現代ヘブライ語 ウィキペディア[英語]より転記（5）

§Stress[edit]

Hebrew has two frequent kinds of lexical stress, on the last syllable (milrá; מלרע) and on the penultimate syllable (the one preceding the last, mil‘él; מלעיל), of which the first is more frequent. Contrary to the prescribed standard, some words exhibit a stress on the antepenultimate syllable or even further back. This occurs often in loanwords, e.g. פּוֹלִיטִיקָה /poˈlitika/, "politics", and sometimes in native colloquial compounds, e.g. אֵיכְשֶׁהוּ /ˈeχʃehu/,^[27] "somehow"; אֵיפֹשֶׁהוּ /ˈefoʃehu/,^{[citation needed]} "somewhere". Colloquial stress is also often shifted from the last syllable to the penultimate, contrary to the prescribed standard, e.g. כּוֹבַע, normative stress /koˈvaʕ/, colloquial stress /ˈkovaʕ/ "hat"; שׁוֹבָךְ normative stress /ʃoˈvaχ/, colloquial stress /ˈʃovaχ/, "dovecote". This is also common in the colloquial pronunciation of many personal names, for example דָּוִדnormative stress /daˈvid/, colloquial stress /ˈdavid/, "David".^[28]

Specific rules correlate the location or absence of stress in a syllable with the written representation of vowel length and whether or not the syllable ends with a vowel or a consonant.^{[nb 1]} Because spoken Israeli Hebrew does not distinguish between long and short vowels, these rules are not evident in speech. They usually cannot be inferred from written text either, because usually vowel diacritics are omitted. The result is that nowadays stress has phonemic value, as the following table illustrates: acoustically, the following word pairs differ only in the location of the stress; orthographically they differ also in the written representation of the length of the vowels, however if vowel diacritics are omitted (as is usually the case in Modern Israeli Hebrew) they are written identically:

common spelling (Ktiv Hasar Niqqud)		mil‘él-stressed				milrá-stressed
		spelling with vowel diacritics	pronunciation	translation		spelling with vowel diacritics	pronunciation	translation
ילד		יֶלֶד	/ˈjeled/	boy		יֵלֵד	/jeˈled/	will give birth
אוכל		אֹכֶל	/ˈoχel/	food		אוֹכֵל	/oˈχel/	eating (masculine singular participle)
בוקר		בֹּקֶר	/ˈbokeʁ/	morning		בּוֹקֵר	/boˈkeʁ/	cowboy

Little ambiguity exists, however, due to context and syntactic features; compare e.g. the English word "conduct" in its nominal and verbal forms.

§Vocabulary[edit]

Modern Israeli Hebrew has borrowed many words from Aramaic, Yiddish, Ladino, Arabic (spoken Arabic, mainly Judeo Arabic and Palestinian Arabic), German, Latin, Greek, Polish, Russian, English and other languages.^{[citation needed]} Some typical examples are:

loanword			derivatives			origin
Hebrew	IPA	meaning	Hebrew	IPA	meaning	language	spelling	meaning
ביי	/baj/	goodbye				English	bye
אגזוז	/eɡˈzoz/	exhaust system					exhaust system
דיג׳יי	/ˈdidʒej/	DJ	לדג׳ה	/ledaˈdʒe/	to DJ		to DJ
ואללה	/ˈwala/	really!?				Arabic	والله	really!?
כיף	/kef/	fun	לכייף	/lekaˈjef/	to have fun[w 1]		كيف	pleasure
חפיף	/χaˈfif/	lightly	להתחפף	/lehitχaˈfef/	to scram[w 2]		خَفِيف	lightly
אבא	/ˈaba/	daddy				Aramaic	אבא	the father
חלטורה	/χalˈtura/	shoddy job	לחלטר	/leχalˈter/	to moonlight	Russian	халтура	shoddy work[w 3]
בלגן	/balaˈɡan/	mess	לבלגן	/levalˈɡen/	to make a mess		балаган	chaos[w 3]
תכל׳ס	/ˈtaχles/	directly				Yiddish	תכלית	goal
חרופ	/χrop/	deep sleep	לחרופ	/laχˈrop/	to sleep deeply		חְרוֹפּ	sleep
שפכטל	/ˈʃpaχtel/	putty knife				German	Spachtel	putty knife
גומי	/ˈɡumi/	rubber	גומיה	/ɡumiˈja/	rubber band		Gummi	rubber
גזוז	/ɡaˈzoz/	carbonated beverage				Turkish from French	gazoz[w 4] from eau gazeuse	carbonated beverage
פוסטמה	/pusˈtema/	stupid woman				Ladino		inflamed wound[w 5]
אדריכל	/adriˈχal/	architect	אדריכלות	/adriχaˈlut/	architecture	Akkadi