留学生paper范文：Accounting work in the era of big data

下面整理一篇优秀的paper范文给大家- Accounting work in the era of big data，让大家能够参考学习，这篇论文讨论了大数据时代下的会计工作。在大数据时代下，基于云计算基础上的新型会计信息将取代传统意义上的会计信息，并发挥出更大更广的作用；大数据下的新型会计信息不止局限在企业的生产经营活动上，而是从企业的内部控制、业务管理等综合角度对企业进行全面整体的反映和分析，从而得出适合有效的会计数据信息，为会计核算工作提供科学的数据基础。

In the context of Internet big data, new accounting information based on cloud computing will replace traditional accounting information and play a bigger and broader role. Big data under the new accounting information not only limited at the production and business operation activities of the enterprise, but from the corporate governance structure, institutional setup and the Angle of internal control, business management, and other comprehensive enterprise to conduct a comprehensive reflection and analysis of whole, thus draws the suitable for enterprise development and effective accounting information, provide scientific data for accounting work.

Enterprise's continuing operations is traditional accounting recognition, measurement and reporting of the basic premise, the Internet era of big data broke the regional and limitations of accounting information, on the basis of cloud computing provides more valuable information, available resources, change affects the enterprise production and business operation mode and direction, which also played down the traditional enterprise inherent way of continuing operations.

In the traditional accounting work, the accounting stage is to divide the production and operation activities of the enterprise into continuous and identical periods. The purpose is to enable the enterprise to clearly settle the profit and loss, understand the operation results and cash flow. Accounting information in big data is carried out in virtual information space and environment such as the Internet and cloud computing. Enterprises can extract and select all kinds of accounting information that are valuable to them at any time and anywhere without being limited by time, region or space. Therefore, accounting staging in the traditional sense is losing its significance in the era of big data on the Internet.

The Internet era of big data, used in the virtual environment of cloud computing in the process of accounting information, enterprise can not constrained by "money" that means of payment, currency "" network" alipay "" COINS" the rise of the virtual currency, to the era of big data accounting information accounting offers many money value imagination space, thus has also changed the people to the Internet in the era of big data monetary measurement.

In the era of big data on the Internet, enterprises focus on the development and use of accounting informatization functions, and play an important role in the analysis, prediction and decision-making of accounting data through information resource sharing and integration. Therefore, it is proposed for accountants that they should not only master the basic skills of accounting and supervision, but also understand the use methods of big data on the Internet and the effective use methods of accounting information in big data in terms of analysis, prediction and decision-making, so as to maximize the functions of accounting information analysis and decision-making in big data.

Traditional accounting work mainly focuses on accounting and bookkeeping. In the era of big data on the Internet, accounting work focuses on data analysis, research and judgment as well as providing reliable materials for decision-making. This undoubtedly fundamentally changes the process of accounting work, and greatly improves the efficiency and quality of accounting work with the help of efficient cloud computing, and promotes the development of enterprise management.

The use effect of the traditional accounting data is not through the accounts, statements for decision making and management departments to provide the status and effect of enterprise production and operation, and the Internet in the era of big data of accounting data for decision-making, the administrative department of the production and operation of enterprise is more detailed and accurate analysis, decision-making report at the same time, through data platform of sharing resources for more external demanders provide valuable and practical results of accounting information.

The Internet makes it easy to collect, collect and select vast amounts of data without being restricted by region or time and space. Cloud computing greatly improves the efficiency of processing, analyzing and using accounting data. Big data platform processes diversified accounting data into targeted and applicable information resources; these undoubtedly fundamentally improve the efficiency of accounting work, saving the cost of accounting work.

Traditional accounting information is mainly obtained through manual calculation, check and logical verification, while the most important function of the Internet big data platform is the accurate collection and processing of data information. The platform can compare and identify hundreds of millions of data, and select the data most suitable for the business needs of enterprises. At the same time, it can properly process and sort these data and finally present the most useful and accurate accounting information to enterprises.

In the era of big data on the Internet, the functions of accounting work analysis, prediction and decision-making have been playing an increasingly important role in the business management and strategic decision-making of enterprises. Undoubtedly, these functions have continuously improved the important position of accounting work in enterprise management. At the same time, the improvement of the status of accounting work in turn promotes its continuous integration and communication with the big data of the Internet and promotes the continuous improvement and development of accounting management.

The traditional accounting information processing mode cannot have satisfied the needs of the development of the enterprise information, enterprises should actively use the Internet technology rich accounting information processing model, according to the actual situation of the information provided by this output different patterns of accounting statements, integrated all aspects of the accounting information of enterprises on the prediction of the economic development in the future.

The change of the function of accounting information makes the accounting data required at this stage break the monotony and rigidity. By virtue of the advanced and efficient Internet technology, it provides more timely and convenient information for the decision-making of enterprise management and saves the time of enterprise data planning.

At present, financial reports of enterprises are prepared by accountants after the balance sheet date. The process of preparation is long, and users of financial information cannot obtain information in time. With the emergence of the Internet and big data, enterprises realize the importance of real-time accounting information and the real-time reporting of accounting information brought by the Internet and big data era.

The function of accounting has always been to respond to the accounting activities that have occurred in the past, but it cannot predict the accounting activities that will occur in the future. Under the influence of big data, accountants need to acquire more available information resources, predict various risks that may occur in the future, and make reasonable plans.

To sum up, in line with the development trend of big data and Internet +, the accounting work needs to be reformed to better serve the development strategy of the enterprise. In the future work, the staff must face up to the changes in accounting work, at the same time improve the understanding and application of big data on the Internet, break the constraints of traditional accounting model, find the right direction, and actively promote the reform of accounting.

51due留学教育原创版权郑重声明：原创paper代写范文源自编辑创作，未经官方许可，网站谢绝转载。对于侵权行为，未经同意的情况下，51Due有权追究法律责任。主要业务有essay代写、assignment代写、paper代写等论文代写服务。

留学生paper范文;Financial management mode under the new accounting system

下面整理一篇优秀的paper范文给大家- Financial management mode under the new accounting system，让大家能够参考学习，这篇论文讨论了新会计制度下的财务管理模式。在新会计制度下企业开展财务管理活动时，比较缺乏专业化的人才，这是最根本最严重的问题，导致实际开展该项工作的效率与质量得不到保障，也无法充分发挥该工作对于企业发展应当具有的作用。就实际情况而言，要促进此类人员专业素养的提升，还存在比较大的困难，制约了财务管理模式的优化

In the new era, great changes have taken place in the internal and external environment of enterprise operation and development. In order to better adapt to the changes in the new environment and achieve sustainable development, it is necessary to attach importance to financial management and explore new working modes. Under the new accounting system, the work of financial management has also been greatly influenced and changed greatly, which also provides guidance for the better reform of its development mode.

In the new normal, although China's economy has made remarkable achievements and its influence in the international market has gradually increased, there are still many urgent problems to be solved at the micro level, such as enterprises, among which financial management is particularly prominent and crucial. Under the new accounting system, the development mode of financial management has been greatly influenced and many new problems have appeared. However, it is undeniable that the new accounting system provides better guidance for the improvement of financial management mode. Moreover, in the actual work, it can be found that financial management activities of enterprises also have many drawbacks, which affect the improvement of work efficiency and quality.

As far as the actual situation is concerned, there is still a big gap between the professional quality and ability, standardization and specialization of enterprise financial management personnel when they carry out the work in practice. After the implementation of new accounting standards, the enterprise to improve the financial management mode, to better play its role to promote the development of economy, must go in the direction of the current period closely combined with the new situation of economic and social development, promote the related personnel professional ascension, as much as possible to its more can meet the needs of working. At the same time, the financial management staff to strengthen on-the-job training, guide the master more financial knowledge, and in the actual work, can better application rules, for the enterprise development to provide some valuable financial information and development Suggestions, etc, provide financial basis for management decision-making, in order to enhance its decision-making more scientific, thus achieve the better development of the enterprise. At the present stage, for financial managers, they are too dependent on traditional financial knowledge when carrying out this activity, and their subjective experience often leads to a series of work distortion. In financial management work, therefore, is based on the theory of will as the implementation of the new accounting system, to adjust in a timely manner, and added some new content, abandon some outdated theory and practice, etc., thus to improve the financial management system, to adapt to the needs of economic development in the new period, and also help to promote the realization of the enterprise management humanization, very favorable for its long-term development. Generally speaking, enterprises in the new accounting system are short of professional talents when carrying out financial management activities, which is the most fundamental and serious problem. As a result, the efficiency and quality of actually carrying out the work cannot be guaranteed, and the work cannot fully play its role in enterprise development. As far as the actual situation is concerned, there are still great difficulties in promoting the professional quality of such personnel, which restricts the optimization of financial management mode.

Under the new accounting system, the enterprise's internal control mechanism has not been adjusted in a timely manner, which has exerted a lot of adverse effects on the subsequent work. Moreover, in many aspects, it can be seen that the internal control work is too formalized, and its role cannot be given full play. As far as the actual situation is concerned, although some enterprises have designed the internal control system corresponding to the financial management work, they have not implemented the system effectively. There are still many problems that cannot give full play to the role of the system, and the scope of the role is very limited and the impact is relatively small. Therefore, from the perspective of management, there are still many defects in the internal control system of enterprises. In terms of structure assessment and supervision, there are still many problems that need to be further improved, resulting in the limited role of the financial management model. In addition, before the implementation of the new accounting system, China's internal control system also has a lot of defects, and enterprises haven't paid enough attention to it. However, this problem has gradually become prominent in the new era, and it must be solved to promote enterprises to achieve better development.

For enterprises, to give full play to the role of financial management in promoting the development of enterprises, they must constantly enrich the professional quality of relevant personnel and constantly improve their mastery of professional knowledge. However, at the present stage, the management of the enterprise has not paid enough attention to it, so that the comprehensive quality of relevant personnel can never be effectively improved. For the introduced university talents, due to the excessive emphasis on the study of theoretical knowledge and lack of practical ability, they are not well qualified for the job. Under the new accounting system, traditional financial management has been greatly influenced, and new knowledge needs to be added in time. For some senior employees, they have rich experience in this field, but there are few opportunities for training and further study. They don't know much about the new accounting system and cannot correctly understand its deep meaning. In the actual work, there is no correct understanding of the problems, affecting the efficiency and quality of work. Therefore, the lack of enterprise training mechanism makes the financial management personnel limited in ability improvement, unable to meet the actual work requirements.

In the financial management activities, to strictly monitor the spending of the enterprise, and to perfect the internal control system, at the same time for the cost of each project need sufficient investigation, to achieve the maximization of their own resources use efficiency enterprise, at the same time to optimize the internal supervision mechanism, to do a good job in cost control to prevent the waste of resources, realizing the maximization of its value. In addition, it is necessary to update the implementation measures of financial management in a timely manner, design new business processing procedures, strictly separate the income and expenditure to meet the requirements of the new accounting system, optimize the fund management situation, prevent rent-seeking and other corruption, and constantly strengthen the supervision of the work of each link. In addition,

When making decisions, enterprise managers should actively explore new development opportunities to achieve better development. When making decisions, there must be a lot of financial risks, and financial management should play a role to better avoid possible risks. For investment opportunities, financial management personnel should careful accounting of the problems of cost and benefit, combined with their own actual situation, determine the project investment can be profitable, and then promote the enterprises to promote the efficiency of using resources, but also scientifically assess the scientific nature and rationality of investment projects, and then make the right investment decisions. In the whole process of enterprise investment, it is necessary to run through financial management, give full play to the role of supervision and management, realize the optimized utilization of resources, and then promote the improvement of enterprise economic benefits and prevent losses.

The development of information technology has had a great impact on many industries and its penetration is very strong. For enterprises, the development of this management work began to realize informatization. As far as financial management is concerned, although many enterprises have built information-based management systems, their application level is not high due to the influence of various factors. Therefore, enterprises need to further strengthen the construction of information management system, in which the position and value of financial management module are highlighted, and use information to promote the scientific decision-making of enterprises. In this case, carrying out financial management can obtain more information, better integrate financial resources, reduce the work pressure of related personnel, and achieve the improvement of work efficiency.

In the current period, when financial management is obtained, it is usually collected by each department and submitted to the financial department of the enterprise for accounting and statistical work. For enterprise managers, detailed analysis of the existing problems is needed to better arrange the work and clarify the key and difficult points of each work. This requires the financial management related personnel to study the new accounting system carefully, and carry out the work in a strict and orderly way, providing more decision-making information for the management personnel. To achieve this goal, enterprises must establish a sound financial management mechanism, restrain and guide all financial activities of enterprises, and ensure that the work is carried out legally and in compliance.

Under the new normal and new accounting system, enterprise operation and development increasingly need to give full play to the role of financial management, which has become the top priority of enterprise work. It is required that both management and financial staff should pay full attention to the implementation of the work, promote the improvement of the work quality and the optimization of the model from multiple perspectives, and then give full play to the positive role of the work.

51due留学教育原创版权郑重声明：原创paper代写范文源自编辑创作，未经官方许可，网站谢绝转载。对于侵权行为，未经同意的情况下，51Due有权追究法律责任。主要业务有essay代写、assignment代写、paper代写等论文代写服务。

留学生paper范文：Amoeba management mode

下面整理一篇优秀的paper范文给大家- Amoeba management mode，让大家能够参考学习，这篇论文讨论了阿米巴经营管理模式。阿米巴经营管理模式，就是把组织划分成许多个被称为阿米巴的小型组织，每个组织都作为一个独立的利润中心，独立经营，独立核算，培养具备经营意识的领导者，让全体员工参与经营，实现全员参与的经营方式。阿米巴模式适合传统的经营模式，可以引入并成功落地，能够有效帮助企业提升管理水平和业绩，这对于传统企业的长期发展具有重要的意义。

Today's society, the progress of science and technology promoted the rapid popularization of mobile Internet, electronic commerce development in one day, a variety of commercial forms offline struggling, the supermarket also faces great challenge, its operation and management mode has been unable to cope with the current fierce competition environment, be badly in need of introducing business management mode of suitable. In this paper, the application of the amoeba business management mode rooted in Japanese business philosophy is studied for local enterprises in China, and the operation and management mode that can help traditional supermarkets to improve their management level and performance is finally determined.

With the development of science and technology and the rapid rise of e-commerce, all kinds of offline business forms are facing threats. Even international supermarkets like wal-mart have closed down in succession, and traditional supermarkets are facing great pressure of competition. It is an urgent problem for traditional supermarkets to improve management level and achieve excellent performance by introducing management mode suitable for their own characteristics. This paper takes the traditional supermarket as the research object and conducts the application research of the amoeba operation and management mode in depth.

The amoeba operation and management mode is to divide the organization into many small organizations called amoeba. Each organization ACTS as an independent profit center, independent operation and independent accounting, and cultivates leaders with the awareness of operators, so that all employees can participate in the operation and realize the operation mode of full participation.

The amoeba model defines business accounting as "pursuing maximization of sales and minimization of expenses" and establishes an effective market-linked unit accounting system. Amoeba's leaders enjoy the right of management, have the right to make plans and take measures, which can cultivate talents with the awareness of operators. It helps to build the team's self-initiative spirit and cultivate the employee's ownership mentality, which can push the enterprise into the track of benign operation.

If an enterprise wants to develop rapidly with the aid of the amoeba operation and management mode, the most important thing is how to integrate it into all aspects of enterprise operation and management successfully. Take the supermarket as an example to study the application of amoeba management in enterprises.

In the actual management of the enterprise, the financial profit statement should be used as the prototype, and the income statement and expense statement of all the stores of the enterprise should be divided into several small stores through corresponding rules. Each store is an independent profit center, accounting independently and making decisions independently, thus generating several small businesses.

Specific to traditional supermarkets, the accounting table must reflect the principle of refinement. In the operation of each store, a unit time accounting table should contain dozens of items, including income management, fund management and time management, etc., to be divided in detail, and each item should be clearly expressed in the form of amount. Then, the weekly year-on-year analysis should be conducted according to the monthly financial statements of each store, and the business strategy should be adjusted accordingly. By establishing the system of departmental accounting directly linked to the market, the traditional supermarket can realize the successful connection between the company's interests and the employees' interests, and thus effectively guarantee the development of the enterprise.

In supermarkets with traditional management mode, the working status of most grassroots employees is passive and undisciplined. The root cause is that the daily profit or loss of the supermarket has nothing to do with the employee's salary. As a result, supermarkets need to find an incentive that both saves money and improves their operating capacity. The most effective way to motivate employees is to establish a direct relationship between the company's performance and the employees. The amoeba management model is the best solution.

Amoeba realized the revolution of management and operation mechanism, divided the enterprise into several amoeba, and arranged their respective leaders to realize independent accounting. Amoeba's leaders have the right to make their own plans and set their own goals. In order to achieve business objectives, the amoeba leadership must take the initiative to reduce their own consumption, improve work efficiency, and try to increase prices on the basis of negotiations with the downstream amoeba. In the supermarket, the operation of amoeba should be the same as the operation of a small independent company. Through daily operation, amoeba can effectively train employees to improve their abilities in various aspects, and then make them grow into managerial talents with the awareness of operators. At the same time, the operation of amoeba changes the passive position of employees into the active position, and finally into the position of paying members' remuneration by creating profits. The change of position can also cultivate a large number of independent management leaders for enterprises.

In traditional business management thinking, management is often the responsibility of senior managers, and has nothing to do with ordinary employees, which directly leads to employees' thinking of how much they can do and how much they can get. The amoeba model advocates that business owners should take the initiative and effectively authorize, and the unique quantified decentralization operation adopted by the model enables each amoeba to be entrusted with the right of management, thus realizing the full participation in the operation.

Traditional supermarkets should involve all employees in operation through the following methods: first, open the operation status of each amoeba in the enterprise by means of morning meeting and so on. In this way, employees can test the results of their operation and senior managers can know the operation status of the enterprise at any time, thus achieving a win-win situation. The second is to implement the partnership system for front-line employees, that is, to delegate the right of management to employees, so that each employee can become the boss without having to invest, and participate in corporate dividends according to the growth of performance. In this way, each employee can make profits for the company voluntarily and gain considerable income and opportunities to put his or her business skills to good use. Third, after the profit amount is set, the company and employees shall share the profits, and fully respect the discussion results of employees in terms of the proportion. In this way, the income of employees is linked to the income of their department, so that employees can realize that they can get more returns only if they constantly open source and save money. By using the amoeba model, employees can change their lazy status, become enthusiastic about services, and even use their knowledge and resources to improve the management level of the department, so as to achieve open source. At the same time, as amoeba's business is divided into pure profits, employees will consciously avoid unnecessary cost waste. Taking the fruit and vegetable department as an example, the introduction of amoeba can encourage employees to handle fruits and vegetables with care and follow the procedures of keeping them fresh. In the end, the wastage rate of the supermarket will be greatly reduced, so as to realize throttling. It can be seen that the full participation of amoeba's employees can help the enterprise to build an automatic and spontaneous team spirit, change employees' thoughts, motivate their ownership mentality, and effectively promote the benign operation of the enterprise.

This paper takes supermarkets as the research object, conducts in-depth analysis of their characteristics, and then carries out the application research of the ameba operation and management model. First, it studies the application of financial accounting. By establishing the unit accounting system linked to the market, this model realizes the correlation between corporate interests and employee interests, and lays a foundation for enterprise development. Second, the personnel training application research, amoeba's leadership has the right to make plans and take measures, therefore can cultivate management personnel. Third, the study on the application of total participation in business operation. This model helps to build the automatic and spontaneous spirit of the enterprise team, and the whole participation in business operation can effectively promote the benign operation of the enterprise. This study analyzed from the perspective of practice, and finally concluded that the amoeba model is a business model suitable for traditional supermarkets, which can be introduced and successfully implemented, and can effectively help enterprises improve management level and performance, which is of great significance for the long-term development of traditional supermarkets.

51due留学教育原创版权郑重声明：原创paper代写范文源自编辑创作，未经官方许可，网站谢绝转载。对于侵权行为，未经同意的情况下，51Due有权追究法律责任。主要业务有essay代写、assignment代写、paper代写等论文代写服务。

留学生paper范文：The media supervises corporate governance

下面整理一篇优秀的paper范文给大家- The media supervises corporate governance，让大家能够参考学习，这篇论文讨论了媒体监督公司治理。良好的公司治理是企业增强竞争力和提高经营绩效的必要条件，也是资本市场稳定发展的基本保证。作为信息传递的工具，媒体通过对信息的汇总和传播，使广泛的利益相关集团对公司治理的影响得以实现和加强，社会规范对公司治理的作用也得以更充分地展现。媒体的高度普及和带来的治理效应，对于保护投资者利益，保证市场公平，降低系统风险，建立完善的资本市场监督体系，有着极其重要的作用。

Good corporate governance is a necessary condition for enterprises to enhance competitiveness and improve business performance, as well as a basic guarantee for the stable development of capital market. As a tool of information transmission, the media, by summarizing and disseminating information, makes the influence of a wide range of interest groups on corporate governance realized and strengthened, and the role of social norms on corporate governance more fully displayed. The high popularity of media and the resulting governance effect play an extremely important role in protecting investors' interests, ensuring market fairness, efficiency and transparency, reducing systematic risks and establishing a sound capital market supervision system.

Reputation is the evaluation of the whole and comprehensive quality of an individual or an object by the public. As the name implies, it is the reputation and reputation of a person or an object, showing the social status and degree of respect of a person or an object. Fama first introduced the concept of reputation into the economic field in the late 1970s. He pointed out that reputation theory played a positive role in the competition in the manager market, and managers would work harder for the consideration of external market pressure and development prospect. In the manager market competition mechanism, the manager's good reputation can bring him better development platform and more abundant remuneration, while the company's business performance and development level play a major role in determining the manager's reputation. In the pursuit of a better reputation, managers will work harder to improve business performance on the one hand, and will automatically restrain violations on the other hand. Subsequently, scholars studied on the basis of Fama research and pointed out that the manager's reputation had an incentive effect on the manager, although the specific incentive method of reputation was not specified in the contract. However, it is found that a good professional reputation helps to improve the ability of managers to bargain in the market and prove their value and performance through the enterprise. However, a bad reputation may lead to the loss of competitiveness and job opportunities of managers, and thus restrain the moral behavior of managers.

The university of Cambridge professor James arjun ir - lees and Columbia University professor William when Vickery respectively in the sixties and seventies of the 20th century proposed information asymmetry theory in information economics study, they think: trading in the market both sides of the master degree of the information is not consistent with the commodities, to master the more information one can by passing information to earn profits in the market, and the lack of information of one party is at a disadvantage position. Information asymmetry theory is widely used in traditional product market and modern capital market.

In the market, information asymmetry happens frequently, which means that both parties of the transaction have different levels of information. The more knowledgeable party tends to act in its own favor, thus harming the interests of the other party, such as the used car market. The information asymmetry in the market makes it impossible to realize the optimal resource allocation, which can easily lead to adverse selection before trading and moral risk after trading, resulting in market failure.

Media supervision has played a positive role by alleviating information asymmetry, using reputation mechanism to restrain managers' behavior, and involving government institutions in corporate governance. This paper introduces the status quo of media supervision on corporate governance through the following two aspects: first, the positive role of media supervision on corporate governance, including the pre-supervision role of media and the supervision effect of media. Second, media supervision of the shortcomings of corporate governance.

Effect of media supervision on the corporate governance of early research focused on the case study, the most classic case is belong to shareholder activists Monks in 1992 in the Wall Street journal, in the form of advertising denounced the low efficiency of management by the board of directors of the sears roebuck events, the ads, sears the board of directors of the company to take active measures to improve, for almost all adopted Suggestions for improvement are put forward by the Monks. This example, has confirmed the media to supervise the actual effect of corporate governance.

The factors that media corporate governance plays a role mainly include the external environment of government and law and the media's reporting bias. From the perspective of China's current situation, the main problem lies in the standardization of media reports and the follow-up effect brought by reports. For example, the pursuit of "buzz" the ill effects of false reports, the media lawsuit cost increase and business risks, media reported to appeal to advertisers for selective, lack of media independence, media practitioners lack of self-discipline and so on, these are restricted the role of corporate governance of media supervision into full play.

Capital market information asymmetry phenomenon is widespread, because of information asymmetry between shareholders and managers, the problem of moral hazard because of information asymmetry between controlling shareholders and minority shareholders of the adverse selection problem, and the low efficiency between regulators and listed companies regulatory problems, the media as a powerful supplementary capital market regulators, the supervision of corporate governance issues, playing an increasingly important role. The public needs the media to alleviate the information asymmetry between the two sides of the transaction, expose the listed companies that have violated the rules, and promote good corporate governance. However, when the media reports major events, they are frequently subjected to lawsuits and the legal environment in which most of the lawsuits are lost. Whether the law protects the company's supervisory role and free speech rights determines the litigation costs and risks the media face.

In the 1970s, China's media began to reform in a market-oriented manner, the government began to reduce financial subsidies to the media, and the media began to rely on media resources to obtain advertising revenue, which also enabled the media to gain huge benefits in the initial market-oriented reform. The huge advertising revenue makes the media get the economic return. In the 1990s, the government confirmed that the business system of media was gradually transformed into an enterprise system, and the rapid development of Internet media after the 1990s began to intensify the competition between different media. The relaxed reporting environment and the incentive mechanism of commercialization encourage the media to actively supervise the problems in the capital market, which is also helpful for the media to pay more attention to the reputation mechanism and pay more attention to the long-term interests of the media rather than the short-term interests brought by the "sensationalism effect", so as to obtain good reputation and commercial interests.

Normal and effective supervision of public opinion depends on a loose and democratic media environment. In view of the many deficiencies of media supervision, this paper advocates the improvement from internal and external aspects, that is, while the media is speeding up its internal self-improvement, the whole society should also actively create a favorable external environment for it. Listed companies take the majority of shareholders' funds, they should be questioned of course, but also have the burden of proof. The media serve the readers, and supervision has always been its most important function. In the process of exercising the right of supervision, the media needs to spend money to conduct in-depth interviews and investigations, take risks, and need social support and affirmation. When media reports are partially inaccurate, the society should give some understanding and tolerance.

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留学生paper范文：State capitalism

下面整理一篇优秀的paper范文给大家- State capitalism，让大家能够参考学习，这篇论文讨论了国家资本主义。国家资本主义是相对私人资本主义而言的，由资本主义国家的政权与资本紧密结合而成的，其包括国家资本大规模的建立和国家政权对经济活动的控制。国家资本主义的主要实现形式是国有制，国家干预的主要形式就是经济调控政策，包括财政政策、产业政策、收入分配政策等。

Compared with private capitalism, state capitalism is formed by the close combination of regime and capital in capitalist countries. Its content mainly includes two aspects: one is the large-scale establishment of state capital, and the other is the powerful intervention and control of state power over economic activities. The main form of state capitalism is state ownership, and the main form of state intervention is economic regulation policies, including fiscal policies, monetary policies, industrial policies, income distribution policies and so on. There are two main reasons for the emergence of state capitalism. Second, the catch-up strategy of backward countries. State capitalism practiced after the second world war is largely due to these two reasons. Under the interlacing effect of these two reasons, the development of state capitalism is very rapid, presenting a state of multiple modes coexisting.

After world war ii, there were mainly four modes of state capitalism, namely "catch-up" state capitalism, "Keynesian" state capitalism, "rhineland" state capitalism and "planned" state capitalism. The countries carrying out "catch-up" state capitalism mainly include Japan, South Korea and other countries. Countries implementing "Keynesian" state capitalism are mainly developed countries such as the United States and Britain. Countries implementing "rhein-style" state capitalism mainly include countries along the Rhine river such as Germany and northern Europe, and countries implementing "planned" state capitalism are mainly India.

In different modes of state capitalism, the proportion of state economy is different, and the proportion of economy in China is higher in "catch-up" and "planned" state capitalism. In the "Keynesian" and "rhineline-style" state capitalism, the proportion of China's economy is relatively low. These different modes of state capitalism will use very different policies, means and methods when conducting state intervention, and the degree of intervention will also be very different. In the "catch-up" state capitalist countries, the national policies mainly focus on promoting "production". Nations in some relationship for the long-term development of key areas, basic and pillar of direct investment to establish state-owned enterprises, and through the industrial policy, tax policy to guide and encourage the investment direction of private enterprise, in the hope of country to industrialize rapidly in a relatively short period of time, achieve the goal of surpassing the advanced developed countries. It is characterized by the government not only controlling aggregate demand to maintain the balance of the economy, but also formulating a unified national economic development guidance plan. In countries that practice "Keynesian" state capitalism, national policies revolve mainly around expanding "demand". Countries mainly through fiscal policy, monetary policy, income policy to adjust the effective demand, as to avoid the large fluctuations of the economy, prevent the occurrence of the economic crisis, the main goal of state intervention is through the control of aggregate demand to maintain the balance of total supply and demand, create conditions for the role of market mechanism, the government does not do the general plan of economic development. In countries implementing "rhineline-style" state capitalism, national policies mainly revolve around how to reasonably "distribute". The direct state intervention in production activities is relatively small, but the political system strictly establishes a set of labor rights and welfare measures, and social fairness and labor rights are better reflected, with the basic characteristics of high wages, high taxes and high benefits. The Scandinavian countries of the postwar era also exemplify this. In countries with "planned" state capitalism, national policies are mainly developed around making "plans". The state controls the "commanding heights" in key, fundamental and pillar fields related to the development of the national economy. These countries have a very high proportion of state economy, and the state regulates the production of the national economy by formulating medium - and long-term plans.

The golden age of rapid development of state capitalism after the second world war was from the early postwar period to the early 1970s. Since then, the "stagflation" phenomenon in western developed countries caused by the first oil crisis, but keynesianism couldn't do anything about it, and national capitalism was questioned, especially "keynesianism". By the 1990s, there were major upheavals in eastern Europe, the collapse of the Soviet union, and a prolonged slump in Japan's economy, and more criticism of state capitalism. After the 1990s, "neoliberalism" made a comeback, and the policies of countries around the world began to turn to free-market capitalism. For a long time after that, state capitalism was ignored, and it was not until the outbreak of the subprime mortgage crisis in the United States in 2007 that people began to pay attention to and think about state capitalism again.

After world war ii, the productivity level of developing countries was low, the economic foundation was very weak, and the dual economic structure was obvious. Under this condition, most countries strengthened the leading role of government in economic development, and some countries chose the path of state capitalism. Take India as an example to introduce the characteristics of state capitalism in developing countries.

After the war, India, the largest developing country after China, practiced "planned" state capitalism. India's economy has long been seen as a "hybrid economy" that combines prescriptive planning with markets. India's "planned" state capitalism has several features. In the 1950s, India's market development was very low, and in the case of a fragile market foundation, the allocation of resources was mainly planned. India began to implement the five-year plan in 1951, which emphasized the development of heavy industry at the early stage and strengthened the development of agriculture and light industry at the later stage. Second, a large number of state-owned enterprises have been set up. India is heavily state-owned, accounting for about half of corporate assets, and all of the "" commanding heights" "are state sectors, including the steel, coal, fertiliser, oil, metals, electricity, railways, aviation, communications and other basic industrial and infrastructure sectors that limit private enterprise access. State-owned enterprises control the economic lifeline of the country and create conditions for the development of other economic components. Third, we will implement a strict licensing system. The government USES the "license system" as an important means of planning management, and enterprises need to apply to the "license committee" for permits to build, relocate, expand, develop new products or increase production beyond a certain proportion of the original production. Fourth, implement the control system. The state exercises strict control over the distribution of foreign exchange and the prices of a few important materials and products. Fifth, implement import substitution strategy. The government encourages research and development and production of blank domestic industries, and generally imposes relatively high tariffs on imported products.

India's "planned" state capitalism has helped India establish a relatively complete industrial system in a relatively short time, laying a good foundation for India's industrialization, and is of great significance for India's economic and political self-reliance. However, with the development of the economy, the negative effects of India's original system began to emerge. The original measures suffocated the vitality of enterprises and seriously restricted the development of the economy.

Since the 1980s, India has also carried out a major reform of its planning management system, stopping subsidies for domestic production and exports, reducing tariffs and trade barriers, eliminating 80 percent of industrial licenses, and abolishing the practice of requiring early permission for large companies to expand production or diversify their products. The government has even reopened the door to foreign investment and has begun to sell some of its state-owned shares. The government has not only reduced the scope of the programme and the means of direct administration, but has also paid more attention to the development of secondary markets. In the 1980s, India's capital market had a great development. Corporate financing turned more to the capital market rather than bank loans, allowing companies to survive and develop in the competition. Government controls on commodity prices have also been gradually relaxed. The government's sweeping reforms since the 1990s have made India's economy no small feat.

India's pre-1980s "planned" state capitalism bears many similarities to the traditional socialist planned economy. Both of them attach more importance to planning and less importance to the market. Both of them adopt the strategy of giving priority to the development of heavy industry. Both of them implement strict control policies on resources and prices. These similarities tell us that in both socialist and capitalist countries, in the early stage of economic development, "plan" is more advantageous than "market", but when the economy reaches a certain stage, "market" should be allowed to play more fundamental role.

Originated in the United States, the financial crisis triggered by the subprime mortgage crisis swept across the world, bringing huge impacts to the real economy of the world. The major developed countries in the west started to experience negative growth in the second half of 2008, and the growth rate of the world's most dynamic emerging markets, including China, also plummeted. The crisis was the result of a series of policies based on neo-liberalism in the 1980s and 1990s. This crisis has fully demonstrated the drawbacks of the free market economy and the inherent contradictions of the capitalist society are still hard to overcome. In the face of the crisis, countries around the world changed their slowness after the outbreak of the great depression in the 1930s. They took swift actions and launched large-scale economic stimulus plans. Some countries set off the climax of the "nationalization" movement, and national capitalism returned to people's view.

In the 1970s, the major countries of the capitalist world were Mired in stagflation. Faced with the dilemma, keynesianism was powerless, and major capitalist countries such as the United States and Western Europe began to turn to neoliberalism for remedies. Neoliberalism believes that the market mechanism of free competition can allocate resources most effectively, advocates reducing state intervention and participation, strengthens the role of market mechanism, emphasizes individual freedom and private enterprise system, and encourages the development of private enterprises. Neo-liberalism originated in the United States, but its most effective application and dissemination was in Britain. After the conservative Mrs. Thatcher came to power in 1979, she pushed forward the fiscal policy of "liberalization" and "tailoring". She also restores the economy by regulating the money supply, tightening monetary conditions, limiting government spending and reducing the deficit, while vigorously promoting privatization of public enterprises and encouraging private enterprises to compete with public ones. As a result, a wave of liberalization and privatization swept across Europe and the world. In 1980, the Reagan administration implemented the massive tax cut plan and reduced the federal government's intervention in the economy, and changed from the previous major use of fiscal policy to major use of monetary policy to intervene in economic activities. The collapse of the Soviet union and the collapse of eastern Europe in the 1990s further promoted the spread of neoliberalism around the world. "privatization, liberalization and marketization" became the standard of economic reform in the Soviet union. Countries with a strong sense of state capitalism, such as Japan and South Korea, have also reduced the degree of state intervention in the economy and allowed neo-liberal policies to prevail. But over the past 30 years, neo-liberal countries have not achieved the results they expected; The economy of the eastern Soviet country is still in chaos, growth is weak and social contradictions are becoming increasingly acute. Latin America's post-debt crisis malaise; Major countries, such as Britain, Germany and France, have not fundamentally reversed their sluggish economic growth. Japan's economy has been in the doldrums for a long time, with some years of negative growth. The financial crisis in 2008 thoroughly broke the myth of neoliberalism. The capitalist world began to reflect and find a new development idea.

In the history of capitalist development, state capitalism has always been associated with economic crises. Whenever the capitalist economic crisis comes, state interventionism will prevail, the government's role in the economy will be strengthened, and state capitalist policies will begin to prevail in all countries. And each time the crisis passed, state intervention declined, and state capitalist policies began to recede. The crisis is the biggest since world war ii, with major capitalist countries in recession. The United States was the source of the crisis and one of the worst recessions in the world. Its financial system has been decimated, industrial output has slumped, companies have been collapsing and unemployment has been rising. To prevent the crisis from spreading further, the us government launched a huge financial rescue plan. The U.S. government nationalized some of the largest financial insurance companies in financial crisis, such as buying 80% of aig. the largest insurance company in the United States, and buying 36% of citibank, the largest commercial bank in the United States. The government also ran the largest fiscal deficit in history, massively increasing government purchases and spending on infrastructure. The government's intervention in the economy is increasingly extensive and deep, and the color of state capitalism is increasingly deep. At the same time, other capitalist countries in the world also increased the government intervention, accelerated the process of nationalization, and national capitalism has a tendency to rise again.

As a kind of policy and means for the capitalist countries to cope with the economic crisis, state capitalism cannot change the nature of the capitalist society, nor can it eradicate the capitalist economic crisis. However, it mitigates the economic crisis to some extent and accelerates the economic recovery. Capitalist society has by private capitalism, monopoly capitalism to international monopoly capitalism now phase, concentration of production and monopoly has expanded from domestic to worldwide, the contradiction between the capitalist private ownership and the socialization of production will be further intensified, the economic crisis will become the norm in a capitalist society, so a capitalist economy will inevitably need more state intervention, state capitalism will exist for a long time and play an important role. Under the background of economic globalization, international monopoly capital is more closely integrated with state power in the development process. The state plays a more important role in exploiting international markets, formulating international trade rules, protecting domestic infant industries and transferring domestic crises. State capitalism has taken on a new form.

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