現代ヘブライ語 ウィキペディア[英語]より転記（3）

§Varieties of ayin[edit]

The letter Ayin (ע) historically represented a voiced pharyngeal approximant. Most modern AshkenaziJews do not differentiate between א and ע; however, many Mizrahi Jews distinguish these phonemes, as well as Jews from any background wishing to speak Hebrew in its pure (Masoretic Tiberian) form.Georgian Jews pronounce it as [qʼ]. Western European Sephardim and Dutch Ashkenazim traditionally pronounce it [ŋ] (like ng in sing) – a pronunciation that can also be found in the Italian tradition and, historically, in south-west Germany. (The remnants of this pronunciation are found throughout the Ashkenazi world, in the name "Yankl" and "Yanki", diminutive forms of Jacob, Heb.יעקב).^{[citation needed]}

§Changes in pronunciation of Resh[edit]

In Hebrew, the classical pronunciation associated with the consonant ר rêš was flapped [ɾ], and wasgrammatically treated as an ungeminable phoneme of the language. In most dialects of Hebrew among the Jewish diaspora, it remained a flap or a trill [r]. However, in some Ashkenazi dialects as preserved among Jews in northern Europe it was a uvular rhotic, either a trill [ʀ] or a fricative [ʁ]. This was because most native dialects of Yiddish were spoken that way, and their liturgical Hebrew carried the same pronunciation. Some Iraqi Jews also pronounce rêš as a guttural [ʀ], reflecting their dialect of Arabic.

An apparently unrelated uvular rhotic is believed to have appeared in the Tiberian vocalisation of Hebrew, where it is believed to have coexisted with additional non-guttural articulations of /r/ depending on circumstances.^{[citation needed]}

§Vowels[edit]

Main article: Niqqud

 

The vowel phonemes of Modern Israeli Hebrew

The Hebrew word for vowels is tnu'ot (תְּנוּעוֹת). The orthographic representations for these vowels are called Niqqud. Israeli Hebrew has 5 vowel phonemes, represented by the following Niqqud-signs:

phoneme	pronunciation in Modern Hebrew	approximate pronunciation in English	orthographic representation
			"long" *	"short" *	"very short" /"interrupted" *
/a/	[ä]	(as in "spa")	kamats gadol ( ָ )	patach( ַ )	chataf patach ( ֵ )
/e/	[e̞]	(as in "bed")	tsere male ( ֵי ) ortsere chaser ( ֵ )	segol ( ֶ )	chataf segol ( ֱ ),sometimes shva ( ְ )
/i/	[i]	(as in "ski")	chirik male ( ִי )	chirik chaser( ִ )
/o/	[o̞]	(as in "more")	cholam male ( וֹ ) orcholam chaser ( ֹ )	kamatz katan ( ָ )	chataf kamatz ( ֳ )
/u/	[u]	(as in "flu" but with no diphthongisation)	shuruk (וּ)	kubuts( ֻ )
* The severalfold orthographic representation of each phoneme attests to the broader phonemic range of vowels in earlier forms of Hebrew. Some linguists still regard the Hebrew grammatical entity of Shva na—marked as Shva (ְ)—as representing a sixth phoneme, /ə/. However, the phonetic realisation of any Shva in modern Hebrew is never a Schwa(the mid central vowel denoted as [ə]) or any vowel otherwise phonetically distinguishable from the other phonemes, but is rather always either identical to those of the phoneme /e/ or is mute, therefore there is no consensus in this matter.

In Biblical Hebrew, each vowel had three forms: short, long and interrupted (chataf). However, there is no audible distinction between the three in modern Israeli Hebrew, except that tsere is often pronounced [eɪ] as in Ashkenazi Hebrew.

§Shva[edit]

Main article: shva

The Niqqud sign "Shva" represents four grammatical entities: resting (nach / נָח), moving (na' / נָע), floating (merahef / מְרַחֵף) and "bleating" or "bellowing" (ga'ya / גַּעְיָּה). In earlier forms of Hebrew, these entities were phonologically and phonetically distinguishable. However, in Modern Hebrew these distinctions are not observed. For example, the (first) Shva Nach in the word קִמַּטְתְ (fem. you crumpled) is pronounced [e̞] ([kiˈmäte̞t]) even though it should be mute, whereas the Shva Na in זְמַן(time), which theoretically should be pronounced, is usually mute ([zmän]). Sometimes the shva is pronounced like a tsere when accented, as in the prefix "ve" meaning "and".

 

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temple servant[w 6]