Background of American Revolution

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- The creed of journalists，文章讲述从1775年到1783年，美国独立战争也被称为美国独立战争。它始于在列克星敦与英国人的第一次战斗，并以签署巴黎条约而告终。美国独立战争不仅是一场民族独立战争，也是一场伟大的资产阶级革命。它的胜利使大英帝国的殖民体系瓦解，并成为世界其他殖民地的榜样。

American Revolutionary is also known as American War of independence, from 1775 to 1783. It began with the first fight against British in Lexington and ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris. American Revolutionary was not only a national independent war, but also a great bourgeois revolution. Its victory disintegrated the colonial system of the British Empire, and exampled for other colonies else in the world.

1. Background of American Revolutionary

1.1 Preconditions—formation of American nation and awakening of national consciousness

After developing for over one hundred years, trade ties among British colonies in the North America had become more and more close and strengthened. Especially with the development of capitalist industry and commerce, great improvement had shown in transportation of the colonies. Building Road and establishing postal system enhanced the economic tie which had already been stable. Therefore, integrated domestic market gradually came into being. At that time science and culture had developed little by little. They had their own institutions of higher education and newspapers. English had been the common language of immigrants from all other parts of the world, hence people’s culture and customs had gradually integrated. A nation which shared the common language, location, common economic life and the common psychological quality in the performance of the common cultural—American nation had begun to form.

1.2 Root cause—sharpening contradiction between North American development of capitalism and British colonial domination

British established its first colony in Virginia in 1607. After more than two hundred years, there were thirteen colonies in the Atlantic coast of North America. During that time, a large quantities of immigrates settled in North America, most of them were British, and Europeans and many African slaves, who devoted themselves to the exploitation of North America.      

The ruling system of colonies was in accordance with the British system of government. Every colony had its own governor and parliament. The governor on behalf of Britain dominated the whole colony, controlling the administrative, economic and military authority. Although North America had formed its uniformed market, there existed various economic sectors. At that time, capitalist economy was the mainstream of economic development. The industry and commerce had greatly developed in the north, and plantation economy was prosperous in the south. In order to acquire the controlling right of North America, British and France fought for seven years (1756-1763). British had to face its fiscal difficulties, though it won the wars finally and controlled most parts of North America. Therefore, British government constantly increased taxes of the colonies and implemented coercion policies, such as the Stamp Duty Ordinance and Townshend Acts.

North America was regarded as British forever producing area and commodity market, thus British stifled its economic growth and amassed more wealth from it. People under colonial rule were more and more dissatisfied with British exploitation. The contradictions between them were increasingly sharpening, finally leading to the outbreak of war.

1.3 Ideological basis—enlightenment thought

North American democratic atmosphere provided external social condition for the dissemination of enlightenment thought. People there were eager for freedom and their enterprising spirit provided inherent power for the dissemination of enlightenment thought. Shortly before the American Revolutionary War, the enlightenment thought had gone deep into the masses. When Britain imposed unfair laws upon colonies, there were widespread uprisings against it.

1.4 Blasting fuse—the Boston Tea Party

Boston Tea Party was an incident that citizens in Boston struggled against the British East India Company monopolizing tea trade. In 1773, in order to pump the stored tea, the British government gave the patent for selling tee without high taxes to the British East India Company, which roused the great indignation of people. People in New York, Philadelphia and Charleston refused to upload the tea. Samuel Adams led a group of about 150 person, called “Sons of Liberty”. All the members dressed up as Indians and sneaked into three boats which were full of goods and tea. They destroyed all the goods and pour all the tea into sea. This incident was acclaimed by many citizens. However, the British government shut down the Boston Port until they paid off the money of tea, and drove warships into colonies. Benjamin Franklin declared that he would like to pay for them, which was regarded as a provocation against the British government (Greene& Pole, 2008).

2. Process of American Revolutionary War

2.1 1. The first stage

The first stage was the strategic defensive stage, from 1775 to 1778, when the battle advantage laid with British. After the first fight in Lexington, British forces took the initiative and intended to extinguish the revolutionary flames of colonies. Its strategy was to control the eastern coastal of North America by naval force, and let land force drive from Canada and New York, isolating the New England Colonies which were the most unshaken against British, then destroy other colonies one by one. There were five big battles in this stage respectively happened in Boston, Canada, New York, Trenton, Princeton and Saratoga. Battle of Saratoga was a turning point in the American Revolution (Black, 1991).

2.2 The second stage

From 1779 to 1781 was the second stage which went into the stage of stalemate, marked by the victory of Battle of Saratoga, when the army of North America began to beat back. After two years fighting, British forces were suffered heavy losses. In the north battlefield, it was unable to organize big attacks anymore except small battles. Because of many years of price war, tax and national debt increased day by day to plug the empty of finance, thus anti-war sentiments ran fairly high. On the contrary, America had gradually stood firm, getting more and more international supports. However, the situation was comparatively good. Continuous wars made its economy out at the elbows. In this stage, American was also unable to organize attack and strategic center had turned to the south.   

• The third stage

The third stage was the strategic counteroffensive stage, from 1781 to 1783. After the stage of stalemate for three years, British had to give up the trying to control the south. In April 1781, when General Cornwallis retreated into Virginia, the whole battlefield situation had fundamentally changed. American forces turned to strategic counteroffensive. After the Battle of Yorktown, battle in North America had basically ended. On third September 1783, the delegate of British king signed the Treaty of Paris in Versailles and officially recognized the United States of America, thus America was completely independent.

3. Reasons for American Revolutionary War

3.1 Great contribution of people in North America

Basic reason for the war’s victory lies in the essence the whole war reflects, that is the power of the masses is mighty. In order to gain more fiscal revenue, the British government constantly increased the taxes of colonies and inhumanly exploited people there. People under its brutal colonial rule had no choice but fought for their nation.    

3.2 Formation of American nation

America nation is a tenacious nation who has the strong sense of national pride. They had faith in future and had the courage to bring forth new ideas, which made them feel different from the “old continent”, which provided a powerful subjective condition for this revolutionary war.

3.3. Dissemination of Enlightenment thought

 Under the influence of the Enlightenment, all the advanced ideas was spreading to North America, such as the democratic thought, the doctrine of "separation of powers". People in North America borrowed thoughts from British and France and blended them with their own situation. Shortly before the American Revolutionary War, the enlightenment thought had gone deep into the masses. When British imposed unfair laws upon colonies, there were widespread uprisings against it.

3.4 Washington’s excellent military commanding talent

  During the process of American Revolutionary, the role which George Washington played was indispensable. Under his commanding, American forces had won many battles.

3.5 Military assistance from other countries  

   The victory of Battle of Saratoga was the turning point of American Revolution, and also was the decisive factor which drove European countries like France to attend the anti-Britain wars. After this battle, France really attended those wars which made them expanded into international wars. Afterwards Spain and Dutch also attended, but for colonial hegemony. The battlefield had expanded to East India, West India and Europe. British was besieged on all sides, which to a large extent determined the end of American Revolution.       

3.6 Publication of the Declaration of Independence

On forth July 1776, the Continental Congress passed the Declaration of Independence, drafted by Thomas Jefferson, which not only represented his own democratic thought, but also reflected inner voice of people in the North America. After its publication, people were greatly encouraged and devoted themselves to the revolutionary war, which laid the firm mass foundation for the victory of American Revolution.

4. Evaluation of American Revolutionary

American Revolution is a typical example of “the weak overcoming the strong” type, which got the support from home and abroad. Its victory disintegrated the colonial system of the British Empire, and exampled for other colonies else in the world.

The giant and brave contribution of the army and people played a decisive role for the final victory. Meanwhile, American forces adopted flexible strategies, combing regular warfare with guerrilla warfare and abandoning traditional battle formation.  During the period, America carried out flexible foreign policies, making good use of international contradiction to gain the supports from France, Dutch and Span.

American Revolutionary was not only a national independent war, but also a great bourgeois revolution. It overturned British colonial rule and establish United States of America. Meanwhile, it eradicated the survivals of feudalism in colonial period such as slavery, the law of primogeniture and son on, which emancipated the productive forces and opened a broad way for American capitalism. Furthermore, the success of American Revolution promoted the bourgeois revolution of Europe and Latin America.

 

 

 

References

[1] Greene, J. P., & Pole, J. R. (Eds.). (2008). A companion to the American revolution (Vol. 17). John Wiley & Sons.

[2] Black, J. (1991). War for America: the fight for independence, 1775-1783. Alan Sutton.

 

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A comparison of two literary works

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- A comparison of two literary works，文章讲述大家好！欢迎来到我的演讲。今天，我的主题是关于两本中国现代小说《活着》和《边境小镇》之间的对比。它由四个部分组成。首先，在介绍两位作者的写作技巧的基础上，对这两位作者的介绍进行了介绍，以下部分是关于每件作品的主题，最后是作为比较的结论。

 

Hello,everyone! Welcome to my speech.Today, my topic is about a contrast and comparison between two modern Chinese novels, To Live and The Border Town. It consists of four parts. Firstly, an introduction to two authors, following the contrast of the writing techniques of the two works, the part below is concerning themes of each work, finally, a comparison as a conclusion.

The author of The Border Town is Shen Congwen,who was brought up in Hunan province. He started his writing career in 1924 and passed away in 1988 in Beijing. Through his life, he has written more than 30 short novels and 6 long novels.There are a variety of topics in his works with unique forms. He wrote for presenting the life of the common people, the harmonious spirit and distortion and deformation shaped by the background of a great era. While Yu Hua, the author of To Live, born in Zhejiang province. He was a representative of the Vanguard School in the mainland of China. He published his first novel in 1984. Since then,he has written several short novels,long novels,essays and so on. His works was known for its exquisiteness.What he described are handicaps in the real world. He once stated that all his works are intended to increase its reality.

Next,let’s come to their writing techniques. The Border Town was written with the integrating style of lyrics and essay. It has expressed the natural beauty,the beauty of the custom and the beauty of the human nature. Shen Congwen set up a background,a picturesque village with regional flavor and culture. Through this style, he managed to present his thoughts, to live in a beauty world with simple and faithful love surrounded.However, it is not only idyllic, but also a tragedy, as the heroine’s relatives and friends passed away finally. Now, let’s see the writing style of Yu Hua in To Live. He was good at describing the cruelty with cold situation. He destroyed the reader’s bright vision step by step which gradually appeared in readers’ mind with a slow and peaceful way. He revealed the nature of life,cruelty from hypocrisy with ease, likewise a skillful surgeon. Why does his adopt such a style? According to him, there is no exact description of life, happiness or unhappiness, life is to live peacefully, with a little sense of loneliness.

Now , I am going to talk about the intention of two writers in writing them. Shen Congwen wrote to describe his wish for life. The reader could sense the beauty of the village from three aspects,landscape, custom and human nature. This can be viewed directly. Moreover, the story pays more attention to what happened in the village. Most intimate people to the heroine Cuicui died in the end because of all kinds of real factors, for example, the weakness of humanity and the trend of money-oriented. In a word, he expressed his wish in the opposite way, wished to rebuild the society as he did not content with the current one. Then, let’s see the intention of Yu Hua in his work To Live. The theme of it is that one should live still bravely even unhappiness happens.This was delivered through the story of Xu Fugui, the hero. Xu’s story was ended as all his intimate people left him and lived with a cow named Fugui in the end. When one relative left him each time, he determined to live still. According to Yuhua, the story likes almost the real life, with various taste, with sorrows and joys. The author intends to exhort readers to be optimistic and tolerant for living.

Finally, I will talk about the similarity of them from two aspects. To begin with,both of them portray a growing up story on the hero or the heroine.Cuicui became cognitively mature, while Fugui grew to be a persevering. At the beginning of the story,Cuicui is a innocent young lady, while at the end, she became a cognitively matured lady. Similarly, Fugui tortured so much but thinking more every time when one intimate person left him, and became stronger inwardly. Secondly,both stories present a tragic consciousness. In the end of the stories, people closely related to the hero or heroine died though due to various reasons.To Live is closed related social background from the 1940s to the 1970s, this is what mainly causes the tragedy. While The tragic consciousness in Border Town was resulted from so many aspects, like the choice of a draft or a grain mill, the weakness of humanity in Cuicui and other people, or rather, they care about others more than themselves.

    That is all of my speech and many thanks for your attention!   

 

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The Theology’s view of man

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- The Theology’s view of man，文章讲述神学在世界各地的人中越来越普遍，而天主教在这里和那里的人数也越来越多。如今，不可避免的趋势是，人们越来越多地以某种方式受到神学观点的影响。人们普遍认为，天主教会把生命视为最基本的人权，并且在不考虑种族，生命终结，生命开始，战争的情况下，在尽可能大的程度上支持了人，贫穷或健康。

 

Increasingly widespread is theology among human beings all around the world and larger and larger is the number of Catholic Church here and there, nowadays it is an inevitable trend that human beings are more and more influenced by the views of theology in a way or another. It is generally acknowledged that Catholic Church has viewed life the most basic of human rights and it has been in support of the person to an extent that is as great as possible, taking no regard of race, end of life, beginning of life, war, poverty or health.

Based on the above, then the question comes that what it means to be a human person when taken from the view of theology. A human person is one being born with life and has the inherent rights to own security to prevent him from being tortured either physically or mentally and share the freedom to develop the unique personality. Moreover, it is one that is endowed with intellect and dignity, the case being the same for all human people without exception as all human people are treated with equality. That is to say, no human person has the right to deprive others of anything that belongs to the public in any way. Or maybe we can put it another way that any human person must cherish the consciousness of temperance and humility rather than the endless greed for money privilege and consumption, contributing to a state that there are only freedom, honesty, peace and serenity in one’s mind.

What has to be mentioned is that a human person can give in when it just involves his own rights, status, fame, happiness and other elements; while on the other hand when it is concerned with one’s own mission to help others, it can not stand the existence for even the slightest compromises or concessions in this way. The compromises and concessions not being allowed, the good examples have been set in the meantime for other human people and generations to come to learn from.

In a word, a real human person signifies one that should care about others and be ready to help others at any time both in private life and public life; one that should respect and forgive anyone without taking the race, religion, nationality and other factors into consideration. We can have a fair knowledge that a human person is one that has cultivated numerous virtues, as can be regarded as the main criteria to judge whether a certain person can be described as a human person.

With the detailed definition about human person being stated at length in the above, what comes next at the list is that as the United States how we can do a better job of encouraging a culture of life so that more people can be included into the group of human people when evaluated from the theology perspective. After the careful consideration, how we can do to encourage a culture of life can be summarized as below: first and foremost comes that we should always respect others in the daily process of interpersonal communication by being willing to accept others’ opinions and even learn from others and also paying attention to not hurting or offending others through either speech or deportment; moreover, we should hold an equal attitude toward each and every matter in our daily life by from time to time putting ourselves into others’ shoes and think when standing on others’ stance. Though it may be really hard or just impossible for someone, it still needs to be made efforts on to be conquered. Thirdly what follows is that we should, under whatever condition, be honest and frank to our surrounding people in that all human beings like to be treated honestly and frankly and they seem being cheated as a kind of big shame and insulation in a certain sense. Also the past experiences have witnessed that those lies will lead to the direct failure toward relationships which are hard to be repaired once those two parties engaged in are betrayed by. Last but the least will be that we should be tolerant to others and can forgive others’ faults caused by different kinds of culture, personality, habit and backgrounds. The highest tidemark that is advocated by theology is to love your enemies and bless them, to show mercy to those who hate you and to pray for those who abuse or persecute you ever.   

Through the above efforts, which are partially of what we can do to encourage a culture of life, I bet that more and more human beings can behave better and better so as that they can be seen as a human person with numerous virtues unconsciously acquired. At the last of it, I want to express my heartfelt gratitude and sincere hope that all human beings can behave themselves under the instructions specified by theology.

 

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The importance of education and learning

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- The importance of education and learning，文章讲述中共采取了一种称为“乡村包围城市”的策略（先占领农村，然后使用乡村包围城市，最后占领城市）来赢得内战。它之所以成功，是因为当时（1920年代至1950年代），中国80％以上的人口从事农业工作。因此，尽管大部分钱都存放在城市中，但国民党可以聘用的部队较少。另一个原因是，在国民党与中共之间的关系第一次破裂时，国民党都控制了所有城市，而大多数中共成员都被赶出了城市。

 

The CCP (Chinese Communist Party) took a tactic called “countries surround cities” (occupy countryside first, then use the country side surround cities, and take over the city at the end.) to win the civil war. It was very successful because at that time (1920s – 1950s), over 80% of the population of China was working in agriculture. Therefore, although most of the money was store in the cities, there were fewer troops which can be hired by the KMT (Kuo Min Tang). Another reason is that all cities were under control by the KMT and most of the CCP members were expelled from cities during the first break down of the relation between KMT and CCP. Hence, the CCP had to use this tactic to won the war, and they did. By using this way, however, the CCP had to use many people from countryside as some of their team leaders, even the party leader (Chairman Mao was also from countryside). Among those leaders, many of them were either uneducated or only had primary school level education. The CCP educated them in the army, taught them basic writing skills, reading skills, and basic political theories, the party also used very strict rules to control their behaviors. However, those leaders couldn’t learn more, not only because it was during war time, but also because their ages were already way higher than the good behavior learning age (3-5 years old).

So then even though school keeps teaching our kids to act good or behave themselves well, their parents as well as their grandparents continues showing them or directly teaching them to keep those old and bad behaviors. In fact, they take the first chance to educate kids because most kids follow what their parents teach them. So if their parents cross a street without paying attention to the traffic light, the kids will follow. If their parents look down upon the poor, the kids will follow, too. Even if their parents may tell them not to do something which they have already done, the kids will still copy what their parents have done.

It reminds me my personal experience. My mom told me everyone has equal rights in the society. No matter what kind of job a person do, he or she is good for our society and also benefit for our lives. However, one time when we took a bus, a couple who were from countryside got onto the bus. Their clothes didn’t look nice and might be little dirty. Then my mom dragged me to her side because she didn’t want me to be too close to them. As soon as we got off the bus, my mom and my aunt started talking about how they felt about the poor couple, obviously I could tell how deeply they didn’t like that couple, which represented people from the countryside. This event changed me a lot. I started to copy my mom’s feeling of those people. Yes, I once looked down upon the poor countryside people. The feeling didn’t stop until I went to military. In military, there were many people from countryside. By training and living with them, I had made good friends with them; it was since then that my mind changed again. But should I not have this life experience, I might still look down upon them.

There is another power that forces people to change or continue behaviors: the society or we can call it social pressure. When almost everyone walks across street without checking the traffic light, there won’t be many people left to stay and follow the traffic law. The majority of the people care about how they are thought by other people when they are in the same group. Some of them don’t want to be isolated and some of them don’t want to be thought weird. So they will show the same result to follow the majority and it doesn’t matter whether it is right or wrong. People like me who would still wait for a green light to across an empty street are in a very small group of population in China.

When we are talking about the social pressure, I would like to mention the concept of social media. After 1990s, the social media became more and more commercialize. It is a reflection of Chinese economic reform and it does create much wealth. However, the negative effects are also obvious. For example, nowadays you can see much more negative news on TV or the internet then before. The reason is not because people are getting worse, but because the TV stations want more audience rates and the websites want more click rates so that they can make more money. And one sad thing on humanity is that almost all of us want to see negative news for entertainment, this is also the reason why nowadays social media have more violence and sex after it gets more commercialize. The effect of the society media is that it creates a wrong model of our society. People think that the situation of the happening of those bad things are very common because they have saw too much, and one day when they get into a similar situation, they may make the same move, such as corruption. As young students, we were all told to be clean and honest if we would be officers one day. We were told to serve the people just like their servants and love the people just like their sons and daughters. However, we have seen too many corrupt officials in recent years. They have been told the same things but why they still choose the wrong way? It’s because of the atmosphere in the official circles. If most of the officials have behaviors of corruption and some of them are even high-ranking officials, the younger officials will no doubt be influenced by these superiors. It is said that the official who refuses to be corrupt will be abandoned by all the other corrupt officials, which account for the most. So to survive in the official circle, a clean and honest official has to change to get used to the habits of corruption. Usually media is controlled by a corrupt minority to control the majority in their fashion and therefore it takes longer and is more difficult for the majority to free itself again. Yet there is good news. The old centralized structure of media is shifting. Today, many people are able to access the Internet which enables them to gain independent information and to publish their information. This decentralization is very hart to control by a corrupt minority, which is one of the reasons, why some nations censor the Internet. Yet censorship only decelerates freedom, it is incapable to stop it.

However, what is lucky is that the government now has started taking measures to control the situation and punish the officials who are corrupt. For example, since 2012 the cost of local government has been largely cut and there are more limitation of official’s behavior and rights. During the past 2 years, thousands of corrupt officials have been captured by the central government and most of them have been sentenced. A wave of reform and clean has appeared in the official circle. Also, new laws have been made to control and alert the officials. According to the latest laws, several top-level officials have been caught and judged, which has never happened before. In school, students are told more about the morality and personal quality. A person has to be honest and integrity, and if you want money then don’t choose the way to be an official. For example, during the process to be a full member of the party, a student has to do many things and it will take several years. In the past it may just need some experience and written reports before the last step, but in recent years, the process has been strictly restraint and more tests will be put on the students. Also, the number of people being a member of the party has been reduced since 2012, so students may take it seriously instead of indifferently.

As a younger generation and the future of our country, we should of course strict demands on ourselves. First, we should be objective about the point of view in media. No matter what words or points the media express, we have to keep independent and only trust the truth of the fact. We cannot make irresponsible comments without the true facts. Second, we should be honest since we are very young. And once we get into the society, we should keep the quality and do not compromise to any wrong behaviors.

 

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Socrates, the great philosopher

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- Socrates, the great philosopher，文章讲述公元前399年，伟大的哲学家苏格拉底（Socrates）被悲剧诗人梅勒图斯（Meletus）指控为腐败的雅典青年和卑鄙行为。在被指控之后，陪审团在由511名雅典公民组成的陪审团中进行了两次投票，决定是否对苏格拉底判处死刑，这是雅典的典型审判方式（Colaiaco，2013年）。从法律制度的角度看，这一判决似乎遵循严格的程序，苏格拉底对投票结果没有异议，尽管可以免于死亡，但被判死于中毒而死。但是，就提交人而言，雅典人对Meletus对苏格拉底提出的正式指控定罪既不合理也不明智。

 

In 399 B.C., the great philosopher Socrates was accused by the tragic poet Meletus for corrupting the Athens youths and impiety. And after the accusation, there were two voting among jury court which was composed of five hundred and one Athenian citizens deciding whether Socrates was to be sentenced to death or not, which was a typical trial way back in Athens (Colaiaco, 2013). From the perspective of the law system, the sentence seemed to follow strict procedures, and Socrates had no disagreement with the voting result and was sentenced to die by taking poison without escaping, although he could be free of death. However, as far as the author is concerned, it is neither reasonable nor wise for Athenians to convict the formal charges leveled against Socrates by Meletus.

 

The Greek law system was the first secular legal system in the western legal history. Unfortunately, it failed to keep a distance from politics. In the democracy of Athens, it became the most powerful weapon to defend democracy, but it also played the role as the tool of the public opinion. The jury court was the symbol of Athenian Democracy, was also its most strong fortress. It did well to defend democracy, but what it did was at the expense of the law.

 

Although most of the jurors were not lack of political enthusiasm and sense of justice, but they didn't fully understand the law. There is no doubt that most of them let their conscience be their guide, but the principles of justice they followed, often just their personal likes and dislikes, or bias didn't know when to get used to (Tamanaha, 2004). 

 

It has to be admitted that the public held some wrong perception towards Socrates, and there are two main reasons for it. On one hand, Socrates' personal activity was the main cause of this public wrong perception. Socrates’ life was guided by the oracle. He engaged in public debate and probed into the virtue and justice topic constantly. His eloquence was well known by audience. What is more, both his cross-examine and rebutting deeply harassed the Athenians. Because of their misunderstanding of Socrates' behavior, they classified his opinions into class of wits known as sophistry. This is really a serious misunderstanding of Socrates. On the other hand, the comedy The Cloud, which was written by Aristophanes contributed to the public wrong perception towards Socrates. Aristophanes 's purpose was against the maladies of the times, instead of attacking Socrates. But what Aristophanes had not predicted in the comedy The Cloud was the negative influence on Socrates, which formed the public opinion of prejudice.

 

The lack-of reasoning judgment from the part of the 501 representative citizens made the jury court incompatible with the normal modern legal principle, which leaded to an unjust result for Socrates. Socrates shows his spiritual strength, accepted the unreasonable judge towards him, he won the glory, and endured the death penalty. Although those who judge him forced him to be silent, the sound of the voice before 2300 years in Athens has never been silent. "Socrates was not died of democracy, but democracy lacks traditional rule by law.”

 

According to Maine (1871), in order to get an ideal and perfect sentence, for some special cases, there should be no hesitation to take flexible of laws. He also suggests that the judicial principle could just come down from concept of right and wrong at the time. And in the age of Socrates, the concept of right and wrong is not sound enough, and Socrates is a man to pursue virtues and bridge the gap of such blurry concepts. Overall, it is not reasonable for Athenians to convict Socrates’ formal charges in the special time under special democratic and legal system that has not fully developed.

 

References

Colaiaco, J. A. (2013). Socrates against Athens: philosophy on trial. Routledge.

 

Maine, S.H. (1871). Ancient law: its connection with the early history of society, and its relation to modern ideas. C. Scribner.

 

Tamanaha, B. Z. (2004). On the rule of law. History, Politics, Theory, 1.

 

 

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