留学生essay范文：The internal management system of American universities

下面整理一篇优秀的essay范文给大家- The internal management system of American universities，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国的高校内部管理体制。高校内部管理体制指的是高校内部的组织结构体系，包括高校内部行政权力与学术权力的相互关系、机构设置和管理权限的划分以及规范内部管理运行的制度。美国的高等教育虽然历史不悠久，但是其发展速度相当迅速，在短时间内就实现了高等教育大众化，并且高等教育的质量也相当高。美国高等教育的快速发展，与其高效与科学的内部管理体制分不开，有了高效和科学的管理，才能够促进高等院校更好的运作。


The United States is the most economically developed country in the world, as well as one of the most developed countries in the world higher education. Although the history of higher education in the United States is not long, its development speed is quite rapid, it has achieved the popularization of higher education in a short time, and the quality of higher education is also quite high, which is called "the center of world higher education". The United States has the world's most complex and sprawling higher education system, with a large number of nonprofit and for-profit private colleges and for-profit colleges. The rapid development of education in the United States cannot be separated from the efficient and scientific internal management system. Only with efficient and scientific management can the institutions of higher learning operate better.

The internal management system of colleges and universities refers to the internal organizational structure of colleges and universities, including the interrelationship between administrative power and academic power, the establishment of institutions, the division of administrative authority and the regulation of internal management operation.

American colleges and universities can be divided into public and private schools. Public schools are set up by the government, and their funds mainly come from government grants, tuition fees, scientific research funds obtained from the government, property rental, etc. The funds of private schools mainly come from tuition fees, alumni donations and the income from running school funds.

The internal management system of American universities is a three-layer structure system including the school, the school and the department. The administrative work and daily management of the university are all infiltrated into the executive power of the board of directors and the university, which is independent of the activities of professors and resides in it.

The board of directors is at the highest level of the organizational system. The chief executive under the board of directors is the principal, who is responsible to the board of directors for the management of school affairs. Under the whole university level administrative organization is the college, such as liberal arts college, medical school, law school, business school, etc., while the department is the lowest level unit organized by the private university, which is a community and the most basic administrative position. Board of directors is the legal owner of the university, is the highest decision-making body of the school and the highest authority, the board of directors is mainly composed of outside people, mostly in the form of funding universities representatives, government officials, business leaders, celebrities, alumni representatives, school teachers and student representatives, less then 7 8, more than 70 a, 80. When selecting board members, most private universities follow the principle of self-perpetuating, in which current board members select future board members. Both the chairman and the director are appointed by a term of three to five years. Its basic responsibility lies in the external management of the school, the formulation of the school's major guidelines and policies, to ensure the effective management and healthy development of the school.

The President is the chief executive of the university. He is responsible for the daily affairs of the university. After the principal takes office, he appoints a number of vice-principals, deans and department heads who are in charge of various affairs of the school, and forms a hierarchical management system with various duties and responsibilities. In American universities, presidents, provosts, deans and department heads constitute a main line of school administration. Other administrative departments, such as teaching and research, financial management, human resources, student affairs and logistics, are service organizations. The principal is the chief executive officer under the board of directors, who is responsible for the school's affairs and reports to the board. Principals play a role in the development of school policies, arrangements for collaboration, legal advice, liaison with state legislatures or federal agencies, and exchange information with boards. Generally, universities in the United States have one or several vice-presidents in charge of education, research, foreign affairs and other aspects. Among them, the vice-presidents in charge of education, research or the provost is the most valued. To put forward the suggestion of teacher appointment, and finally decide the appointment and removal of dean and dean in practical sense; Responsible for the development of education plans including education content, methods, education funds, student Numbers, teacher provision, education facility utilization, student performance evaluation, etc.

The college council or the faculty council is an institution where teachers participate in the decision-making of important academic issues at the school level. Generally speaking, the responsibilities of the college board or the college board mainly include determining the course plan, determining the admission criteria and degree criteria for undergraduate and graduate students, determining the use of various teaching and scientific research facilities, formulating personnel policies for teachers and academic planning, etc. The senate or the professorship usually has standing committees dealing with various academic matters, such as the compulsory course committee, the academic planning committee, the scientific research committee, the teaching work committee and so on. In addition, AD hoc committees are organized to deal with special temporary issues. When the task was completed, the commission was withdrawn. In general, teaching, scientific research and other related academic work in higher academic universities is mainly considered and decided by the council or the faculty. A council or assembly of professors has a higher status and function.

American university internal management structure of the upper school level, its main characteristic is that people outside of the board of directors is the legal authority in the university, responsible for college education in general, not involved in the internal management of the school, the exercise of the highest and ultimate power of university management, the board of directors is one of the important channels, and strengthen the school and social ties make school direction more adapt to the social needs, at the same time the social effect on the supervision of the school; The administrative system headed by the President exercises the daily administrative power of the university according to the authorization of the board of directors, decides major policy issues related to the development of the school, and deals with the relationship between the school and the board of directors, the school and the government, and the school and the society. The President of a private university is appointed by the board of directors and is responsible to the board of directors. The faculty council or faculty council is responsible for the decision-making of the university's academic affairs.

Thus, in the upper part of the university's internal management structure, the board of directors, the administrative system and the power structure of the council or the assembly of professors are divided and governed.

The college is the middle of the three-tier internal management structure of private universities in the United States. Private universities in the United States generally consist of a variety of colleges, such as Harvard University has 9 colleges, Stanford university has 8 colleges. There are liberal arts colleges and medical, law, business, engineering, education and other colleges. The liberal arts college usually undertakes the basic education task for both undergraduate and graduate students, and is composed of disciplines of humanities, social sciences and natural sciences. As a central and fundamental college of the university, the faculty of arts and sciences generally has a dean for undergraduate education and a dean for graduate education. The dean of a liberal arts college is usually appointed by the university's top officials and works as a member of the university's administrative body. The deans of specialized schools are mostly appointed, and some are elected by professors. The principal work of the President of the faculty of arts and sciences or of the faculty of science is teaching and research. Generally speaking, the school's management structure is mainly composed of two parts: one part is the administrative system headed by the President; The other part is one or more group organizations mainly composed of professors. The school's administrative system is usually composed of the President, vice President, department director and other relevant managerial personnel. Among them, several vice-presidents are responsible for teaching, research, curriculum, social service and student affairs. Each college has one or several organizations that represent the interests of scholars and students, such as the faculty professorship, the student union, the policy committee, the curriculum committee, the evaluation committee, and the promotion committee. These institutions meet regularly or irregularly to hear the reports of their hospital committees or presidents. Some issues need to be decided by a collective vote, while others can be consulted by the President. Therefore, there is a dual structure of power at the academy level. The administrative system and the teachers' group have both division of labor and cooperation in this dual structure to maintain the normal operation of the college.

In summary, strong middle management is an important feature of the management of private universities in the United States. The college is a management entity and has the right to handle major issues such as appointing teachers, setting up courses, awarding degrees and carrying out academic activities.

Departments are the cornerstone of colleges and universities. It is a department headed by a department head.

The head of the department is responsible to one or more deans, to one or more department officials, and to colleagues of the department who are of equal or near equal status. The department has an important say in the appointment of new faculty, promotion of teachers, determination of teaching plans, application and implementation of research projects, but the major issues are not decided by the department

The method of selecting department head: administrative leadership appointment; Election of teachers; The compromise between the two approaches is that the department presents a list of names from which the administration designates one person. The third approach is a way to balance the interests of teachers and management institutions. In most cases, though, the head of a university is elected by the full faculty, rotating among professors who enjoy a "tenured" tenure. The head of the department is responsible to one or more deans, to one or more department officials, and to colleagues of the department who are of equal or near equal status. The department has an important say in the appointment of new faculty, promotion of teachers, determination of teaching plans, application and implementation of research projects, but the major issues are not decided by the department. In some cases, the dean must consult with other professors and make decisions according to the principle that the minority is subordinate to the majority. The authority and responsibility of a dean can vary greatly from school to school. The chairman's term is usually three years, sometimes five years, and is usually renewable.

Responsibilities of the department head: as the main administrative leader, organize and manage the daily teaching and research work of the department, including such matters as arranging the continuation of education work; Develop and continuously adjust the department's development policies to fit with those of colleges and schools: manage the department's expenditure; To guide and supervise the department's administrative staff; Arrange the class schedule and assign teaching tasks; Supervise and manage the use of classroom, laboratory, etc. Recruit a talented team of teachers with appropriate administrators; To encourage and praise excellent teaching staff; To advise the school leaders on the promotion of the faculty title, the adjustment of salary, the granting of "life tenure" and the enjoyment of academic fake; Provide the faculty leadership with a list of Suggestions for the department's professional directors; To organize and guide the academic discussion activities of the department's teachers. Make appropriate arrangements to guide undergraduate students; Make appropriate arrangements for guiding graduate students and getting their papers approved; encourage students to organize their own academic activities, set up study groups and student clubs. To cooperate with the school and school leaders in charge of scientific research to assist them in encouraging teachers' scientific research and writing; To cooperate with the relevant leaders of the college to assist them in evaluating the teaching of undergraduate and postgraduate students and to promote their development; Establish, maintain and develop relationships with internal and external research organizations and foundations. In addition, the department head has to attend relevant committees and do his own teaching and scientific research work.

51due留学教育原创版权郑重声明：原创essay代写范文源自编辑创作，未经官方许可，网站谢绝转载。对于侵权行为，未经同意的情况下，51Due有权追究法律责任。主要业务有essay代写、assignment代写、paper代写、作业代写服务。

留学生essay范文：Civil justice reform in England

下面整理一篇优秀的essay范文给大家- Civil justice reform in England，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了英国民事司法的改革。英国民事司法的改革统一了高等法院和郡法院的诉讼规则；为加强法院对诉讼的控制，重点推行案件管理制度；为防止诉讼过分迟延，采取在快速程序中制定确定的时间表等措施；通过完善“早期卸除”程序，严格控制诉讼费用；鼓励当事人采取ADR解决纠纷。


At the end of the 20th century, most countries faced different forms and degrees of judicial crisis: high litigation costs and long litigation process made the court unable to provide an effective way to guarantee rights and settle disputes. Britain, too, faces a particularly acute crisis in its civil justice system. High litigation costs; Undue complexity; Uncertainty about the time and money that might be spent in litigation; Impartiality, that is, the party with strong financial resources can use all the weaknesses of the system to defeat the opponent. Hence the growing clamour for reform in Britain. In 1994 the civil justice reform was formally unveiled in Britain, with Lord Woolf appointed by the Lord chancellor to lead it. Lord Wolf published the interim report on civil Justice reform in England and wales in June 1995 under the title Access to Justice. The final report was published in July 1996. In 1998, new civil procedure rules based on the above two reports came into effect on April 26, 1999.

The reforms currently under way or to be carried out in the UK are mainly based on the scheme proposed by Lord wolff in the report. The new rules of civil procedure put into effect on April 26, 1999 generally adopt the reform views of Lord wolff, which constitute the core content of the British civil litigation reform and is an important phased result. As envisaged in the final report, civil justice reform should achieve the following objectives: to avoid litigation as much as possible; Reduce litigation antagonism. Increase cooperation; Simplifying litigation; Shortening litigation time and making it more deterministic; Litigation costs have become more affordable and predictable and more commensurate with the value and complexity of the case; Financially strapped parties can Sue on a more equal basis; The division of responsibilities between the judicial department and the administrative department in the civil justice system is clearer. Designing the structure of the court and the disposition of judges to meet the needs of litigation; Effectively appoint judges. To enable it to administer proceedings in accordance with the new rules and protocols of civil procedure; The civil justice system can respond to the demands of litigation. According to article 1 of the new rules, the basic goal of the new rules is to ensure that the court hears cases fairly.

The content of civil justice reform in England mainly includes the following aspects: unifying the litigation rules of high court and county court; In order to strengthen the court's control over litigation, the case management system should be emphasized. In order to prevent the litigation from being excessively delayed, measures such as setting a definite timetable in the rapid proceedings should be taken; Strictly control litigation costs by improving the front loading program; Encourage parties to adopt ADR to resolve disputes.

Thus it can be seen that whether it is to take measures to expand the acceptance of the judicial system, remove the obstacles for parties to resort to the judicial system, or to reform the civil judicial system. Since the mid-1990s, the civil justice reform in the UK has always taken the guarantee of the effective realization of the fair trial right of British citizens as the top idea. But Britain did not neglect the role of alternative dispute resolution mechanism that ADR, on the contrary, in the process of the civil judicial reform, countries to persuade the actions to be a final resolve the dispute relief measures, encourage national as far as possible to avoid litigation, for certain types of dispute, the court to encourage the parties in the resort to the court before the use of alternative dispute resolution mechanism, namely to achieve justice by ADR.

Different from the American practice of "strongly supporting and actively intervening", the British practice of ADR adopts the practice model of "vigorously supporting and cautiously intervening". The legislative and judicial departments of the United Kingdom strongly support the development of ADR. The British court mainly aims to provide indirect but effective support for the operation of the self-sufficiency and autonomy of ADR, but is not willing to get too involved in the ADR mechanism. Therefore, British courts do not tend to provide ADR products directly, i.e. set up courts to attach ADR, but take some measures in civil justice reform to encourage citizens to use ADR, such as actively trying to use economic leverage, including legal aid funds and litigation costs to urge parties to voluntarily adopt ADR; Through the court's case management system, all civil courts are provided with alternative dispute resolution mechanisms such as information resources. At present, the main forms of British ADR include: mediation, mediation, administrative judgment, mini trial, expert decision, early neutral assessment, judicial assessment, arbitration, etc. These adrs are combined with civil litigation to form a multi-dispute settlement mechanism with complementary functions and coordinated development.

In addition, most importantly, before the civil justice reform, the development of civil ADR organizations in the UK has formed a certain scale. The role of the three major British ADR organizations, namely the Academy of Experts, the ADR group and the dispute settlement center is particularly important. These ADR organizations not only resolve disputes, but also do a lot of work in ADR human resources construction. In particular, the expert association has made great achievements in training neutral second persons. This has laid the necessary organizational and human resource foundation for the sustainable development of ADR.

There is no litigation explosion in China. Western rule of law developed countries to promote ADR, mainly due to the explosion of litigation. In China, an important factor that attracts people's attention to ADR is also caused by the pressure of the increasing number of cases that judicial departments are facing, but this pressure is by no means the so-called "lawsuit explosion". Between 1990 and 1999, courts across the country received an average of 424 cases a year. 90,000 units, a 3 on the previous 13-year average. In 1989, the number of judges was 120,000, and in 1998, the number of judges was about 170,000, an increase of 41. 67%. In terms of the workload per judge, take 1998, which had the highest settlement rate, as an example. 88 pieces. It can be seen that, although the number of cases accepted by Chinese courts has increased rapidly in recent years, the court is far from exhausted. The judicial pressure in China is caused by the low efficiency of the judicial system.

Non-litigation dispute settlement resources are not fully utilized. The current ADR procedures in China mainly include mediation and arbitration. In practice, the former mainly includes people's mediation, litigation mediation, administrative mediation and mediation in arbitration. But resources are severely idle, resulting in huge waste. Take mediation as an example. During the period from 1990 to 2004, not only did the number of cases mediated by the people exceed the total number of cases settled by the courts in the same period, but the number of cases settled by the courts accounted for up to 58. 85%, it is no exaggeration to say that mediation plays an irreplaceable role in any other dispute settlement method in Chinese society. However, although civil disputes have been rising every year from 1990 to 2004, the number of settlements has not been increasing year by year, but has been decreasing exponentially. In 1990, the total number of civil cases mediated by the people was 740. 920,000, down to 449 in 2003. In 1990, the court mediation accounted for 43 cases in the same period. 67 percent, up from 58 in 1994. 85%, down to 29 in 2003. 94%. Mediation is faced with an unprecedented dilemma: the utilization rate of mediation has declined all the way, and mediation has been gradually marginalized.

One - sided view of rule of law. Recently, the focus of the judicial reform in our country are mainly concentrated in the people's court within the judicial system reform and improvement of the system of theory aspect, and ignore or downplay the ADB system construction, this is because since the 1990 s, in theory and practice of law, there is a kind of too much emphasis on the judicial function improper exaggerated tendency of the role of litigation, the mediation mechanism of ADR mistaken for damage to the rule of law. This view and tendency to treat the relationship between litigation mechanism and non-litigation mechanism "has greatly changed from the past theory of legal futility to the theory of legal omnipotence, as if any problem and any dispute could be solved through judicial channels". This is essentially a misunderstanding, and the background of judicial reform and the limits of justice and ADB in the four countries of Europe and America. The successful experience tells us that modern countries ruled by law not only do not exclude the form of ADR, but also need ADR to divert the solution channels of disputes, alleviate the increasing judicial load and save limited judicial resources.

Firstly, western ADR is carried out under the condition of highly legalized society and strong self-discipline of social subjects. However, China is now in the period of social transformation. The traditional value system has been loose, and the new value system has not been established yet. The awareness of citizens' rights is not strong enough, and the ability of self-discipline is low. Therefore, ADR, as an alternative solution based on the autonomy and self-discipline of the parties, lacks the self-discipline of the parties at the present stage in China and cannot be guaranteed, and most ADR falls into litigation as a mere form. Secondly, the socialist market economy is in the stage of establishment and perfection, which makes the forms of civil disputes diverse, the main body behavior lacks standard, and the civil legal relations change rapidly. Therefore, the way of litigation with authority and compulsion to determine rights and obligations becomes the first choice of parties and the social need.

The inherent disadvantages of ADR also hinder its development. Because ADR does not have the mandatory effect, the standard and the procedure's arbitrariness, after the host the organization quality is uneven, as well as the party's strength difference causes the unfair result, causes the party to lack the trust each other, the court also disregards the cooperation.

The law provides for the settlement of non-litigation disputes, such as people's mediation and arbitration, to be too simple and principled. Our country 1995 promulgate "arbitration law" only 80 articles. The law has been implemented for more than seven years, and the legislature has yet to formulate relevant implementation measures. The lag of arbitration legislation directly makes it difficult for each region to complete the task of establishing arbitration organization. As for mediation, besides people's mediation, the laws on settling disputes between professional intermediary agencies such as Chambers of commerce, law firms, accounting firms, architects' associations, insurance associations and banking associations are still missing.

51due留学教育原创版权郑重声明：原创essay代写范文源自编辑创作，未经官方许可，网站谢绝转载。对于侵权行为，未经同意的情况下，51Due有权追究法律责任。主要业务有essay代写、assignment代写、paper代写、作业代写服务。

留学生essay范文：The British liberal party under institutional change

下面整理一篇优秀的essay范文给大家- The British liberal party under institutional change，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了制度变迁下的英国自由党。受外源性的制度变迁和内源性的制度变迁的影响，英国自由党的发展历程发生了很大变化。英国自由党是英国第一次工业革命的产物，也是光荣革命后王权让位于议会的产物。英国的第一次工业革命，促进了英国资本主义经济的快速发展，在自由主义的号召下，自由党实现了28年的连续执政，但是第二次工业革命的时候，英国发展缓慢，以自由贸易、自由竞争的自由主义也变为垄断资本主义。这导致英国自由党自由主义的竞选宣言的丧失，加之自由党不但没有进行及时的政策调整，反而还大力提倡“节俭”，这让人们越来越对其失望，后来逐渐衰落。


Political party is the product of history, and it is a special phenomenon of human social and political activities. Party originally produced in the UK, each political party has its election manifesto and governing idea, the implementation of their good or bad will determine whether they can become the ruling party, this process can be understood as a select few ideas and process of curing them into system, then the problems in the process and interpretation tasks and methods, combined with the evolution of the British liberal development process. What lessons can we learn from the rise and fall of the liberal party and how to use them to develop ourselves, which is why it is worth studying.

The development of a political party has gone through a process of solidification, and then formed the political party's election manifesto and its relevant policies and policies. Then, when a system is formed, whether it can adapt to the development of society becomes a variation process of "survival of the fittest, elimination of the unfittest".

In the west, the term "party" has evolved from the Latin word "pars". It means a part of society, and later it is a kind of social and political organization. In his book the core concepts of politics, British political scientist Andrew Heywood also defined political parties. "political parties are a group of people organized to win government power through elections or other means", and "political parties aim to exercise government power by winning public office".

Britain is the birthplace of political parties, as the two traditional liberal parties are also representative. The liberal party came into being more than 300 years ago. It evolved from the whig party, which in the 1830s became the party representing the interests of the British industrial and commercial bourgeoisie. Victory back in 1906, the liberal party in the election, even during the outbreak of the first world war, but after the first world war, the liberal party differences and so on various aspects contradictions deepening, combined with the senior Labour took advantage of the liberal party differences and developed, the Labour party after more than 20 years of development, the development becomes the new two big parties, while the British liberal party to become a third party, the opposition.

The development of British liberal party has been affected by exogenous institutional change and endogenous institutional change.

The liberal party was the product of Britain's first industrial revolution and the abdication of the crown to parliament after the glorious revolution. Britain's industrial revolution for the first time, promote the rapid development of the British capitalist economy, under the call of the liberalism, the liberal party implements 28 years in power, however, with the development of the second industrial revolution, a new type of capitalist countries, led by the United States, Germany, the rapid development, established the slow development of the capitalist countries Britain, France, with free trade, liberal and free competition to monopoly capitalism. This led to the loss of the liberal manifesto of Britain's liberal party, which, instead of making timely policy changes, became increasingly disillusioned with its advocacy of "thrift". Clearly, anachronistic "liberal" economic policies were one of the external factors that contributed to the decline of Britain's liberal party.

In 1900, Britain established the "Labour committee", the embryonic form of the labor party. By 1906, it was officially renamed the labor party. One of the main reasons for the emergence of the Labour party is that the split of the top leaders of the liberal party has created favorable development and good opportunities for the Labour party. Later, the two parties over the rule-making power produced political conflict, giving rise to power and freedom, therefore, in order to have more political voice in the future or better reflect the will of the ruling party, they must also have competitive power, and will do our best, this is a zero-sum game, the winner in charge, shall have the right to set the rules, even if the rule is not conducive to the interests of the parties failure; And a failed party can only accept any adverse consequences of failure. Some of the better rules have been copied and used to gain better legitimacy as Labour has alternated with the conservatives.

Due to incomplete knowledge, the liberal party cannot adapt to the needs of the development of new economy is an important factor in the rise and fall of the British liberal party, this factor is of produce on specific institutional arrangements of ideas, based on the general theory of system vicissitude, the idea of institutional change is influenced by existing concepts, or to respond to the opportunity of institutional change.

From the perspective of path dependence, once a system chooses a path under the self-enhancement mechanism in the process of social institutional change, it will go on with the chosen path with great strength, and the established direction of such organization and system will probably be strengthened in the subsequent development process. In other words, the initial choice of a system or organization has a strong influence on the track of the change of the system and the direction of the future development of the organization. Once a clear choice is made, the organization and system will become dependent on the choice. In other words, the liberal party why the cause of the development of hundreds of years, it is adapted to liberalism, the economic system, rely on this article has selected the path to the left, but when the inertia continues to a certain stage, it may trigger a negative feedback mechanism, resulting in the system and organization into an infinite loop or locks, in the late 19th century, liberal this path has been locked in some inefficient state, therefore, when it was trapped under the locked state, to get out but will be very difficult, even tend to use external forces, For example, by introducing exogenous variables or relying on the change of regime, the British party system just chose the change of regime, making the regime change and the liberal party gradually withdraw from the stage of history.

In 1886, the liberal party was deeply divided over the issue of Irish autonomy. Chamberlain, who advocated Irish unification, and his followers broke away from the liberal party and joined the conservative party to fight against the liberal party.

Due to the division of the top leadership of the liberal party, the construction of the party itself has problems.

Since the 1970s, the British political party system has entered a new development period. The characteristics of the original typical two-party system began to weaken, and the two-party system began to show a trend of development towards the two-party system. Since entering the 21st century, the liberal party in their various aspects has carried on the reform and construction, the internal system is more and more people, the democratization, policy is becoming more and more cater to the will of the voters, leadership election in 2007, the British liberal party leader, Nick clegg, with 50.6% of the vote to become the new leader, and participate in the ruling coalition in 2010, this is the important embodiment of the liberal party began to rise. So why did the liberal party show signs of recovery? The general economic downturn and even decline of western capitalist countries also led to the increase of occasional and unpredictable factors in their political field, which contributed to the prosperity of the liberal party.

From the dynamic analysis of institutional change, the second reason is the emergence of new powers which can change existing institutional arrangements and create or implement new institutional arrangements. For example, the losing side of the previous power struggle has returned strongly and won a new power struggle. Britain's liberal party, which has been in deep sleep for nearly 100 years since it retired from the historical stage in the early 20th century, was able to form a coalition government in 2010, participate in political affairs and influence the formulation of national policies. This strong return is the implementation of a new institutional arrangement to comply with this new institutional arrangement.

The existing system of the UK will also affect the process of the legitimacy and rationality of the new system. When this specific system arrangement is formed, it will become an integral part of the overall system. Therefore, new institutional arrangements may or may not adapt to the existing system, which affects its prospects of survival and stability throughout the system. Under the existing two-party system in the UK, it remains to be seen how the liberal party can improve its ability and level to participate in politics, influence political life and whether the rise of the liberal party in the UK is really in line with the trend of the development of British parties.

Throughout the rise and fall of the British liberal party, you can see, it also mingled with the decline of the inevitability of chance, it is also the result of the internal and external factors, the decline of the liberal party after one hundred years of slumber in the UK, it can rise again, to participate in the political life, seems to be a certain system arrangement has its own life in influence subsequent institutional change process.

51due留学教育原创版权郑重声明：原创essay代写范文源自编辑创作，未经官方许可，网站谢绝转载。对于侵权行为，未经同意的情况下，51Due有权追究法律责任。主要业务有essay代写、assignment代写、paper代写、作业代写服务。

留学生essay范文：The training model of American athletes

下面整理一篇优秀的essay范文给大家- The training model of American athletes，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国运动员的培养模式。美国是世界第一体育强国，在各项体育赛事中领先于其他国家。美国的体育运动不受政府的直接控制，各运动项目发展的主要经济来源都是与赞助商以及媒体进行合作所获得的收入，参与其中的每一方都有可能获利，互惠共赢。美国奥委会以及全美大学生体育协会是美国两个很具影响力的体育组织。其中，美国奥委会主要负责组织美国参加奥运会以及世界锦标赛的各项目代表队。而全美大学生体育协会和美国奥委会一样，也是独立的社会组织，主要负责组织全美各高校之间各个体育竞技项目的比赛。


American sports has always played an important role in world sports. For many years, it has topped the Olympic medal table. In recent years, the pace of its comprehensive development has been even faster. We can not deny that the superb competitive level comes from its good mass sports foundation and strong commercial support, but perhaps more importantly, its talent cultivation and the mode and method of carrying out sports. Sports in the United States is not under the direct control of the government. The main financial source of the development of sports programs is the income from the cooperation with sponsors and the media. Each party involved in them is likely to gain profits and benefit for all. The U.S. Olympic committee and the national collegiate athletic association are two influential sports organizations in the United States. The usoc is responsible for organizing U.S. teams for the Olympics and world championships. This organization is a relatively independent social organization, which is not controlled by the government and does not receive any financial support. The NCAA, like the U.S. Olympic committee, is an independent social organization that organizes sports competitions among colleges and universities across the country. The NCAA is as popular in America as the major leagues and the Olympics. Most importantly, the NCAA ensures athletes' right to receive education while maintaining the high level of American college sports, and enables athletes to achieve balanced and comprehensive development.

Looking at the development of sports in China, we can see that we have achieved remarkable achievements. The recent Olympic Games have been among the best in more and more sports. China's sports development has been supported by the national sports system for many years, and the government has invested a lot in the teams. Although our progress is obvious to all, it is undeniable that the model of the national sports system will have some negative effects on the improvement of athletes themselves and the long-term healthy development of China's sports. Under the national system, the relationship between the great investment in sports and the return, and whether the development mode of such sports is sustainable and efficient need to be reconsidered. In these aspects, the United States, as a country with advanced sports development, has many valuable experiences for our country to learn and draw lessons from.

In the United States, there is no national or government policy on athlete development or special measures to encourage a certain sport. Instead, it is all market-oriented. Before the world series, the individual sports associations held the national trials under the supervision and authorization of the United States Olympic committee. The athletes participated in the training for one to two weeks before the world series, and the competition was disbanded. There are two main outlets for these improvised national team players, in addition to those from universities across the country. One is professional athletes. The major league of American basketball is typical of professional operation. Second, athletes from amateur clubs. These players take sport as a sideline, they have their own jobs, they just take it as a hobby. In Athens, Beijing and London three Olympic men's shooting competition, in the lead, always on the last shot with the champion lost, emmons is an accountant.

No one gets preferential treatment for past results. Everyone has to participate in the trials to qualify. World-class athletes like tyson gay and Alan Johnson have missed the Olympics because of injuries. The reason why the United States has a "one-shot" qualifying system is that Americans do not believe in the power of authority in many cases. They prefer to have a fair, well-written selection system, rather than anyone winning in an opaque world. That is why the United States did not name its Olympic athletes until half a month before the London games.

American colleges and universities attach great importance to sports. There are 1,066 member colleges in the NCAA, and there are 340 in the first level, among which there are many ivy league universities. For example, duke university and UCLA in the first level basketball league. UCLA can be said to be the best in competitive sports, and its athletes have won 250 MEDALS in the past Olympics, more than even many countries. Such huge education resources and perfect training system have laid a very good foundation for the level of competition and the appreciation of competition among universities. Campus sports culture is also carried out loud and colorful, and many popular games, such as football and basketball, are often full. Many alumni also give great support to the campus sports, because people's feelings for their Alma mater are often pinned on one of the school's teams.

Universities exercise their power independently, flexibly and in accordance with the law in recruiting students. In order to avoid disorder in recruiting high-level athletes, all recruited athletes have strict regulations and special regulations. Schools attract elite athletes through a high-value scholarship system, and each recruit its own athletes to the NCAA at a given standard to attract better talent. Schools also offer free accommodation for elite athletes, free tuition, and some offer transportation. This is very attractive to the average college student. Of course, it is still a comprehensive consideration in the process of talent selection, and will not receive any preferential treatment for exceptional performance in sports, as long as it does not meet the minimum academic requirements of the NCAA. According to the regulations, even entry will be greatly affected in terms of pay, such as the inability to obtain scholarships, the inability to participate in the training of school teams but the failure to represent the school, and the training time is strictly controlled until the athletes can meet the minimum academic requirements. Lin, a famous Chinese player, chose Harvard University instead of Stanford university, which is better in basketball, because he did not get a scholarship when he was in college.

Some of the money for college teams comes from the government, such as scholarships for athletes from state universities and the day-to-day expenses of the teams. However, as the NCAA is no less popular than some professional leagues, some of the hottest items in the college teams still generate a lot of revenue for the schools, including ticket receipts for popular matches, the sale of team memorabilia and, of course, donations from all walks of life. In order to facilitate the audience through the production of web pages, sports fans can directly on the campus website to do these operations.

Because the NCAA has strict requirements for the eligibility of athletes and a series of mandatory violations. In order to ensure the qualification of elite athletes, the school must strictly manage and train the student athletes according to the NCAA standards. The integration of basic education, advanced education and competitive education ensures that the student athletes can play their advantages and talents in their favorite competitive sports field while accepting higher education. It avoids the school to let the student athlete strengthen the training for the sports achievement and relaxes the academic pursuit. The school's violations will be severely punished by the NCAA. In the same way, student athletes who fail to follow the rules must be punished by the school.

Raising an athlete in the United States comes at a relatively high cost to families at an early stage, as marketization moves money only to higher-level competitions that can generate profits. For beginners even need to hire their own coaches and participate in some of their peers at their own expense to improve the level.

Despite the high cost, there are still many people willing to take part in competitive sports. First of all, athletes are highly recognized in American society and professional athletes are very well paid. Secondly, there is a strong social sports atmosphere in the United States. Many people have cherished the dream of becoming a sports star since childhood, and most of them participate in sports because of interest. And the United States has an absolutely fair selection model that allows anyone to take to the top of the world's sport through tryouts. Finally is also very important, the United States has a complete physical education system, in the cultural education of high level athletes with advanced experience, main show is the combination of sports and education, make teenagers can accept cultural knowledge in the process of growth of education, can undertake according to their own interests and hobbies and sports training, even failed to have outstanding performance in sports can quickly integrate into social life.

To sum up, we can have a macro knowledge and understanding of the cultivation of excellent competitive talents in the United States. We found that the United States has very strict legal regulations on the management of athletes. This makes the development of competitive sports in the United States orderly, and any macro regulatory goals can be achieved through the rule of law.

The education level of athletes in the United States is commendable, and we should be very clear that the level of competition will be affected by education. Because people have limited energy and time, it's common sense to focus on one thing rather than two. This makes it easy for people to give up their studies in order to pursue the benefits of competition. This phenomenon is well controlled by the United States through its strict system and strong executive force, which prevents schools and sports teams from depriving athletes of their rights and opportunities to be subject to education because of the drive of interests, and enables most athletes to accept the basic culture education. This not only provides a fair competition platform for athletes, but also encourages more teenagers to take part in the sports they are interested in in their spare time, so that the teenagers with sports talent can fully explore their own sports talent and show their value in the sports field.

The practice of completely fair and just selection is another important embodiment of legalization. Although the strict implementation of selection system is not necessarily the most efficient method, it is indeed a method that is difficult to dispute. It cannot be denied that the United States has received very good results through the strict implementation of this system. Although some excellent athletes cannot participate in important competitions for special reasons, which will cause a certain degree of loss to the country and individuals, it also avoids more unnecessary troubles and costs. Under such a selection method, the United States sports in the world did not bring any adverse impact.

Highly skilled athletes have a high level of reward and social recognition. Professional league athletes typically have large labor contracts and other business income, and many are known for their high frequency of broadcasts and strong media coverage. Not only professional athletes can get rich treatment, but college athletes also have a scholarship system that is difficult for students to reach. Besides, excellent athletes can get extra rich scholarships every year besides being exempt from expensive tuition and miscellaneous fees and obtain medical insurance and other services. On campus, teams are often popular with students, and many elite athletes have become superstars on college campuses.

Strong executive ability is also an important factor for the United States to adopt the legal management method and implement it successfully. No individual or institution has the right to enjoy privileges. No matter it is a world famous university or an ordinary university, no matter it is a world famous university or an ordinary athlete, as long as he or she takes part in it, he or she must strictly abide by the laws and regulations. Once he or she violates the regulations, he or she will be treated equally and the punishment will be too high.

Although the current sports talent training mode in China has achieved a proud record, there are still many aspects that need to be improved and learned, and some successful experiences of the United States are worth our thinking and learning.

Most professional athletes in our country abandon their studies for the sake of rapid improvement in their athletic ability. As a result, it is difficult for some professional athletes to integrate into social life after retirement because they have no ability to work outside of sports. Moreover, Chinese athletes' cultural literacy has been criticized by the international community. This has a lot to do with the fact that our country does not have more standardized standards at the education level for athletes. Although the state has also spent enormous financial, human and material resources to equip professional sports teams with specialized cultural instructors, there are no clear regulations on the standards of cultural levels that athletes need to meet. This makes the athletes have no motivation and constraint to study in the culture course education after the hard training. This phenomenon not only exists in professional athletes, but also in some university competitions in China, because there is no perfect legal system and strong supervision, and there is also a lack of effective reward and punishment measures, leading schools to often choose to use professional athletes to participate in competitions in order to strive for better performance. This not only makes the fair competition platform become the appearance, but also causes the student athlete to lose the competition opportunity which belongs to them. Even the wrong guiding student athletes, for make the mistake in the sports arena to realize self value, or to become a professional athlete is at the expense of their studies and give up a lot of chance to receive education as the premise, and make the athletes themselves lost a lot of development opportunities and possibilities in life, have to bear greater pressure and risk, further aggravated the situation of excessive competition.

On the other hand, this wrong signal is likely to distort the motivation to participate in sports, making the true meaning of competitive sports for society forgotten, and combining sports with many other complicated interests. Individuals who want to develop in sports will face more difficult choices and bigger obstacles.

No matter from which point of view, the combination of sports and education in China but also from the system level, school level and athletes level such as in-depth thinking, can be in the pattern of other countries for reference, but because of the historical background of the development of sports in our country, the existing system, the existing situation and so on all have the particularity, so more to China's actual situation, continuously explore, out of a suitable for the situation of our country athletes to develop road.

51due留学教育原创版权郑重声明：原创essay代写范文源自编辑创作，未经官方许可，网站谢绝转载。对于侵权行为，未经同意的情况下，51Due有权追究法律责任。主要业务有essay代写、assignment代写、paper代写、作业代写服务。

留学生essay范文;Modern communities in Britain

下面整理一篇优秀的essay范文给大家- Modern communities in Britain，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了英国的现代社区教育。社区教育是社区发展中的核心内容之一，与每个居民的生活有着日益紧密的联系。社区教育向全民开放，不受资格限制，并联系着一个人一生中所有的教育活动。社区教育在国外的发展较早，英国在社区教育具有其特点，并积累了一定的经验。英国的社区教育重在根据居民的需要开展教育，重视学习者的参与。


"Community", which means close partners and communities, is an important category of sociological and anthropological research. In 1871, the name "community" was first used in the book east and west village community published by the British scholar H.S. Maine. Then, the German sociologist tenness published the book community and society in 1887, which was the first to frequently use this concept from the perspective of sociological theoretical research. Tenness divided the manifestation of human groups living together into two types: one is community, the other is society. In his opinion, community is a social community with common values and human interest, which is composed of homogeneous population within a certain region. Society is a social community based on purpose, interest, contract and people keeping a certain distance. The research on community and its management originated from Western Europe, developed in the United States, became popular in western developed countries and gradually spread to developing countries.

Community construction in Britain was put forward in the 1970s. Due to the serious gap between rich and poor in urban economy, community construction has become one of the main problems to be solved. However, at that time, all community problems in Britain were solved by the government, and the participation of residents was not strong. In the late 1980s, the British government put forward the agenda of community reconstruction, and residents' participation was greatly increased. The cultural education carried out by the community was more in line with the actual requirements of residents. Therefore, the British community education focuses on the development of education according to the needs of residents and attaches importance to the participation of learners. For example, the adult learning plan of George daley community in Edinburgh, which is divided into three stages and lasts for 8 years, has carried out a lot of topic learning and discussion.

Community committees in the UK, similar to those in China, have the functions of grass-roots government. The social welfare policies of the state are basically implemented through communities. Communities also establish partnerships with local private service companies to manage stadiums, clubs and fitness centers and enrich residents' entertainment and sports life. The main task of community committee perennial service, help the work, by the government and community investment, improve the necessary service facilities, such as street library, service center, the British government funding community strength is very big, is used to improve and improve the community service system, such as tax and direct investments finance service, responsible for the care of children and the elderly social services, community to strengthen racial equality, as with other work, directly by the national law and policy guidance.

There is a close relationship between the school and the community. The school is equipped with psychological workers, and there are many social organizations and enthusiasts outside the school to provide services for students. In addition to the after-school activities of British schools, the community clubs and libraries provide concessionary or free places for student activities. Some community libraries have set aside a special area for children to finish their homework, and some social enthusiasts provide guidance and help for students.

The establishment of community college in Britain was first initiated by morrisch in the 1920s. Morrisch believed that a village college could be established by combining several rural facilities, providing primary, secondary, expanded and adult education, as well as socio-cultural and entertainment facilities. In 1944, Britain passed the compulsory education law and adopted the morrissey concept. Community colleges gradually became universal teaching institutions.

The British understanding of community education is similar to that of the United States, and community college is also an important form of expression. Claims as a result of the British education system is one of the world's most rigorous but complex and flexible education system, one of the community education of vocational guidance, obviously, the courses tightly grasp the needs of the job market, and keep up with the trend of The Times, choose the latest, most development prospects, the employment rate of the best content to teach, course depth, breadth is low, and various professional classification in detailed. The trained person has strong practical ability, expression ability and creative ability, and can quickly get on the job and be competent for the work.

Community library is an important resource and way to develop community education, which is managed by local government. There are a large number of community libraries in Britain, covering the whole country. All of them belong to the British public library system. The public libraries act of 1850 established the tradition of free public access to libraries in Britain. Each community library has a larger scale. For example, Westminster in London has 13 community libraries with a total collection of more than 1 million books. Community libraries in the United Kingdom implement the system of central library, each library is connected to the Internet, through borrowing and returning.

In addition to the central library, the community library does not do cataloging work, only the circulation of books. The central library is responsible for purchasing and cataloguing books and distributing them. On the website of British public library, you can see the detailed website of each community library. The computer of community library is free for readers to use, providing rich education resources for community residents.

In recent years, the British government and fire department pay more and more attention to the work of community fire safety education, which is a strong supplement to community education and forms a distinctive feature. British cities designate a number of fire officers, who are in charge of mapping the densely populated areas with many fires. They will go to the community for fire fighting at least one week a year. The professional fire stations in Britain are open to the public at ordinary times, and welcome the public to visit, and in recent years began to establish a more formal community safety education center, mainly fire education, also carried out some community security activities. Education fire fighting activities are rich in content and novel in form, such as summer camp activities, fire fighting computer learning classes, fire fighting software design, fire fighting education meetings, and fire fighting art performances. Community fire education attaches great importance to education through lively activities and arouses the enthusiasm of students to participate in activities. Community people often rent the conference room of the center for meetings, and the center often hires literary and artistic personnel to perform fire-fighting literary and artistic programs in the center under the guidance of fire officers. Some centers receive more than 1,000 community residents, students and children every week.

In addition, the British community education explicitly integrates lifelong education into citizens' daily life and national culture, and plays an important role in achieving social equity and economic development.

51due留学教育原创版权郑重声明：原创essay代写范文源自编辑创作，未经官方许可，网站谢绝转载。对于侵权行为，未经同意的情况下，51Due有权追究法律责任。主要业务有essay代写、assignment代写、paper代写、作业代写服务。