留学生essay：Haze control in Britain

下面整理一篇优秀的essay范文给大家- Haze control in Britain，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了英国的雾霾治理。上世纪50年代，伦敦雾霭重重酿成灾难。在付出惨重的代价后，英国人痛下决心整治环境。1956年催生了首部空气污染防治法案——《清洁空气法案》。这一法案规定城镇使用无烟燃料，推广电和天然气，冬季采取集中供暖。发电厂和重工业设施被迁至郊外等。1974年的《控制公害法》囊括了从空气到土地和水域的保护条款，并添加了控制噪音的条款。相继颁布的法令严格执行成为伦敦获得新生的保证。

Britain was once a pioneer of the industrial revolution in the world and is now the leader of the global ecological civilization. During this period, the UK has 30 years of experience and experience in cleaning up environmental pollution and exploring ecological civilization, especially in London, which can serve as a reference for the industrialization and urbanization of jiangsu.

In the 1950s, London was plagued by smog. Dust, toxic gases and pollutants from coal burning accumulate over the city in winter, causing days of heavy smog and a strong odor throughout the city. People walk down the street and can't even look down at their feet. Many londoners suffer from breathing difficulties, tingling eyes and a high incidence of respiratory diseases such as asthma and cough. More than 12,000 people died of respiratory diseases in the first and middle of December 1952 alone.

At the cost of their lives, the British have made up their minds to clean up the environment. The first Clean Air Act was introduced in 1956. The bill requires cities and towns to use smokeless fuels, promote electricity and natural gas, and use central heating in winter. Power plants and heavy industry facilities have been relocated to the suburbs. The pollution control act of 1974 included provisions to protect everything from air to land and water, and added provisions to control noise. The strict implementation of successive decrees guarantees the rebirth of "fog capital".

Expanding green space is an important means to control pollution and improve the environment in London according to law. Although London is densely populated, it has a green area of 24 square meters per capita, and a large circular green belt is built outside the city. Even in central London, where land is scarce, there are still large areas of green space such as Hyde park and James park.

London's battersea power station, once Britain's largest, is considered a symbol of the industrial age, when it burned 10,000 tons of coal a week at its peak and consumed 1.55 million cubic meters of the river Thames every day. The battersea power station was officially shut down in 1989 to reduce pollution.

In February 2007, the then mayor of London, livingstone, announced an environmental plan to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 60 percent within 20 years and make London the greenest city in the world. About 7.5 million londoners are expected to spend less time watching television and switch to energy-efficient light bulbs. Companies and government agencies that have performed well in energy conservation and environmental protection have been awarded the green medal.

Britain is the first country to put forward the concept of "low carbon" and actively advocate low-carbon economy. London plays a leading role in the construction of low-carbon cities. In 2007, London issued the platform for action on climate change, which set carbon reduction targets. We will cut emissions by 60 percent by 2025 from 1990 levels. To accomplish this daunting task, London has focused in part on building smart grids.

As the city with the highest carbon emission and the largest electricity consumption in the UK, London's effective use of electricity plays a pivotal role in achieving emission reduction targets. In 2011, with the promotion of the UK electricity regulatory commission, the UK electric power company, together with high-tech enterprises and universities, launched the "low-carbon London" experimental project with a total investment of 30 million pounds. The main research of this project involves three aspects, one is to increase the power source. To improve the efficiency of power utilization, it involves the application of distributed power supply system and the popularization of intelligent meters. Second, power supply and transportation, that is to promote the development of electric vehicles; third, the power supply of heat, that is, the promotion of heat pumps.

Compared with traditional centralized power supply, distributed power supply mainly refers to placing power generation system near users in a small-scale and decentralized way. This kind of power supply mode has a variety of environment-friendly fuels. Meanwhile, it can reduce the pressure of the central power grid and improve the safety and flexibility of power supply. The project is also responsible for the installation of 6,500 trial smart meters for London's low-carbon communities and enterprise parks, whose operation will determine whether to implement them nationwide. Smart meters can send real-time electricity and gas consumption information of households and enterprises, facilitate off-peak electricity consumption and remote monitoring. At the same time with the installation of trial and efficient use of electricity refrigeration heat pump. In addition, the project will install 630 charging points for electric vehicles in the city of London and monitor 50 electric vehicles in operation to determine further plans for electric vehicle development in the future.

Low-carbon technology is one of the main challenges of the project. At present, the project team is vigorously promoting the research and development of relevant technologies. The heat pump and electric vehicle technologies are in the critical stage.

The UK government recognises that urban air pollution is as much about fuel structure as it is about urban air pollution. It is also the result of the high concentration of population, transportation and industry, which needs comprehensive management, among which industrial transformation is the key. To this end, the UK is no longer solely dependent on manufacturing, but vigorously develop the service industry and high-tech industries.

According to the government's plan, renewable energy will account for 15% of the energy supply by 2020, and 40% of electricity will come from green energy -- both "green transformation" of coal-fired power stations and the development of green energy such as wind power. By then Britain will have cut greenhouse gas emissions by 20% and demand for oil by 7%.

The government has also drawn up plans to promote solar energy and subsidize rooftop solar panels. As an island country, the UK also makes full use of offshore wind energy, and its installed capacity of offshore wind power stations is among the highest in the world.

To promote green development, the British government has announced a "green rating" on the energy efficiency of all houses to improve their energy efficiency and reduce emissions. It also requires all new homes to be "zero-emission" from 2016, and that such environmentally friendly homes will be exempt from stamp duty.

Nowadays, energy saving has become a fashionable way of life in Britain. Tesco, the British retail giant, takes the lead in building a number of "zero-carbon" supermarkets. It creates an emerging shopping environment by means of self-provided biomass generators, building energy saving and recycling rainwater. Beddington zero-carbon community in south London is the prototype of zero-carbon pavilion of Shanghai world expo. Its leading design in architecture, life and many other aspects has become a benchmark.

In 2012, green economy industry grew into one of the few areas of economic growth in Britain. From this year to 2015, the annual growth rate will exceed 4%. The green industry will create 400,000 jobs, and this number will continue to rise. In another 5-7 years, there will be 1.2 million green industry workers.

With the great development of automobile industry, photochemical pollution caused by automobile exhaust emission becomes more and more serious.

The city government of London has taken measures to restrict private cars from entering the city. Since February 2003, the city of London has imposed a "congestion charge" of 5 pounds a day on vehicles entering the city centre from 7am to 6.30pm on weekdays. Since then, the charging area has been expanded and the charging standard has been raised to 8 pounds. The city has since unveiled a tougher transport 2025 plan. Private cars are restricted from entering London.

Currently, the number of vehicles entering congestion charging areas per day has been reduced by 60,000 and emissions have been reduced by 12 per cent. An increasing number of people are choosing to take buses and subways instead of driving to work, increasing bus operating income by 20 percent. What's more, this measure greatly improves the reliability of buses. People spent significantly less time on the road, with travel time reduced by 14 percent.

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留学生essay：International crisis management in the United States

下面整理一篇优秀的essay范文给大家- International crisis management in the United States，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国的国际危机管理。从行为学的角度看，危机管理是国家在重大国际危机时刻实施的战略选择。美国国际危机管理远远超越技术层次上的危机响应，而呈现鲜明的战略预谋、主动筹划、自我设计与实现的特点。美国国际危机管理特点与美国对外干预历史密切相联；美国国际危机管理实质是美国历史上重大关键时期特别是危机时刻的战略选择。

From the perspective of behaviorism, crisis management is a strategic choice adopted by a country at a time of major international crisis. Compositing the major crisis events and foreign military intervention in the 230 years since the founding of the United States, we find that the international crisis management of the United States goes far beyond the crisis response at the technical and tactical level, and presents distinct characteristics of strategic premeditation, active planning, self-design and realization. Specifically, American international crisis management mainly has the following five modes.

The United States is a country with a strong commercial foundation and strong utilitarianism and expansionism, which has a profound impact on the strategic behavior of the United States, making the strategic behavior of the United States show the characteristics of "putting more emphasis on interests than on righteousness". The pursuit of geopolitical and economic interests is the eternal strategic theme of the United States. This strategic characteristic is reflected in the following three characteristics of American international crisis management mode: the United States always ACTS in accordance with its own interests in international crisis management. In practice, an important prerequisite for crisis management in the United States must be profitable. When there is no interest or practical interest, the crisis is left to itself. Even if a management crisis is implemented, it will be suspended at a higher cost. In the early 1990s, for example, when somalia was hit by a humanitarian disaster, the United States initially intervened but eventually withdrew after several American soldiers were killed or wounded. In Iraq, by contrast, the United States has lost 5,000 or 6,000 troops but has been slow to withdraw. Even now, some 50,000 "military observers" remain in Iraq.

We should seize and take advantage of international crises and turn them into opportunities for our own development and growth. Reading the history of the United States, we may find that the United States has developed from a small country with only 13 states to a great country across the north American continent. One of the keys lies in making full use of the fact that European powers have no time to ignore each other and expanding in the Americas, Asia Pacific and other weak regions in Europe. During the Napoleonic wars of the early 19th century, for example, the United States cleverly exploited political tensions in Europe to build alliances against Britain. This not only led to the great economic prosperity of the United States, but also to the acquisition of Louisiana from napoleon, doubling the territory. In the Spanish-American war at the end of the 19th century, the United States also took advantage of the contradiction of power between Britain and Spain, so that it won a landslide victory in the first major overseas adventure and won Cuba, the Philippines, Guam and other places, which extended the United States' power to the Pacific region at one fell swoop.

Where there are interests, there is crisis management. That is to say, the scope of American international crisis management and intervention expands correspondingly with the expansion of the scope of interests. Throughout the history of the United States, in order to control the world's main waterway, the United States instigated and publicly supported panama's independence in 1903, and seized the right to build the panama canal and lease the canal zone. In 1956, he actively intervened in the Suez Canal crisis and skillfully seized the leading power of the Suez Canal. In order to control the edge of Eurasia and prevent it from being controlled by hostile forces, it actively intervened in the Korean war and Vietnam war. In order to enter and control the core zone of world energy, control the lifeline of world economy, strategically induce and actively intervene in the gulf crisis in 1990; In order to prevent any hostile country or group of countries from ruling Eurasia, they tried their best to squeeze into the heart of Eurasia, contain and guard against the forces of other world powers, and launched the war in Afghanistan on the occasion of September 11th. In order to fill the "strategic vacuum" left by the retreat of the Soviet union and squeeze the strategic space of Russia, we actively used ballot boxes and street protests to create crises in the presidential elections of Georgia, Ukraine, kyrgyzstan and other countries, took the opportunity to launch a "color revolution" and bring pro-American regimes to power. In short, America's international crisis management has followed suit.

The United States has a typical tradition of "rule of law - morality" in dealing with international issues. The influence of this tradition on the international crisis management of the United States shows that the United States is good at borrowing international mechanisms and legal issues and likes to borrow the banner of international morality.

It emphasizes the "legitimacy" of actions and attaches importance to legal issues in crisis management. There are generally three kinds of laws and regulations that the United States emphasizes in crisis management: international law, international treaties or agreements and domestic law. International law is a code of conduct for countries to handle conflicts and differences in international relations. With the development of globalization, international law is playing an increasingly important role in international relations. The flexible application of international law can seek favorable situations and increase freedom of action. During the 1962 Cuban missile crisis, President Kennedy referred to the military blockade of Cuban waters as "quarantine," according to American experts in international law. This approach not only achieved the purpose of military blockade, but also left room for the United States and the Soviet union to maneuver. According to international law, declaring a military blockade is equivalent to declaring war on the other side. International treaties or agreements often have strong international legal force. The United States' intervention in the china-japan diaoyu islands crisis is based on the us-japan security treaty, on the pretext that the scope of the treaty applies to the diaoyu islands. In the absence of appropriate international law and treaties, the United States often intervenes in international affairs on the pretext of domestic legislation, such as the issue of arms sales to Taiwan.

Good at borrowing international institutions and alliances to deal with crises. The United States also favors action under the authority of the United Nations, the international atomic energy agency and regional organizations such as NATO, the organization of American states and the six-party talks on the Korean nuclear issue. The use of actions authorized by the United Nations and other international organizations can prove the legitimacy of the United States' actions, disguise its true intentions, and place opponents in an "illegal" position. For example, after the outbreak of the Korean war in 1950, the United States used the name of the United Nations to organize the "United Nations army" to intervene in the Korean civil war, and called the actions of the north Korean and Chinese people's volunteer army "illegal aggression". For another example, during the 1962 Cuban missile crisis, the United States obtained authorization from the organization of American states and recognition by the United Nations under section 6 of the 1947 Rio treaty on mutual assistance and section 51 of international law before taking military action. Also, the United States has used the iaea to conduct repeated inspections of nuclear facilities in Iraq, Iran and north Korea.

The tradition of pragmatism makes the American international crisis management flexible, practical and utilitarian. That is, always act in accordance with the function, effectiveness and self-interest, which is manifested in changing political positions, not bound by any other factors such as covenant and morality, and pursuing double standards.

In disregard of international covenants and commitments, words may be broken. During the war of independence on February 6, 1778, the United States and France signed the treaty of amity and commerce between the United States and France and the treaty of alliance between the United States and France. At the same time, France also used its influence to make Spain and the Netherlands enter the war. Russia, Prussia and Denmark declared their armed neutrality, which made the international situation develop rapidly in favor of the United States and finally won the victory of the war of independence. However, Britain and France went to war in 1793, and under the treaty of alliance of the United States and France of 1778, the United States was obligated to declare war on Britain. However, after listening to the opinions of the cabinet, President Washington of the United States announced the declaration of neutrality on April 22, assuring foreign governments of friendship and impartiality towards belligerents, and asking France to recall the minister genet who interfered with this neutrality policy. It is fair to say that the United States stood idly by while its French ally, who had helped it and is now in trouble, stood by. In addition, the United States pursues double standards in crisis management according to its own national interests. The United States, for example, has long known about Israel's nuclear weapons program but turned a blind eye to it. As for the nuclear programs of Iran and north Korea, the United States has been putting pressure on Iran through the international atomic energy agency, and even conspired with Israel to carry out preventive strikes against Iran's nuclear facilities. We will keep a close eye on the DPRK's nuclear program and list the DPRK as a key target of attack.

Crisis management methods are extremely flexible and pragmatic, and rarely subject to moral laws. American crisis management methods are diverse and flexible. From the perspective of classification, there are four major approaches to crisis management in the United States: first, diplomatic approaches. Including diplomatic protest, mediation, diplomatic intimidation, bargaining and concessions. Second, economic means. These include foreign aid and economic sanctions. Third, military means. Including military intimidation, military deterrence, the use of intelligence agencies to subvert, military invasion. Fourth, cultural means. Including propaganda broadcasting, cultural infiltration, "color revolution", direct subversion. The United States chooses different management methods according to its competitors. That is to say, for powerful opponents, they often emphasize limited objectives, prudent use of force, effective communication, concession and face-saving, leaving room, etc., tend to use diplomatic means to solve crises backed by force, and emphasize bargaining. For weak enemies, if the diplomatic pressure on key interests cannot be solved, they tend to immediately wave a "big stick" or even start wars. The crisis management and intervention of the United States and the degree of its involvement are mainly based on the comprehensive balance of power comparison and interest involvement.

To adopt an instrumentalist attitude towards the international system without regard to international legitimacy when necessary. Typical examples are the 2003 Iraq war. During the Iraq crisis in 2003, the United States distorted facts, fabricated reasons and deceived international and domestic public opinion. In March 2003, the United States launched the Iraq war against widespread international opposition after it said it had evidence of saddam hussein's weapons of mass destruction and support for al-qaida. Since the end of major military operations on May 1, the United States has failed to produce conclusive evidence of its involvement in the war, and then blamed the American intelligence system for the fall on then-cia director George tenet.

The famous French writer verne once commented: "Americans are the greatest mechanical workers in the world, born to be engineers, just as Italians are born musicians and Germans are born philosophers. Niu also believes that the United States is a highly industrialized society, which attempts to seek technical solutions to any problems. The American tradition of engineering technology has an important influence on its international crisis management.

Tend to regard international crisis management as an effective and important way to deal with international problems. Wilson famously said to Theodore Roosevelt that "diplomacy is the management of international business". After the Cuban missile crisis of 1962, McNamara bluntly stated that "the strategy of the future may no longer exist, but crisis management will take its place." On the one hand, it highlights the American mindset of dwarfing strategy and reducing it to management. On the other hand, it implies that the United States often realizes the governance of international relations through crisis management. In recent years, American officials and academics have been strengthening international crisis exchanges, cooperation and negotiations with China. The essence of crisis management is to regulate, restrain and reduce the "destructive impact" that China's rise may bring.

Tends to rely on technological and weapons superiority to manage international crises. "Americans have a lot of money and think that technological and resource advantages can make up for the mistakes made in the early stage of the crisis, when they just want to make a strong response but don't necessarily choose the best solution," said xue litai, a researcher at Stanford university's center for international security and cooperation. But China's technology and resources are at a disadvantage, with little room for maneuver, and must follow the best plan, that is, 'yunnan heavy initial war'. Of course, we have also seen that the United States did not use force as quickly, decisively, and consistently as it has in the multinational air campaign against Libya in March 2011, and continued to play a leading role. The reason lies in the fact that the United States was dragged down by the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan as well as the economic crisis, and its national strength and military strength were much less than before, thus seriously affecting the ability and willingness of the United States to intervene in international crises by force.

In addition, historically, the United States has succeeded in responding to and managing international crises, but failed in some cases, such as the Korean war and the Vietnam war. Others, such as the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq in 2001 over the 9/11 crisis, are mixed and inconclusive. To sum up, the characteristics of American international crisis management are closely related to the history of American foreign intervention. The essence of American international crisis management is the strategic choice in the critical period of American history, especially in the crisis. The motivation and characteristics of American crisis management behavior are deeply rooted in Americans' cognition of national interests and values. Finally, it needs to be pointed out that, fundamentally speaking, American international crisis management pursues profit maximization, so the target positioning is often too high, which will inevitably lead to the excessive expansionism of the United States, thus accelerating the decline of American hegemony.

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留学生范文：Modern communities in Britain

下面整理一篇优秀的essay范文给大家- Modern communities in Britain，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了英国的现代社区教育。社区教育是社区发展中的核心内容之一，与每个居民的生活有着日益紧密的联系。社区教育向全民开放，不受资格限制，并联系着一个人一生中所有的教育活动。社区教育在国外的发展较早，英国在社区教育具有其特点，并积累了一定的经验。英国的社区教育重在根据居民的需要开展教育，重视学习者的参与。


"Community", which means close partners and communities, is an important category of sociological and anthropological research. In 1871, the name "community" was first used in the book east and west village community published by the British scholar H.S. Maine. Then, the German sociologist tenness published the book community and society in 1887, which was the first to frequently use this concept from the perspective of sociological theoretical research. Tenness divided the manifestation of human groups living together into two types: one is community, the other is society. In his opinion, community is a social community with common values and human interest, which is composed of homogeneous population within a certain region. Society is a social community based on purpose, interest, contract and people keeping a certain distance. The research on community and its management originated from Western Europe, developed in the United States, became popular in western developed countries and gradually spread to developing countries.

Community construction in Britain was put forward in the 1970s. Due to the serious gap between rich and poor in urban economy, community construction has become one of the main problems to be solved. However, at that time, all community problems in Britain were solved by the government, and the participation of residents was not strong. In the late 1980s, the British government put forward the agenda of community reconstruction, and residents' participation was greatly increased. The cultural education carried out by the community was more in line with the actual requirements of residents. Therefore, the British community education focuses on the development of education according to the needs of residents and attaches importance to the participation of learners. For example, the adult learning plan of George daley community in Edinburgh, which is divided into three stages and lasts for 8 years, has carried out a lot of topic learning and discussion.

Community committees in the UK, similar to those in China, have the functions of grass-roots government. The social welfare policies of the state are basically implemented through communities. Communities also establish partnerships with local private service companies to manage stadiums, clubs and fitness centers and enrich residents' entertainment and sports life. The main task of community committee perennial service, help the work, by the government and community investment, improve the necessary service facilities, such as street library, service center, the British government funding community strength is very big, is used to improve and improve the community service system, such as tax and direct investments finance service, responsible for the care of children and the elderly social services, community to strengthen racial equality, as with other work, directly by the national law and policy guidance.

There is a close relationship between the school and the community. The school is equipped with psychological workers, and there are many social organizations and enthusiasts outside the school to provide services for students. In addition to the after-school activities of British schools, the community clubs and libraries provide concessionary or free places for student activities. Some community libraries have set aside a special area for children to finish their homework, and some social enthusiasts provide guidance and help for students.

The establishment of community college in Britain was first initiated by morrisch in the 1920s. Morrisch believed that a village college could be established by combining several rural facilities, providing primary, secondary, expanded and adult education, as well as socio-cultural and entertainment facilities. In 1944, Britain passed the compulsory education law and adopted the morrissey concept. Community colleges gradually became universal teaching institutions.

The British understanding of community education is similar to that of the United States, and community college is also an important form of expression. Claims as a result of the British education system is one of the world's most rigorous but complex and flexible education system, one of the community education of vocational guidance, obviously, the courses tightly grasp the needs of the job market, and keep up with the trend of The Times, choose the latest, most development prospects, the employment rate of the best content to teach, course depth, breadth is low, and various professional classification in detailed. The trained person has strong practical ability, expression ability and creative ability, and can quickly get on the job and be competent for the work.

Community library is an important resource and way to develop community education, which is managed by local government. There are a large number of community libraries in Britain, covering the whole country. All of them belong to the British public library system. The public libraries act of 1850 established the tradition of free public access to libraries in Britain. Each community library has a larger scale. For example, Westminster in London has 13 community libraries with a total collection of more than 1 million books. Community libraries in the United Kingdom implement the system of central library, each library is connected to the Internet, through borrowing and returning.

In addition to the central library, the community library does not do cataloging work, only the circulation of books. The central library is responsible for purchasing and cataloguing books and distributing them. On the website of British public library, you can see the detailed website of each community library. The computer of community library is free for readers to use, providing rich education resources for community residents.

In recent years, the British government and fire department pay more and more attention to the work of community fire safety education, which is a strong supplement to community education and forms a distinctive feature. British cities designate a number of fire officers, who are in charge of mapping the densely populated areas with many fires. They will go to the community for fire fighting at least one week a year. The professional fire stations in Britain are open to the public at ordinary times, and welcome the public to visit, and in recent years began to establish a more formal community safety education center, mainly fire education, also carried out some community security activities. Education fire fighting activities are rich in content and novel in form, such as summer camp activities, fire fighting computer learning classes, fire fighting software design, fire fighting education meetings, and fire fighting art performances. Community fire education attaches great importance to education through lively activities and arouses the enthusiasm of students to participate in activities. Community people often rent the conference room of the center for meetings, and the center often hires literary and artistic personnel to perform fire-fighting literary and artistic programs in the center under the guidance of fire officers. Some centers receive more than 1,000 community residents, students and children every week.

In addition, the British community education explicitly integrates lifelong education into citizens' daily life and national culture, and plays an important role in achieving social equity and economic development.

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留学生essay：Intellectual property management of the U.S. department of defense

下面整理一篇优秀的essay范文给大家- Intellectual property management of the U.S. department of defense，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国国防部的知识产权管理。长期以来，美国国防部对其投资产生的专利、技术资料和计算机软件等知识产权采取了严格的管理政策，以保障国防利益的最大化。有时尽管将所有权授予承包商，但国防部仍然保留为国防目的免费使用权。


In the decades after World War II, the vast majority of defense r&d funds were paid by the government, and the intellectual property rights of the U.S. department of defense mainly managed the intellectual property rights generated by government investment. Since the 1990s, this situation has undergone a major reversal. The proportion of government investment in national defense research and development has dropped substantially, while private investment has risen substantially. Decades of unchanging intellectual property policies have led to a backlash from private contractors.

In 2000, the total r&d expenditure in the United States was $245 billion, of which only $65 billion was invested by the federal government, accounting for only 26%. Private investment was 180 billion yuan, accounting for 74% of the total. The department of defense accounted for half of the federal government's investment, $22.5 billion, up only $500 million from 1993, seven years earlier. It is difficult for government investment alone to meet the demand for funds for the exponential growth of modern weapon performance. This has forced the department of defense to heavily deploy sophisticated and inexpensive commercial technology in weapons systems. Therefore, the ministry of defense has to reform the previous intellectual property policies vigorously. This paper makes a comprehensive analysis of the reformed policies and regulations of the ministry of defense on intellectual property.

At present, when the ministry of defense transfers technology from the private sector, the main difficulty it encounters is the issue of intellectual property rights. First, private enterprises regard intellectual property rights as their lifeline and will not enter the defense market at the expense of their own rights and interests. Second, procurement officials are wary of new private companies entering the defense market for fear of harming defense interests for commercial gain. Deputy secretary of defense for acquisition, technology and logistics, E. C. Little aldridge had repeatedly asked procurement officials: "you have to learn how to protect the intellectual property rights of commercial technology. "In contract negotiations, commercial companies should be able to negotiate in a way that makes it easier for them to accept the basic needs of the military.

According to the ministry of defense, it is a very difficult task for procurement officials to learn how to attract large and small commercial companies with strong technological innovation ability to the defense market. First of all, for the large American companies that have played a role in the global technological revolution, they have mastered many key defense technologies and are important partners of the department of defense. But they fear losing global control over intellectual property when dealing with the mod, and are therefore unwilling to share their technology or comply with too many of its special requirements. Second, many small businesses in the United States have shorter innovation cycles, lower innovation costs, and greater flexibility than larger companies, making them indispensable to U.S. defense programs. But these smaller companies would prefer the defense department to fund innovation and intellectual property.

The defense department considers the advanced research projects agency to be by far the most attractive institution for commercial companies. They have done a lot of work in moving commercial technology and products to acquisition programs. He is flexible in signing defense contracts with commercial companies and can properly protect their intellectual property rights. Procurement officials seeking commercial technology should first consult the bureau. If a company apportioned its defense r&d costs, it would be most advantageous for the company to own its intellectual property rights. However, since the defense department also Shared the cost, the enterprise could not monopolize its rights. Therefore, the ownership and sharing of intellectual property rights in defense contracts is one of the important issues concerned by both parties.

For a long time, the U.S. department of defense has adopted strict management policies on the patents, technical data, computer software and other intellectual property rights generated by its investment, so as to ensure the maximization of national defense interests. In some cases, although ownership is granted to contractors, the department of defense retains the right to use it free of charge for defense purposes. Now, commercial enterprises have become major investors in defense research funds. The intellectual property policies have failed to attract business, especially nontraditional defense contractors working with the defense department. In the era of knowledge economy, the protection of intellectual property rights is as important to enterprises as the protection of seeds by farmers in the era of agriculture. Conflicts between governments and contractors over intellectual property rights are more pronounced and sometimes become confrontational. Although some improvements have been made, there are still many problems.

The ministry of defense guidance document above gives procurement officials flexible strategies to solve intellectual property issues in contract negotiations. In general, in order to protect the commercial interests of contractors, the ownership of intellectual property rights is not required, and the following fundamental principles shall be taken into account in the licensing requirements.

In formulating the procurement strategy, the department of defense is fully satisfied with the requirements of the licensing right. Including development. Introduce new technologies in the process of production, reception, test, installation, operation, update and improvement of the whole system and life cycle; It also includes interoperability with other systems. And transfer new technology to other programs/systems/platforms.

The defense department has asked contract officials that their intellectual property rights be used only for basic defense purposes. In addition, all effective measures must be taken to protect the technical information delivered by the contractor containing technical secrets and restricted in use.

The delivery of intellectual property rights means that the contractor delivers the intellectual property materials with predetermined content and form, which should be regarded as an essential obligation for the execution of the contract. The post-delivery license means that the ministry of defense can use, reproduce, improve and publish the delivered intellectual property materials. The two should be distinguished before signing a contract to avoid future disputes. The federal procurement regulations the department of defense's supplemental regulations specify the appropriate identification procedures and procedures.

When the department of defense purchases commercial software and commercial technical data, it may deliver and obtain standard licenses in accordance with commercial practices. Specialized intellectual property negotiations are needed only if routine delivery and standard licensing rights are not sufficient to balance the interests of contractors and the defense department. Special negotiations can take place when the ministry of defence makes a special request and is willing to pay for it.

The defense department's policy is to require only the delivery of essential technical data and computer software. Ownership of the technical data and computer software shall be retained by the contractor. Even though the defense department pays 100% of the r&d costs, it only requires licensing. The scope of licensing depends on whether technical data and computer software are commercially available or for military use, the proportion of research and development dollars spent by the military, and the flexibility of negotiations between the two sides. Flexibility policy is reflected in: fair treatment of intellectual property developers; Encourage the use of such intellectual property resources for production. The defense department believes that only by cooperating with the industry on more business-friendly contract terms can it more easily absorb the outstanding results of commercial research and development into defense products, so as to produce products that meet the needs of national defense and provide high-quality services.

National defense is an important field for China to build an innovative country. National defense intellectual property is not only an important part of China's national intellectual property rights, but also has its own specific laws to meet the requirements of national defense modernization. In this regard, several Suggestions are put forward.

The U.S. department of defense USES intellectual property as a gateway to commerce because it needs to import a lot of new technologies from commercial enterprises. Looking into the future, with the development of market economy, China's commercial enterprises will also have a large number of "dual-use military" and "civilian to military" high-tech. China's defense procurement will face a more complex environment. Cultivate innovative consciousness and advocate innovative spirit. Chinese defense procurement officials should change their thinking, raise their awareness, and deal with the intellectual property rights and interests of commercial enterprises in a fair, just and flexible manner.

The innovation achievement is the defense science and technology industry most important knowledge asset and the competitive power fundamental manifestation. It is necessary to establish a sound national defense intellectual property system, ensure the exclusive right of innovative knowledge, further stimulate innovation by bringing economic benefits to invention units and individuals, and ultimately enhance the competitiveness of enterprises. Competitive national defense enterprises have also made great contributions to national defense modernization.

The past policies implemented by the us department of defense have to some extent damaged the intellectual property rights of private enterprises and made a large number of high-tech private enterprises unwilling to cooperate with the department of defense. In recent years, the pentagon has adopted a more flexible approach, granting only essential licenses. The change opens the way for the defense department to use commercial technology. We can draw lessons from our national defense work. March 5, 2002, ministry of science and technology of our country. The ministry of finance has issued several provisions on the administration of intellectual property rights of research results of national scientific research programs and projects. The property rights policies in the provisions are relatively loose. The intellectual property rights are enjoyed by the research and development units, and the state only exercises the rights it has when necessary. The competent department of national defense should also issue relevant regulations.

In order to mobilize the enthusiasm of research and development units for technology transfer, scientific research personnel shall be mobilized to give their own technology to the user without reservation, and the user shall transfer the technology to the researcher in the process of "military to military transfer". Compensation and reward shall be paid for intellectual work, that is, the principle of paid use shall be adhered to. From economic analysis, paid use still belongs to the category of free use, it is the reward or compensation to intellectual labor, its amount is far below commonly use fee. Only in the transfer of technology from military to civilian use and from civilian to military use does the user pay a usage fee in accordance with the market price, i.e., the principle of paid use. Non-payment of both paid fees and user fees also occurs from time to time, mainly referring to the case where the research and development purpose is to provide the user with technical achievements and is adopted by the user. Even in this case, it is necessary to specify the unit, time, scope and corresponding obligations for free use in the development contract.

National defense intellectual property rights are mostly generated by state investment. According to microeconomics, "win-win" situations between investors and researchers are hard to come by. The country pays a few more on use fee, the damage on microcosmic only. Macroscopically, the benefits to the country are long-term and fundamental. The greater the intensity of paid royalty input by the state, the higher the enthusiasm of scientific research institutions for technology transfer, the less waste of resources caused by repeated research and development, and the stronger the enthusiasm and initiative of scientific research personnel in innovative activities. This benign interaction mechanism is conducive to building a strong and innovative national defense.

51due留学教育原创版权郑重声明：原创essay代写范文源自编辑创作，未经官方许可，网站谢绝转载。对于侵权行为，未经同意的情况下，51Due有权追究法律责任。主要业务有essay代写、assignment代写、paper代写、作业代写服务。

留学生论文：British basic education

下面整理一篇优秀的essay范文给大家- British basic education，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了英国的基础教育。英国基础教育课程的教育对象是该国的适龄儿童，开设了12门必修学科。国家基础教育课程实行全国统一课程计划，保证所有的受教育对象都可以接受到他们所需要的课程内容。英国基础教育机构在开设国家课程的同时，也开设了学校课程，不同的是，学校课程是为了体现学校的特色，由校方自己决定是否开设，以及自定义所开设学校课程的内容。

The education subjects of the basic education course in the UK are the school-age children in the country. There are 12 compulsory subjects such as English, mathematics, science, design and technology, information and communication technology, history, geography, modern foreign languages, art and design, music, sports and citizenship. The national basic education curriculum implements the national unified curriculum plan to ensure that all education recipients can accept the courses they need. The basic education institution in the UK not only offers national courses, but also school courses. The difference is that the school courses are to reflect the characteristics of the school, which is decided by the school itself, and the content of the school courses is customized. This way, children can choose their favorite courses freely, which is conducive to their personalized development. Of course, the content and quality of elective courses offered by the school will also become the criteria for parents to evaluate the school. Subject education is the main content of basic education, in addition, the school is also responsible for the cultivation of children's ideological and moral character, promotion and employment guidance. The school not only attaches importance to education of theoretical courses, but also includes activity courses such as labor experience and community activities into the basic education courses. Most schools will set different elective courses according to their own characteristics. Even if only one or two students take a course, the course will continue to be offered. The curriculum design of this mode is deeply loved by children, which brings them a lot of choices.

As mentioned above, the British basic education has incorporated some activity courses into the basic education course of the school, which shows that the school attaches great importance to practical ability. In Britain, classes are very casual, but in art and design classes, students are very careful, because they will use some equipment, some of which are dangerous, so they will be very careful. Teachers put the children's hands-on results in the experimental classroom to improve the children's initiative.

Education's slogan is, "create opportunities for all members of society, give play to their potential, and achieve excellence". It can be seen that education in Britain is more educatation-centered, so that the individual's personal value can be realized. In order to better realize the service for children, there are three education modes that are valued by education institutions: specialist education, elite education, and underachiever education. In terms of professional education, the school will encourage professional students to give full play to their strengths so that they will not be discriminated against due to their weakness in other aspects in the general environment. The state will also encourage schools to open more specialized courses so that they can apply to become professional schools. In this way, schools can obtain financial subsidies from local and state finance. In terms of education, the school attaches great importance to the cultivation of various abilities, especially the practical ability. The school encourages students to develop their thinking to create, so as to cultivate their innovative spirit. After the survey of graduates' work, it was found that they were mainly engaged in the work of some teachers and doctors. In view of this, the school also specially set up the subjects of natural science to increase students' interest in this aspect, so as to achieve the all-round development of students. In terms of education for students with learning difficulties, many schools implement hierarchical teaching. In the face of students with different ability to accept, transfer to them different levels of knowledge, and assign gentle and patient teachers to guide them, encourage their progress every time, so that they build up confidence, eliminate inferiority complex.

Although China's basic education has made some achievements, such as the basic popularization of nine-year compulsory education, the increasing enrollment opportunities of students, the shrinking regional differences and the great improvement of education fairness, there are still some problems that need to be solved urgently. Many courses, for example, or in a traditional classroom context, divorced from reality, more rigid, can't give students with freshness and a deeper impression, can not effectively connected with the actual scene, the lack of atmosphere of practice, contact the actual compared with the time course, contact the actual proportion of course is less, can not meet the learning needs of students with time.

The teacher on the curriculum to give students independent thinking and inspire little time, can't let learn independent thinking and learning, in the case of students not inspired by good, tell the students the so-called authoritative answer, directly damage the whole process of the students independent thinking, make learning become a mechanical activity, killing the students' creativity and imagination. In terms of curriculum setting, curriculum flexibility and school autonomy are seldom reflected.

Because the teachers and the actual situation of each place is different, it is difficult to implement small class teaching in our country, are generally not large, because each student is different, the basis of the number of students, also can't according to each student's situation, to try to guide every student for his personality and inspired, cannot let the student get the development of the unity of freedom. Due to the basic national conditions of China, the basic education institution is still a subordinate institution of the administrative department, so it is not so flexible in terms of its own scheduling. The effect of education is greatly reduced in the actual environment, far lower than expected. And large class is not well for every student, give attention to two or morethings and evaluation criteria of a school is graduation rates of these specific Numbers, so just focus on taking care of medium to high school students can maintain their own reputation, it can not be in accordance with the characteristics of each student is different for different education, make it present a highly unified trend.

With the intensification of globalization, the development of education increasingly reflects the trend of internationalization. Education under the background of economic globalization, the core of globalization, integrate the education resources in international, national education field elements of exchanges and cooperation between the increasingly frequent, the various countries' mutual influence degree is higher and higher, all countries want to make full use of both domestic and abroad education market, to promote the country's education to the development of the good. In the basic education research in the UK, we found that there are a lot of things worth learning from, from which we can get a lot of beneficial enlightenment.

An important concept of basic education in the UK is to "attach importance to the comprehensive development of each student". Every child is equal to education, which is reflected in the equal opportunity to accept education and the equal opportunity to get employment after graduation. The teacher treats the student's request is: has the confidence to the student, is good at encouraging the student, when the student encounters the difficulty to give encouragement, never gives up any student, respects each student's opinion and the suggestion, lets each student confidently, has own individuality and the specialty development. However, education in China is highly consistent, which makes every student develop according to the needs of the country. Children who are taught are the same, and they can only solve specific problems, but cannot adapt themselves to the society. Therefore, in this regard, the basic education system in the UK is worth thinking about.

The British government attaches great importance to British basic education. In British schools, British students are the masters and everything in the school is built for students. In class, the teacher never gives the correct answer directly to the children, but creates a problem situation for the children to think about, from which the teacher inspires and guides the students to solve the problem, which truly reflects the education people-oriented spirit. The inspiration for us is that our teachers should give students more space and time in class, let them think independently, and give them more time to discuss and ask questions.

On the curriculum setting, curriculum in our country is more of a given set of subject knowledge, not considering the students' feelings, more elective course is less, may be because of the change of other disciplines lost the chance in class, students choose course room smaller, parents also is very difficult to participate in the evaluation for the course. Because the college entrance examination system in China is oriented by the college entrance examination, and all courses are designed for higher scores, it is difficult to take into account the feelings of students.

51due留学教育原创版权郑重声明：原创essay代写范文源自编辑创作，未经官方许可，网站谢绝转载。对于侵权行为，未经同意的情况下，51Due有权追究法律责任。主要业务有essay代写、assignment代写、paper代写、作业代写服务。