A chinese perspective on developed countries' monetary policies - China Stage Led Screens

Edited and translated by People's Daily Online According to the Fiscal Monitoring Report recently issued by theInternational Monetary Fund (IMF), central banks of developedcountries have obtained huge amounts of seigniorage from the worldin past three years by implementing unconventional monetarypolicies, such as the quantitative easing policy. The total amountwas about 3 trillion U.S. dollars, accounting for about 8 percentof their total GDP. In the three years before 2007, it accountedfor only 1 percent of the GDP. Indoor Led Screens

By issuing the domestic currency, the government of every countryenjoys seigniorage, which is a profit coming from domestic currencyholders. However, the United States, Japan and developed countriesof Europe, as issuers of international reserve currencies, not onlyenjoy domestic seigniorage but also have been enjoyinginternational seigniorage (the profit given up by holder countriesof such international reserve currencies as the U.S. dollar, euroand yen) for a long period. After the international financial crisis broke out in 2008, centralbanks of developed countries adopted many unconventional policiesand measures, including buying company securities and governmentbonds from bond markets, to stabilize the bond markets andstrengthen the liquidity of the banking system. China Stage Led Screens

It was theso-called quantitative easing policy. The Federal Reserve System launched the quantitative policy twicein 2008 and 2010 and directly purchased huge amounts of real estatebonds and government bonds from bond markets. The central bank of Europe also selected and purchased somegovernment bonds from bond markets after a sovereign debt crisisoccurred in Greece in 2010. As the European sovereign debt crisis was worsening and spreading,the central bank of Europe also launched two large-scale long-term refinancing operations, taking government bonds asmortgage to provide low-interest loans to commercial banks. China Led Mesh Screen

The total government bonds held by the central bank of the UnitedKingdom had also sharply increased from accounting for 2 percent ofthe GDP in 2008 to 20 percent in 2011. The government bonds held by the central bank of Japan alsoaccounts for 20 percent of the GDP. The implementation of the quantitative easing policy has greatlyincreased the scales of assets and liabilities. 1 2.

Infrared nanocrystal leds can be made cheaper, compatible withsilicon - car fm antenna Manufacturer

Posted: May 10th, 2012 Infrared nanocrystal LEDs can be made cheaper, compatible withsilicon ( Nanowerk News ) Light-emitting diodes at infrared wavelengths are the magicbehind such things as night vision and optical communications,including the streaming data that comes through Netflix. Cornellresearchers have advanced the process of making such LEDs cheaperand easier to fabricate, which could lead to ultra-thin LEDspainted onto silicon to replace computer wiring with light waves. The research group led by Frank Wise, professor of applied andengineering physics, reported online May 6 in the journal Nature Nanotechnology ( "Bright infrared quantum-dot light-emitting diodes throughinter-dot spacing control" ) that they have used solution chemistry to make infrared LEDs outof nanocrystals, commonly known as quantum dots, out of leadsulfide. Their process, which involves tuning emitted wavelengths based oncontrolling the size of the nanocrystals, could rival theeffective, but expensive, practice of growing semiconductormaterials using the atom-by-atom process known as epitaxy. TheCornell nanocrystal LEDs are about as bright as epitaxially grownLEDs, but they were made using low-temperature, solution-basedprocessing that is much cheaper. amber fog lights

Infrared LEDs are usually made of crystals of such materials asindium gallium arsenide, and they cannot be grown on silicon due totheir different crystal structures, Wise explained. Thus far therehas been no natural way to make light-emitting materials onsilicon. Getting electrons to flow through nanocrystals is a majorchallenge, Wise said. The Cornell team did it with some cleverchemistry: They changed the distance between the nanocrystals bychanging the molecules on their surfaces. car fm antenna Manufacturer

Longer carbon chainsproduced bigger spacing, which dramatically affected the efficiencyof light emission. Changing the distance between nanocrystals byhalf a nanometer made the devices 100 times more efficient, Wisesaid. The researchers found the optimum distances betweennanocrystals to make the LEDs emit the brightest light. Theymeasured those distances using X-ray scattering technology providedby the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS). Because the Cornell-developed LEDs were made through solutionprocessing, they can be more easily integrated with othermaterials. China fog lights bulbs

They could lead to such breakthroughs as the ability to"paint" the LEDs onto silicon, for example. Such an applicationwould hold sway in optical interconnects, replacing electricalwires that are now a bottleneck for speed of the modern computerchip. Communication between chips with a light wave, rather than awire, is expected to revolutionize information processing. The nanocrystals the researchers used have struck interest amongpeople making photovoltaic cells, too. A solar cell absorbs lightand emits electrons as electric current, which can supply power.Lead sulfide and lead selenide nanocrystals are leading candidatesfor replacing cadmium telluride and other materials found incommercial solar cells today.

The paper's co-authors are Tobias Hanrath, assistant professor ofchemical and biomolecular engineering, and George Malliaras,formerly an associate professor of materials science andengineering at Cornell; as well as former postdoctoral associateLiangfeng Sun; graduate students Joshua J. Choi, David Stachnik andAdam Bartnik (now a staff member at Wilson Laboratory); andpostdoctoral associate Byung-Ryool Hyun. The work was supported by the National Science Foundation, theKAUST-Cornell Center for Energy and Sustainability, the New YorkState Foundation for Science, Technology and Innovation and CHESS.