In order to better satisfy the demands for high speed, wide bandwidth and high density, changes are taking place in the data center. Driven by the cloud services, the hyperscale/cloud data centers are becoming larger, more modular, more homogeneous with an architecture change from traditional 3-tier to flattened 2-tier topology. To deal with these changes and challenges, what will we need for optical interconnection a few years down the road? Here are the key trends to watch in 2016 which give you some guides to the roadmap.
For easy understanding, we divide the data center into three parts—intra-rack, inter-rack and long span/inter-building. Within the data center rack, 10 GbE is being widely deployed now but 25 GbE will be deployed soon and 50 GbE to the server will follow. Between data center racks, 40 GbE now is deployed and 100 GbE or beyond will follow. When for long spans/inter data center and WAN (Wide Area Network), 100 GbE has been deployed until now and 400 GbE is standardized.
The overall trend of data center connection is moving from 10/40 G to 25/100 G. Small form factors, power dissipation under 3.5W, active optical cables (AOCs) etc., are becoming the trends. To satisfy the demands for high port density, the 100G optical module has gone through a revolution of form factor. Until now, QSFP28 is becoming the 100G module form factor of choice for new data center switches. QSFP28 is both a 100G and a high-density 25G form factor (4×25 Gbps). It will have very high volumes, because it supports both 100G and 25G links.
When compared to 40G cabling, we believe a 25G connection speed offers a more flexible and cost-efficient upgrade point from 10 GbE for cloud providers on the long-term path to 100G connections. As a 25G module form factor, SFP28 is the choice for new Servers / NICs (Network Interface Cards).
Duplex and parallel optics products of both 40 GbE and 100 GbE continue to proliferate which result in a proliferation of standards, de facto standards, MSAs (Multi-Source Agreements), and proprietary codes, each optimized for a particular use case. Meanwhile, various recent 25G and 100G Ethernet standards and MSAs require the use of RS-FEC (Reed-Solomon Forward Error Correction) on the host to increase overall link length. RS-FEC does not increase the total bit rate, but it introduces an additional latency of ~100ns in the link. As the fiber propagation time of each bit over 100m of MMF is ~500ns, the amount of additional latency introduced by RS-FEC may impact the overall performance of short links 500 meters. Thus, the low-Latency QSFP28 SR4 and SFP28 SR without FEC will be a trending option for data center short-reach interconnection.
One of the main interconnect trends in the data center is that data center operators want to upgrade from 10G to 40/100G without touching the duplex MMF (multimode fiber) infrastructure. Today’s data centers are deployed around 10 GbE, primarily focusing on 10GBASE-LR using LC duplex interface with SMF (single mode fiber). For instance, HP J9151A compatible 10GBASE-LR SFP+ transceivers from FS.COM are high-performance 10G optics using LC duplex interface to achieve max link length of 10 km over SMF. But in order to achieve 10G to 40G migration, the breakout cabling solution may be the preferred path for 40/100G migration as shown below.
The increased demand for blazing connection speeds and unlimited bandwidth drives the data center to change. The interconnect trends in data center market toward 25/100G with smaller module form factors for higher port density, lower power consumption and low cost per bit. Meanwhile, data center is required to increase performance to leverage existing fiber infrastructure that achieves 40/100G migration from 10 GbE. For higher speed beyond 100G, new Ethernet speeds including 50G, 200G, 400G are being standardized.
Reference: http://www.fs.com/blog/interconnect-trends-in-the-data-center.html