exists and it has been a serious problem for a long time. Government and other people should help them build a correct attitude and give them the access to education to confront this kind of discrimination. It is obvious that they didn’t do enough to help women confront the discrimination. There are still problems here waiting to be solved. However, women’s discrimination exists not only in China, but also in many developing countries. All men and women are created equally (Jacka, 1997). People should stop gender discrimination right now especially in rural areas. China is a country with a long history, discrimination for Chinese women also has a long history. In slave society and feudal society, men have the rights to rule everything. With the time passing by, women fall into a bad situation that makes them not care if they are under the discrimination. Nobody cares about their life or jobs, even themselves. They were in the disadvantaged group for a long time.
Background
In China’s history, women’s oppression, discrimination and gender inequality exist for a very long time. At that time, women live in the misery. Those wrong views are passed from generation to generation, but women never think that they should fight for their rights:
China’s traditional culture puts the continuity of a family line as an essential part of traditional childbearing culture. In traditional Chinese society, since only sons are able to carry on family names, inherit family properties and host their parents’ funeral ceremonies, having a male descendant is extremely important for a family and a male child was valued over a female child. (Zhang, 2013)
In this condition, most of the women in the ancient times do not think this is unequal. They think this is very normal in the whole society. This is the expression for the theory that women never think that they should fight for their rights.
They think this is right. In ancient China culture, when a boy is born, friends and relatives exclaim congratulations because a son means insurance. But when a girl is born, some women weep, to them, a daughter is just another expense. (Wu, 2013)
From this, people can see that the discrimination exists deeply in the society. Women who do not give birth to the boy feel they are useless. Their husband even gives up their love to the women who cannot give birth to the boy. Wu Qi’s theory also proves that women in that time do not want to fight for themselves.
Women also should be respected by others because all men are born equal, and both male and female have the same rights in this world. However, with the development of history, things are much better now than before. The birth of new China stands for a new epoch in many areas like the political system. This society is not the same as the slavery society and feudal society any more. Also this is the first step that China starts against women’s discrimination.
Also there are several solutions here, for example, government should build more schools in the rural areas to let people there get better education. Women in rural areas should also change their attitude by studying more knowledge, instead of just accepted their destiny without complaint. Without a good education, it’s hard to let they know the life is valuable, and all men are created equally, to be realistic and they should respect life for themselves.
The census suggests a growing imbalance in China’s sex ratio at birth, which tends to be the biggest problem now (Rob, 2013). This problem happens because lots of families don’t like daughters, and when they find they shall have a daughter, most of them choose to have an abortion. Research by J. Mullins (2013) revealed that the Chinese government says that sex-selective abortion is one major explanation for the staggering number of Chinese girls who have simply vanished from the population in the last 20 years. But this issue usually happens in the rural areas, people who live in the urban areas don’t have any bias about women anymore; also things are getting better these years in rural areas but still exist problems. They require more attention by the government and enthusiastic people.

Educational problems
The government should let rural women have a better education. Most of them do not go to school in their age because the family is very poor in the rural areas. According to the surgeon general, “Rural schools have been closing their doors at an alarming rate between 2000 and 2010, causing 63 rural primary schools, 30 learning centers and three middles schools to vanish per day, according to statistics released by the 21st Century Education Research Institute of China.” (Zhang, 2013).
The most important issues like teacher resources, high dropout rate, and bad education quality influence the way of education in rural areas. The cause for the lack of teacher resources is because just a few teachers want to teach in the rural areas. It’s true that not everybody wants to go to somewhere with a poor living condition, low income, which is just like an isolated place (Paul, 2011). As a result, government should pay more to encourage the teachers to teach in the rural areas. This problem will also relate to the education quality problem, and a low quality education cannot help those people from rural areas. As for the high dropout rate, it depends on how poor they are in the rural areas (Seinfeld, 2014). Because the education is not free for the poor people in the rural areas, most of them cannot afford the payment in school. They would rather stay at home and help their family work on something like farming than go to the school, because from the economic gap results. They think it is not necessary to take the education than start making money as soon as possible (Guo, 2011). All in all, they need more attention from the government and other people who are rich enough to support them a little bit. With all the effort, the dropout rate can fade gradually.
Governments should push harder on this problem like sending more teachers and improving the level of schools’ hardware condition. Because educational problems are always the most important problem that can affect people’s attitude, without a good education, people cannot have a correct attitude about gender. Most Chinese women still believe that “men belong to public, women belong to home” (Fincher, 2013). It’s unfair for women to suffer that gender discrimination. After a good education, the women’s incorrect attitude will be improved slowly.

Work problems for women in China’s rural areas
It was not easy for women to find a job in rural areas in the past. They didn’t even get a chance to find a suitable job because of the gender discrimination. Things get better these years because government starts to pay more attention to this problem that they want all people in rural areas have a chance to get a job. That can also be a way to improve the economy in China’s rural areas. Tamara (1997), who has written the book Women’s work in Rural China, found that reform policies in rural China have had a profound impact on women’s work and gender divisions of labor.
However, the women cannot find a job easily. Although they already get a high academic degree or a broad range of work experience, they still feel difficult to compete with men. Many recruitment units have discrimination for women and they make that on the requirements list. When they are going to see some jobs’ requirements, one of the requirements was that they have to be male (Sate, 2014).
The reasons for discrimination of women in workplace might be different such as pregnancy, ability or something else. Women will think about having children that will affect the managers’ view on them. Giving birth to the children always influences their productivity since women cannot continue to work. Besides, women have fewer abilities than the men in some special areas like some manual works (Finn, 1998).

Women’s discrimination in developing countries
Women’s discrimination not only happens in China, but also in some other developing countries. In 2005, Johannes P., a politician from Norway, explained this issue which happens in lots of developing countries, and also came up with the influence of their economy: “A steadily growing literature has examined the relationship between gender and economic development… that measure discrimination against women related to constraints imposed by social institutions-laws, social norms, codes of conduct, and traditions” (Johannes, 2005). These ideas all explain the most important point that is gender discrimination could have some negative effects for the developing countries. For example, it could affect the increase of economy because lots of women cannot find their job, which is called labor-turnover. It means they lost lots of cheap labors. Also they are slowing down the increasing speed of economy and productivity at the same time.
The condition for the remaining of the women discrimination
The writer will give a counter argument in this part. If in modern days, the women discrimination does not be abolished and still exists in the country, what will the society look like? Man is the main power of the society, and women still stay at home and do the housework. All the company’s workers are men. There is not a single woman in the company. People cannot image the condition. Many companies need the women workers. They have different thinking way for the things. So most of the time, they can have the new ideas for the development of the company. So the working station needs the existing of women. Besides, if the women discrimination is still there, you will see the men workers who clean the street and do the laundry. Some jobs are just suitable for women. If everyone wants to have a boy child, until now all the people in the world are boys. How will the human beings develop in the next years? All those questions will come up if the women discrimination does not disappear.

Conclusion
In this paper, the writer mainly talks about the background of the women discrimination. Then the writer introduces the educational problems existing in China. After that, the writer introduces the work problems for the women in the rural areas. Then the work discrimination is introduced in the next part. in the last part, the writer give a counter argument. If the women discrimination still exists, what the world will be like? This is the main concept of this paper.
in this paper, the writer thinks people who live in rural areas in China have a serious problem about gender discrimination because they didn’t get enough education, discrimination history, bias in their workplace, and the condition of China. As a developing country, China have to focus on economic development, it’s hard for China to focus on too many stuffs at the same time. From this paper, we can see lots of reasons for the existing of the women’s discrimination in Chinese rural areas and why it’s hard for the government to change these kinds of situations. People shouldn’t discriminate women who are living in Chinese rural areas, not only for the women’s rights, but also for speeding up the process of China’s development in many different areas like economy or living environment.

References
Jacka, T. (1997). Women’s Work in Rural China: Change and Continuity in an Era of Reform. Cambridge, CB: Cambridge University Press.
Zhang Fengxiang. (2013) Education Ministry working to attract more rural teachers. China Daily,September 12.
Wu Qing.(2013). Gender Discrimination in China. Retrieved from
https://www.academia.edu/5450724/Gender_discrimination_in_China.
Rob Brooks( 2013). China’s Biggest Problem? Too Many People. London: C. C. Little and J. Brown.
J. Mullins (2013) Women: fighting for the rights. Massachusetts: Newbury House.
Zhang,F.(2013).China’s rural education at risk. Retrieved from
http://www.china.org.cn/china/2013-01/08/content_27618239.htm
Paul(2011). Chinese Rural Substitute teachers Earn Little & See No Future. Massachusetts: Newbury House.
Seinfeld, J. (2014). Women still face great wall of discrimination in China. New York: Three Rivers Press
Guo Tao(2011). The education gap is tangible in rural China. London: C. C. Little and J. Brown.
Fincher (2013). The status of women in rural areas. New York: Three Rivers Press.
Tamara (1997).Women’s work in Rural China. London: C. C. Little and J. Brown.
Sate(2014).All the people should be equal. Massachusetts: Newbury House.
Finn, L. (1998), Employer Discrimination against Women. New York: Three Rivers Press.
Johannes, P. (2005). Women’s discrimination in developing countries: Anew data set for better policies. World Development, 33(4), 1065-1081.
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What is GM food?

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文-What is GM food?。本文讲述在过去的几年中，转基因食品一直是世界范围内的热门话题。一大群人，尤其是生物学家声称，转基因食品是安全的，这项技术可以为传统农业带来革命。但是，越来越多的民间人士强烈抵制这种食物，他们认为这项技术具有潜在的风险，从长远来看可能对整个生态系统有害。在超级市场中，我们可以注意到某些蔬菜或食品都贴有“转基因食品”标签。你会买吗？您知道这些产品的来源吗？

What is GM food?

Have you heard about genetically modified (GM) food? GM food has been a hot topic during the last few years all over the world. A large group of people, especially biologists, claim that genetically modified food is safe and this technology can bring revolution to the traditional agriculture. However, a growing number of people from the folk fiercely resist this kind of food and they think this technology contains potential risks which may be harmful to all the ecological system in the long run. In the supermarket, we can notice that some vegetables or foods are labeled with “GM food”. Will you buy them? Do you know the origins of these products?

What is GM food?
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), genetically modified (GM) food are food derived from organisms whose genetic material (DNA) has been modified in a way that does not occur naturally, e.g. through the introduction of a gene from a different organism. The current goal for scientists to study the transgenic technology is cultivating high-quality crops, which have some special features such as high-yielding and pest-resistant. At present, the study of GM food is mainly focus on plants. In the future, it is also possible to develop genetically modified microorganisms and animals.

Historical background
Back to 1964, scientists have found that DNA can transfer between organisms. In 1983, the first genetically modified plant was produced. This plant is kind of antibiotic-resistant tobacco plant. The transgenic Flavr Savr tomato was permitted by the FDA for marketing in the U.S. since 1994. In 2013, about 85% of corn and 88% of cotton planted in the U.S. are genetically modified.

Advantages of GM food
“Genetically modified foods hold great promise that they may provide one of the solutions to help feed growing world populations,” written on the website of Harvard School of Public Health. As people can change the gene of corps, these corps can grow along the way that people designed for them. It is known that DNA is the main material that controls the features of next generation of all creatures. Genes are parts of DNA that control specific features. For example, if biologists find the gene of a plant that can affect its production, then this gene can modified so that the production of the next generation can be increased. Another advantage of GM food is their ability to resist pests. For instance, if people add a kind of gene to cotton, the cotton can be poisonous to cotton bollworms but safe to other animals. By this way, hectares of cottons can be protected from their natural enemies. Besides, the modified genes can also help plants resistant herbicide, cold temperature or drought. By this way, corps can be planted in many regions that are not suitable for planting in the past.

Possible risks of GM food
It seems that GM food has so many tempting advantages. However, there is no such thing as a free lunch. Critics have predicted numbers of terrible results that are likely brought by GM food. First, the GM food may be harmful to human health. It has been proved by some biologists that GM food is safe to humans from at the present time. Despite of this, GM food has never been widely grown and consumed by humans. Thus, nobody can guarantee that GM food is absolutely non-poisonous to humans. Second, GM food may cause “genetic pollution”, a new phrase brought by transgenes. According to Oxford Dictionary, genetic pollution is “the spread of altered genes from genetically engineered organisms to other, nonengineered organisms, especially by cross-pollination.” Different kinds of creatures have built a gigantic food net in biosphere. The modified gene in one species will unavoidably transmit to other species along the food chain. Even though the modified gene can be proved safe to some kinds of creatures such as humans, they cannot be proved safe to all others. For example, if the anti-pest gene in the cotton is toxic to some other animals, the cotton may kill more animals other than cotton bollworm. This effect may beyond human’s control and become disaster to the biological system. By this way, before finally mature of transgene technology, all the GM plants must be restricted in the lab or experiment fields.

The future of GM food
From the obtained knowledge, the future of GM food is controversial. On one hand, this technology may bring the traditional agriculture to a new stage, which means people will enter the period that control the features of plants as human’s willing. On the other hand, the quick spread of genetic modified plants can threaten the order of ecological system. As a result, the legitimate control of GM plants must be paid attention by governments and researchers before this new technology is well understood by the society.

Text sources:
http://www2.wmin.ac.uk/~redwayk/lectures/transgenic.htm
http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v31/n9/full/nbt.2686.html
http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/gmfood/overview.php
Michael Ruse and David Castle, “Genetically Modified Foods: Debating Biotechnology (Contemporary Issues Series)”, Prometheus Books, Nov 1, 2002

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We are on the way to environmental protection

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- We are on the way to environmental protection。本文讲述随着经济和贸易的全球化，人类历史上一直存在的环境问题成为现代社会最关注的问题之一。资源的过度开发，森林的过度砍伐和娱乐设施的过度建设，这些人类活动逐渐扩大。大多数人不理会自然环境，对环境造成巨大影响。他们的环保意识与快速发展并不一致。面对这些巨大的挑战，与大自然和谐相处还有很长的路要走，我们正在实现自己的梦想。需要弄清环境保护的现状和措施。在这篇研究论文中，提出了三个方面来说明这个问题。此外，还从三个方面对环境保护的进展进行了探讨。接下来，介绍了主要侧重于从USF库数据库中搜索信息的分析方法。最后，有一个关于研究的简单结果和讨论部分。一般来说。我们需要朝着更好的环境前进。

We are on the way to environmental protection

Introduction
With the globalization of economy and trade, environmental issues which exist all the time around human history become one of the most concerned problems in modern society. Over- exploitation of resources, excessive logging of forests and excessive construction of recreational facilities, those human activities gradually expand. Most people ignore the natural environment, and cause a huge impact on the environment. Their awareness of environmental protection are not consistent with the rapid development. Facing with those big challenges, there is a long way to live harmony with nature and we are on the way to achieve our dream. Current situation and measures to environmental protection needed to be figured out. In this research paper, three aspects are proposed to illustrate the problem. Besides, Discussions of environmental protection progress from three aspects is also given. Next, analysis methods which mainly focus on searching information from USF library database are introduced. Finally, there is a simple results and discussion part about the research. In general. we need to move on toward a better environment.
Literature review
Current situation
First, the worried situation is that most people are not aware of the huge impact that human activities have on environment. With the rapid development of science and technology in real life, for meeting the material needs of fashion life, they are gradually plundering of natural resources and destructive production. And they did not realize the causes of their activities. For example, Excessive emissions of carbon dioxide, excessive discharge of sewage and burning natural gas in human life which leading to an increase of carbon dioxide in the air and into the atmosphere, causing to global warming. The movie "Inconvenient Truths for Al Gore" critics that global warming is real harmful; it will be disastrous effects for humans, and propose solutions that the world should embrace the Kyoto Protocol to reduce carbon emissions by 30% in developed countries. But the high cost of this program is actually not the consensus; “However, there is a long way to go, the real problem is that people need to make sure the use of resources, so that people can save a lot of costs to provide clean drinking water, sanitation and basic education initiatives.” (Lomborg, 2006). we can know Gore 's purpose is to tell people the reality of global warming and people take a variety of measures to reduce the harm of global warming, or even in the cost of more money.
Second, in order to get better interests, the international big companies also ignore the environmental problems, they discharge of wastewater and waste gas which causes the rising of cancer mortality rates. Natural resources’ development and utilization is through the government or the companies, and the company made the natural resources including biological resources, mineral resources, petroleum resources, marine resources and land resources into goods available for human use. However, some large international companies over-rely on resource wealth that bring them to better benefits, during which, they purchase land and build production lines, create a popular product on the market to get better benefits, such as cosmetic products, continue to illegally emissions and waste in the production process. Thus, near the factory environment has been destroyed, carcinogenic product into human life and lead to an increase in cancer mortality. These acts are criminal acts, causing great harm to humans. (Katz, 2012) the influence of large corporations leads us to over-reliance on its products, and large companies caused great harm to the environment. That is one of the reasons why we need solve problem of environmental pollution.
Third, as for individuals, more than 90% of the students live in indoors like home, office and school, which lead to improve indoor microbial cancer rates and high rates of allergies. Industrial and agricultural pollution is just small part of the environmental pollution. People do not realize that the environmental change around, which are invisible pollutions such as air pollution. And they have no conscious of indoor air pollutions such as shopping malls buildings and schools. Why does indoor air pollution exist? We do not have emissions and waste indoor, people doubts. However, according to the survey that indicates many bacteria in the morning and the afternoon increase quickly in the room, in other words the survival of microorganisms in the room is higher than the outside. Another data shows more than 90 % of the people spend much time living indoors, especially students. Their way of life is basically a dormitory, classrooms and libraries. Thus if we stay indoors for a long time, it will bring Cladosporium herbarum, Alternaria alternata and Aspergillus flavus and so on, (Filipiak, 2007) which will affect the students' health, microorganisms detected carcinogenic and highly allergic to the bacteria, and even endanger life. One solution is that we should open the windows for ventilation to reduce bacterial survival, which will ensure that people's health and the prevention of indoor air pollution.
The progress we have made to a better environment
To begin with, tourism industry are used as an example to demonstrate that the importance of balance between economy and environment, and people’s preference to visit environmental interests. There are many ways of environmental protection, including the adoption of administrative, legal and scientific technologies. Environmental issues affecting human life, one the way to solve the real and potential environmental problems, the sustainable development of economic must be ensured, and a balance between the environmental protection and economy development is a must. By using tourism for example, one the one hand, tourism industry stimulates the development of local economy, but it also including a wide range of economic activities, these activities has important effects on local environmental pollution, for example, tourists littering and damage to local tourist attractions. The series of environmental pollution is an issue of local residents and the tourism industry will face. One solution is that the travel service provider must adapt to the consumer under the condition of tourism development and environmental standards. The rules must be mandatory to comply with the tourists. Luckily, since 1990 s environmental protection became major issues, more and more people have realized that, for example, in the tourism industries, people tend to believe that while improving the economic development of local residents, no pollution of the environment will be the important factors to attract tourists. (Ogonowska, 2013).The damage the environment decreased significantly and green environment has been improved. Tourism industry becomes a pioneer in environmental awareness, In other words, the tourism industry will promote the development of the local residents' environmental awareness.
The UNEP organization of America is my second example which focus on the improvement of awareness of environmental protection. Due to the environmental destruction, global warming, and melting glaciers and rising sea levels, more and more people are worried about environmental problems in modern society. The environment is the foundation of human existence, if serious environmental damage humans do not rescue it, and humans will inevitably perish. For example, the exploitation of forest resources will lead to enhanced greenhouse effect, thereby causing the polar ice caps to melt, flooding the human city. Now supposing humans has realized the important of environmental protection, but how to save the environment is critical for human to rethinking. One rule is that humans and the environment can coexist, and implementing of environmental education and taking practical action is required. In other words, human beings should rational use of natural resources, do not waste natural resources and coordinate measures to resource development and environmental protection. In that way human resources could be sustainable so as to allow humans to live long on the earth. Many organizations in the world continue to do that. UNEP is one of the organizations, UNEP ‘s Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (ROAP) established a program in 1993. This project is to improve the region's capacity to manage the environment and ways to continue to develop. UNEP mainly involved in environmental education, awareness creation and training programs for environmental protection duties. So while organizing suppress the development of industrial pollution and the improvement of people's environmental awareness and even the development of various educational levels, such as elementary, high school and college even training institutions Each class of people should raise environmental awareness (Pradhan, 2003). UNEP’s actions prove the human determination, and strengthen the government’s intervention plan to improve environmental protection.
City planning is another way to improve for environmental protection. In the future of urban development, rational distribution and comprehensive arrangements for the city is needed. These aspects are important measures to improve human life and environmental protection. If human has built a better social environment, they can realize the benefits of green the environment. The urban planning is not only are a necessity to healthy body, but also can combine the environment and life together to green environmental protection, which will reach a goal of sustainable development. City Planning gradually formed in the 1920s, and later in the 1970s due to the intervention of the federal government, environmental protection projects have brought many opponents of sound, but the idea of humanity gradually has been changed with the government. Many people realized the importance of environmental protection, and such cooperation can improve the economy and the environment. On the other hand, the federal government maybe can learn by others’ example. Reduce carbon dioxide emissions and illegal discharge of urban factories; these two can improve water recycling and conservation of resources. (Daniels, 2009). Basis of environmental planning is to save resources and reduce environmental pollution, and ease tensions between humans and the environment. Every country should learn from the U.S. Environmental Planning. Environment is the most important part in a human life, we should protect the environment and to build a beautiful city.
The research review sought to answer the following questions: 1.What is the current situation of environmental protection? 2. What have we done and which aspects should we aim to environmental protection? The answers are in the literature review I mentioned above.
Analysis approach
As for the analysis approach, firstly, a topic is needed. After meditating, environmental protection is on my list. Searching in the USF library database and some terms such as “environmental protection” “awareness of environmental protection” and “measures to environmental protection” are used to search the information. Actually, there are lots of information for me to choose, because students are required to gather six sources, one of which is from textbook, three of which are academic from nature, and two maximum general internet sources who narrow down my chooses.
However, the range of information is wide, a more specific content need to be decided. The current situation such as the bad impact on environmental change and the measures are two key point to decide. According to the title, I can know roughly about the paper, then the abstract of the paper will guide me to the major content. Of course, the source of the article will be a criterion. Most high quality academic journals are my priority compared with unknown magazines, because high efficiency and good quality is my first consideration during my work process. Some articles also are excluded even after reading the abstract and content. That means the title and abstract just give a little guide about the article, what really needed is to read the whole content after narrowing down the information. Luckily, it does not take too much time to find the required materials.
Results and discussions
In the research, my key points are to know the current situation and measures which already were taken or are going to be taken. There is a common concern in the articles that most people do not realize the severity of environmental problems and have no idea to environmental protection. Some big company are chasing for interests in the cost of excessive consumption natural resources and they put little emphasize on environmental protection. As for individuals, they spend too much time indoor, which is bad for their health.
Some measures are also found during the process. Recently, with the development of tourism, people come to realize the severity of the environmental problems at the cost of damage to local environment. That is, tourism industry can help promote tourist’ awareness. Some organizations are also found to educate and spread the knowledge of environmental protection while city planning become another way to that by rational planning.
However, in the essay, because the limitation of the resources and the methods, there must be some imperfect on the issue, the aspects which are listed above is not wide and just a part of the whole issue. But trying is deserved in the process because working out the problem is an interesting experience.
From what mentioned above, we know clearly that people began to realize the importance of environmental protection and they are trying to figure out to solve this problem. Some measures like city planning can give us suggestions on our future direction. It is still a long way and we need fight for it.
Conclusion
This research paper describes some kinds of pollution such as large companies’ ignorance on the environment, invisible and indoor pollution, and analysis their effects to human society which cause widely air pollution and increase the rate of human diseases. Solutions are given to environment protection, the tourism is the pioneer to increase people’s awareness to environmental protection and the organization of America establish an example for other country to protect environment. Pollution happen around our life every second, and we can find pollution almost everywhere. But US pollution has been controlled the lowest level, it is worth other country learn how to control pollution. Pollution has such so many bad effects, such as resulting in bad healthy, destroying the environment, leading animal to become extinct. In the future work, government should make some policy to stop the companies’ pollution, and take actions to save the environment. Everyone can do his or her best to save the environment, we are one the way to the environment protection and the world will be better easier.







Reference
1. Lomborg, Bjørn. "Inconvenient Truths for Al Gore." Project Syndicate RSS. Project Syndicate RSS, 5 Sept. 2006. Sun. 30 Mar. 2014. .
2. Katz, Rebecca S. "Environmental Pollution: Corporate Crime And Cancer Mortality." Contemporary Justice Review 15.1 (2012): 97-125. Academic Search Premier. Sun. 30 Mar. 2014.
3. Microbiological Quality of Indoor Air in University Room. Filipiak, M.1, a.pajak@ae.poznan.pl. "Microbiological Quality Of Indoor Air In University Rooms." Polish Journal Of Environmental Studies 16.4 (2007): 623-632. OmniFile Full Text Mega (H.W. Wilson). Sun. 30 Mar. 2014.
4. Sustainable tourism and the emergence of new environmental norms.Ogonowska, Malgorzata, and Dominique Torre. "Sustainable Tourism And The Emergence Of New Environmental Norms." European Journal Of Tourism Research 6.2 (2013): 141-153. Hospitality & Tourism Complete. Sun. 30 Mar. 2014.
5. Promoting Regional Cooperation on Environmental Education and Training in the Asia-Pacific: The Role and Contributions of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).Pradhan, Mahesh. International Review For Environmental Strategies 4.1 (2003): 45-58. Business Source Premier. Sun. 30 Mar. 2014.
6. A Trail Across Time: American Environmental Planning From City Beautiful to Sustainability. Daniels, Thomas L. "A Trail Across Time: American Environmental Planning From City Beautiful To Sustainability." Journal Of The American Planning Association 75.2 (2009): 178-192. Business Source Premier. Sun. 30 Mar. 2014.
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The importance and necessity of hydraulic fracturing

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文-The importance and necessity of hydraulic fracturing。本文讲述从七十年代开始，美国发现自己的国家蕴藏着大量的天然气，大约750万亿肘英尺。这些天然气深埋在地下页岩中，在美国许多州也有大量储量。在过去的十年中，钻井技术获得了巨大的进步。一种叫做水力压裂的技术只是用来开采这种天然气。此外，它已在十年内在美国得到大规模推广。但是，一些美国人担心水力压裂会污染水源，进而威胁当地的生态环境和居民的健康。他们还认为，这将对环境造成极大的危害，包括自来水的自燃和小地震等。因此应停止水力压裂。实际上，这些关于水力压裂的观点具有一定的偏见，也缺乏研究和准确性。因此，本文旨在讨论并证明水力压裂的重要性和必要性。

The importance and necessity of hydraulic fracturing

Since the seventies, America has found that its own country contains a large quantity of natural gases which are about 750 trillion cubit feet. Those natural gases are deep in the underground shale and also have large reserves in many states in America. Over the past decade, the drilling technique obtains great improvement. One kind of techniques called hydraulic fracturing is just used to exploit this kind of natural gases. Besides, it has been promoted on a large scale within ten years in America. However, some Americans are worrying that hydraulic fracturing would pollute water source and then threaten local ecological environment and residents’ health. They also hold that it will bring great harm to environment including spontaneous combustion of tap water and small earthquakes etc. Thus hydraulic fracturing should be stopped. As a matter of fact, these viewpoints on hydraulic fracturing have certain prejudice and are also lack of investigation and accuracy. Hence this paper aims to discuss and prove the importance and necessity of hydraulic fracturing.

Here, there is a need to demonstrate what hydraulic fracturing is and its history because this can help to know it more comprehensively. As for hydraulic fracturing, it refers to mix a good deal of water and sand with chemicals into the underground so as to crack the shale and then release natural gases (Vengosh, Jackson, and Darrah 863-866). At present, this technique is the main form of exploiting natural gases. In the beginning, hydraulic fracturing was used to transform old wells and improve recovery efficiency. But along with the appearance of the horizontal well technique, hydraulic fracturing begins to be applied to exploit shale oil and gas massively. Beyond all question, hydraulic fracturing stems from America which extremely advocates adventure spirit. As early as the year of 1821, the first well exploited by American industrialization is just the shale well. So hydraulic fracturing goes with the development of American oil and gas industry from the beginning. Later, the soaring price of natural gases from 2003 to 2008 lets hydraulic fracturing and shale gas enter the public view truly (Ajao, Dalamarinis, and Economides 34-41). Meanwhile, many countries gradually realize that hydraulic fracturing and shale gas is the magic weapon to solve energy problems and reduce energy external dependence.

Next, it will discuss and prove the importance and necessity of hydraulic fracturing mainly from six aspects. First of all, hydraulic fracturing brings the energy independence to America. Crude output in U.S. hit a 20-year new peak in 2012 and meanwhile energy external dependency reduced to less than 30% (Vengosh, Jackson, and Darrah 863-866). Thus the benefit brought by energy independence is tangible. All of these are due to the use of hydraulic fracturing. From the level of global strategy, America finally, after 30 years, has the condition to get away from the Middle East. In 2012, America strategic planning explicitly regarded Asia Pacific as the strategic core and revealed that it would no longer spend a lot of energy maintaining the smooth and steady situation in the Middle East. In recent 3 years, whether it is Tunisian revolution, the Syrian civil strife, Iranian nuclear crisis or Israeli-Palestinian conflict, America could always silently observe the embarrassment of attending to one thing and losing another of Europe and Russia without haste (Holditch 91-107). In addition, through oil and gas resources, America successfully promotes the centripetal force of Japan, South Korea and Europe. For example, in 2012, Obama repeatedly hinted that America would possibly export natural gases to Japan. Later on, two Japanese prime ministers tried their best to fight for American gas exports, which was one of Japanese important diplomatic goals as well. In order to achieve this goal, they had to accept the blackmail from America in many problems. But, even to this day, America is still ambiguous in the problem of gas exports (Holditch 91-107). As a result, it can be seen clearly that hydraulic fracturing brings America the energy independence and meanwhile reduces its dependence on energy supplier. So it has more autonomous right and initiative in the energy question.


Secondly, cheap oil and gas prices caused by hydraulic fracturing bring more support to American economy. Through hydraulic fracturing, America can get large amounts of oil and gas, which accordingly makes their price cheap. In 2013, the prices of U.S. crude oil and natural gases are respectively 70% and 20% lower than those in global average. It’s estimated that just cheap price of natural gases could bring about the material benefit of $100 billion to America every year, let alone the resources plunder to Canada through low oil prices (Holahan and Arnold 127-134). Besides, in the past two years, cheap energy has attracted many energy intensive industries to return the United States. Those industries are involved in aspects of chemical engineering, rubber and chemical fertilizer etc. America also spares no effort to market this advantage on a global scale. Since the start of 2013, Gary Locke, the American Ambassador to China, has constantly emphasized the investment opportunities brought by low energy prices in the United States. What is more, the rapid growth of oil and gas production provides new ways of financial breakthrough for Obama. During his second-term financial planning, the oil and gas industry would offer the new resource of $300 billion for the U.S. government fiscal revenue (Ajao, Dalamarinis, and Economides 34-41). Although at present, this planning encounters the consistent opposition from the oil and gas industry and the Republican Party, the development of shale oil and gas would still provide new possibilities for America to get rid of the perennial fiscal deficits. All of these should be due to the use of hydraulic fracturing. As a result, its importance is imaginable.

Thirdly, the energy offered by hydraulic fracturing is not just relatively clean and cheap, but also will reduce the dependence on energy with severe pollution such as coal and oil. Now, there are debates about the preferred fuel for satisfying American electricity demand in the future. America has a nickname called Saudi Arabia having coals. This is because it owns a great number of coal reserves. For instance, about 60% of electric power in Michigan comes from coal-fired power plants (Holditch 91-107). The employ of coals are more and more attacked by environmental groups. They think that the emission of coal-fired power plants would give rise to global warming and do damage to the environment. But if people want to reduce the use of coals, then certain reliable alternative energy sources must appear to support the American economy. The maintenance of nuclear energy in nuclear power plants may be a kind of the preferred energy. However, it needs too high input which reaches billions of dollars. Moreover, construction licenses would often be postponed for several decades, or even longer. Thus this is the main obstacle for its replacement with coal-fired power plants. On the other hand, as alternative energy sources, non-conventional energy resources such as wind energy, solar energy and biomass energy have also been advocated. But those ways just provide a little energy (Rahm 174-281). Even their amount will increase in the future, the loss of coals, as preferred energy generation, can’t be made up.

As a result, based on the above analysis, it is the most likely that natural gases would replace coals to work as power generation fuels. North America has sufficient natural gas reserves (Ajao, Dalamarinis, and Economides 34-41). The recent estimation shows that natural gas reserves are enough to supply American energy demand in this century. According to the statistics from Energy Information Administration, in 2009, 12% of natural gases consumed by America are imported. This is the lowest proportion since the 1990's (Zyadin, Halder, and Puhakka 82-88). Furthermore, from the view of national security, natural gases have certain significant advantages. Because they are just stored in North America, there is no need to import them from countries which may be unfriendly to America. Besides, using natural gases to generate electricity is very good for environment because the carbon dioxide released by them is one third less than that released by coals (Holditch 91-107). And the key to the development of gas fields lies in the use of hydraulic fracturing. So, in a word, the natural gases offered by hydraulic fracturing play a very important role in the future energy supply. They are safe enough and have ability to occupy larger proportion within American energy structure. Then it is a thorough choice to replace coals with natural gases offered by hydraulic fracturing.

Fourthly, hydraulic fracturing could maintain social stability. Next it will give a practical and specific example to account for this point. In January 2014, the impact of polar vortex broke American low temperature records, brought snowstorm and meanwhile made American natural gas supply experience a wild week (Zyadin, Halder, and Puhakka 82-88). Based on this situation, residents and power plants tried to burn natural gases to withstand the chilliness, so the whole demand for natural gas in America hit a record 125 billion cubic feet. On the other hand, this unprecedented and large demand also made the supply of American northeast regions scarce. Thus relatively the price of natural gases in New York rose to 100 dollars/mmBTU. Just one week ago, their spot price was just about 4.25 dollars/mmBTU. The disparity of these two sets of data was very great. If relevant departments did not take timely action to control the price of natural gases effectively, social stability would be seriously influenced. At this time, related institutions stated that there was no need to be flustered because this week, the daily output of natural gases in America was about 6.4 billion cubic feet which increased by 20%, compared to the same period last year (Linkov 14-23). Hence in no time, the supply of natural gases would keep pace with the practical demand and then the related price would also be well controlled. And so it did. Here, it can be said that all of these should owe to hydraulic fracturing. This is because without it, natural gas production would not get increase and then the supply of natural gases would not catch up with the practical demand as well. As a result, hydraulic fracturing could assist American natural gas supply to survive the cold winter and then guarantee its social stability.

Fifthly, hydraulic fracturing is a very extremely flexible technique instead of a rigid one. For instance, in Gulf of Mexico, building a drilling platform of natural gases may cost a few years' time. However, hydraulic fracturing could sink a well just in a few weeks and then begin to extract natural gases (Zyadin, Halder, and Puhakka 82-88). If the price of natural gases rises, more wells will spring up. And if the price of natural gases falls, those wells will be left unused. Thus theoretically, hydraulic fracturing could make the impact of natural gases not so strong in the future. This is because of the flexible characteristic of hydraulic fracturing; U.S. producers of natural gases could react quickly according to the practical situation.

Finally, hydraulic fracturing would bring no pollution as long as natural gas wells are constructed properly (Struchtemeyer 15-21). Just as said before, some Americans claim that hydraulic fracturing and gas drilling have led to certain pollution to their headwaters and influenced their life quality. However, all of these statements are lack of investigation so that they are inaccurate and groundless. Certain specialists point out that the real problem lies in how to appropriately build natural gas wells. That is to say, much pollution is brought by improper use of natural gas wells instead of hydraulic fracturing. As a result, if natural gas wells are built appropriately, hydraulic fracturing will be safe and pollution-free.

In conclusion, the above detailed discussion and presentation distinctly reveals that hydraulic fracturing indeed plays a significant role in today’s exploitation of natural gases. As long as natural gas wells are constructed properly, hydraulic fracturing would not bring pollution and influence people’s life quality. Meanwhile it can make America obtain energy independence and have the initiative in hands. Cheap oil and gas prices aroused by hydraulic fracturing bring more support to American economy. Besides, it could reduce the dependence on energy with severe pollution such as coal and oil and then protect environment. And hydraulic fracturing can maintain social stability as well. What’s more, it is very flexible. As a result, under strict supervision of related departments, hydraulic fracturing should be advocated at full blast.






Works Cited
Ajao, Omobola, Dalamarinis, Panagiotis, and Economides Michael. “Case studies for the fracturing of highly diverse gas reservoirs.” Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 14 (2013): 34-41.
Holahan, Robert, and Arnold Gwen. “An institutional theory of hydraulic fracturing policy.” Ecological Economics, 94 (2013): 127-134.
Holditch, Stephen. “Economic and physical optimization of hydraulic fracturing.” Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 14 (2013): 91-107.
Linkov, Aleksandr. “On comparison of thinning fluids used for hydraulic fracturing.”
International Journal of Engineering Science, 77 (2014): 14-23.
Rahm, Dianne. “Regulating hydraulic fracturing in shale gas plays: The case of Texas.” Energy Policy, 39.5 (2011): 2974-2981.
Struchtemeyer, Christopher. “A critical assessment of the efficacy of biocides used during the hydraulic fracturing process in shale natural gas wells.” International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 71 (2012): 15-21.
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