下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Farmland conservation in the United States，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国的农地保护。美国的农地保护计划源于美国联邦政府1996年农业法案设立的农地保护计划。2002年新的农业法案将农地保育范围扩大到牧场，由农业部自然资源保护局组织实施，联邦政府通过农产品信用公司提供配套资金，补助州政府、政府及其他地方政府，向农场主、牧场主购买农地开发权。出售农地开发权的农场主或者牧场主在取得补偿金的条件下，必须承诺不将农地转为非农业用途，并且对受到严重侵蚀的土地施行保育与保护措施。
The United States has a land area of 9.3648 million square kilometers and a population of nearly 270 million. By title, 60 percent of the land is privately owned, 38 percent is owned by federal, state and local governments, and 2 percent is held on Indian reservations. Divided by urban and rural land, 97 percent of rural land and 3 percent of urban land. The arable land area of the United States is about 192 million hectares, accounting for 20% of the national land area and 0.7 hectares per capita.
The American farmland and rangeland conservation program is derived from the farmland conservation program established by the U.S. federal government in the 1996 farm act. In 2002, the new agricultural act expanded the scope of farmland conservation to pastures, which was organized and implemented by the department of agriculture's natural resources protection bureau. The federal government provided supporting funds through agricultural credit companies to subsidize state governments, tribal governments and other local governments to purchase the right to develop farmland from farmers and ranchers. The farmer or rancher who sells the right to develop farmland must promise not to convert the farmland to non-agricultural use and implement conservation and protection measures on the severely eroded land, provided he or she receives compensation.
Scientific determination of farmland protection location. Farmland conservation experts at the state agriculture department divide land into four tiers based on trends in urbanization. The first level is urbanized land, the second level is urbanized land that is being urbanized and will be urbanized within the next 50 years, the third level is urbanized land that may be urbanized within 100 years, and the fourth level is remote rural land.
Utility and value of subdivided farmland. In addition to its inherent farming utility, farmland can also be subdivided into a variety of use values according to the way of utilization. The highest use value is to change the use of agriculture, for construction and so on. Suppose that the total utility value of a piece of farmland is 4100, 100 units of ornamental value, 1,100 units of cultivation value, and 2,000 units of non-agricultural construction value. The land owner has the value orientation of converting farmland into construction land. The government can buy out the right to develop and build farmland, so as to limit the conversion of farmland.
Determine the price according to the market. In order to protect agricultural land and control the non-agricultural conversion of agricultural land, the use value of farmland conversion into non-agricultural use in the United States is incorporated into market transactions. The government, private and social organizations need to purchase the right to develop agricultural land in order to develop agricultural land. The price of farmland development right shall be determined by the evaluation institution with reference to the market transaction price, which is generally no higher than the difference between the price of agricultural land and the price of non-agricultural land. In April 2007, the price of farmland development rights in Maryland was as high as $11,330 per hectare and as low as $809 per hectare.
We will implement government investment subsidies. The farmland and pasture conservation program is a voluntary federal program. Farmers and ranchers who are willing to participate in the program to sell development rights to their farms are approved to enter into agreements with the government, farmland conservation groups, and federal and state governments to subsidize their investments. The federal and state governments each subsidize up to 50 percent of the purchase price.
Transfer the right to develop farmland according to law. In addition to selling farmland development rights to the government and farmland protection, farmers and ranchers are also free to transfer. After acquiring the right to develop farmland, the transferee is only allowed to build within the scope of the transfer amount and only on the land legally owned by the transferee. For this reason, some local governments have set up farmland development right Banks to purchase the farmland development right from the places that protect farmland and reduce the development density, and sell it to the places that need to expand the development and construction moderately.
From 1996 to 2006, the federal, state and local governments protected nearly 100 million mu of farmland, mainly in the fast-growing eastern cities. Of this total, the federal government spent $597 million to purchase 200,000 hectares of permanent farmland. State governments have spent more than $1.8 billion on farmland development rights, purchasing 5.6655 million hectares of farmland for 30 to 100 years. Among them, Maryland has purchased 105,200 hectares of farmland, accounting for 13% of the total farmland area. In 2007, the federal government allocated $73 million and the Maryland state government $70 million to subsidize the purchase of farmland development rights.
In the United States, land ownership disputes are settled by the courts, and the government generally does not play the role of mediation and arbitration. Disputes involving farmland management can be settled by arbitration, but without an arbitration agreement, the state of Maryland is exploring mediation and arbitration.
Agricultural land arbitration with arbitration agreement. As early as 1925, the United States promulgated the federal uniform arbitration act, which provides for commercial arbitration. The U.S. arbitration commission operates four arbitration centers in California, Rhode Island, Dallas and Atlanta to handle general civil and commercial disputes. There are few farmland disputes accepted by the arbitration commission in the United States, mainly including farmland contract disputes, farmland management insurance contract disputes and so on. The arbitration shall be conducted in accordance with the civil and commercial arbitration rules formulated by the American arbitration commission, namely, voluntary arbitration, written agreement and final award.
In order to ensure the arbitration under the premise of equality, justice, and for including weak like farmers and large enterprises, consumers and shopping center, the existence of weak subject to arbitration, the arbitration commission to formulate the "agreement" due process, request the parties apply for arbitration, the party can not restrict or discrimination of relatively weak side, otherwise will not be accepted, and to balance the two sides of the arbitration costs, make sure that the weak party to reduce cost.
Mediation and arbitration of farmland disputes without arbitration agreement. The Maryland department of agriculture mediates farmland disputes under the state's farm bill of rights. After the amendment of the farming rights act in 2006, the pilot arbitration of farmland management disputes was carried out.
Farmers often have disputes with neighbors over smell, livestock and other issues in farming. To address these concerns and protect agriculture, Maryland enacted the farm bill of rights in 1978. Each county has established a mediation council in accordance with the law. It mainly solves disputes with farmers during the implementation of federal government projects, disputes between neighbors over farmland operation and production, and disputes among farmers' family members about continuing agricultural operation. Mediation is legally effective. In a county where a mediation council has been established, the court shall not accept any dispute that has not been mediated by the mediation council. If a mediation council is not established, the parties may bring a suit directly to the court. The usda has a national mediation program that supports mediation efforts in 33 states, with full-time mediators in each county.
To further reduce the burden of farmer litigation and save time and money, the Maryland department of agriculture, with the support of the U.S. department of agriculture, organized a pilot program for farmland management and tort arbitration under the 2006 amendment to the farm bill of rights. At present, 18 of the 23 counties in the prefecture have set up arbitration committees, 14 of which have carried out arbitration activities, and three cases of farmland management and infringement disputes with great influence have been adjudicated. Arbitration commission is general 5 ~ 7 people, hold the post of the person in charge of relevant orgnization, association, organization by agriculture, and a set of arbitration procedures and rules. The scope of acceptance includes: no written contract, such as sewage pollution, pesticide drift pollution and other infringement disputes; Where the jurisdiction of the arbitration commission is stipulated in the contract; No other arbitration institution shall be accepted. If no appeal is made within 30 days after the arbitration award is made, the award shall become legally effective. If one party fails to perform, the other party may apply to the court for compulsory execution and may impose a fine, but shall not be investigated for criminal responsibility.
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The United States has a land area of 9.3648 million square kilometers and a population of nearly 270 million. By title, 60 percent of the land is privately owned, 38 percent is owned by federal, state and local governments, and 2 percent is held on Indian reservations. Divided by urban and rural land, 97 percent of rural land and 3 percent of urban land. The arable land area of the United States is about 192 million hectares, accounting for 20% of the national land area and 0.7 hectares per capita.
The American farmland and rangeland conservation program is derived from the farmland conservation program established by the U.S. federal government in the 1996 farm act. In 2002, the new agricultural act expanded the scope of farmland conservation to pastures, which was organized and implemented by the department of agriculture's natural resources protection bureau. The federal government provided supporting funds through agricultural credit companies to subsidize state governments, tribal governments and other local governments to purchase the right to develop farmland from farmers and ranchers. The farmer or rancher who sells the right to develop farmland must promise not to convert the farmland to non-agricultural use and implement conservation and protection measures on the severely eroded land, provided he or she receives compensation.
Scientific determination of farmland protection location. Farmland conservation experts at the state agriculture department divide land into four tiers based on trends in urbanization. The first level is urbanized land, the second level is urbanized land that is being urbanized and will be urbanized within the next 50 years, the third level is urbanized land that may be urbanized within 100 years, and the fourth level is remote rural land.
Utility and value of subdivided farmland. In addition to its inherent farming utility, farmland can also be subdivided into a variety of use values according to the way of utilization. The highest use value is to change the use of agriculture, for construction and so on. Suppose that the total utility value of a piece of farmland is 4100, 100 units of ornamental value, 1,100 units of cultivation value, and 2,000 units of non-agricultural construction value. The land owner has the value orientation of converting farmland into construction land. The government can buy out the right to develop and build farmland, so as to limit the conversion of farmland.
Determine the price according to the market. In order to protect agricultural land and control the non-agricultural conversion of agricultural land, the use value of farmland conversion into non-agricultural use in the United States is incorporated into market transactions. The government, private and social organizations need to purchase the right to develop agricultural land in order to develop agricultural land. The price of farmland development right shall be determined by the evaluation institution with reference to the market transaction price, which is generally no higher than the difference between the price of agricultural land and the price of non-agricultural land. In April 2007, the price of farmland development rights in Maryland was as high as $11,330 per hectare and as low as $809 per hectare.
We will implement government investment subsidies. The farmland and pasture conservation program is a voluntary federal program. Farmers and ranchers who are willing to participate in the program to sell development rights to their farms are approved to enter into agreements with the government, farmland conservation groups, and federal and state governments to subsidize their investments. The federal and state governments each subsidize up to 50 percent of the purchase price.
Transfer the right to develop farmland according to law. In addition to selling farmland development rights to the government and farmland protection, farmers and ranchers are also free to transfer. After acquiring the right to develop farmland, the transferee is only allowed to build within the scope of the transfer amount and only on the land legally owned by the transferee. For this reason, some local governments have set up farmland development right Banks to purchase the farmland development right from the places that protect farmland and reduce the development density, and sell it to the places that need to expand the development and construction moderately.
From 1996 to 2006, the federal, state and local governments protected nearly 100 million mu of farmland, mainly in the fast-growing eastern cities. Of this total, the federal government spent $597 million to purchase 200,000 hectares of permanent farmland. State governments have spent more than $1.8 billion on farmland development rights, purchasing 5.6655 million hectares of farmland for 30 to 100 years. Among them, Maryland has purchased 105,200 hectares of farmland, accounting for 13% of the total farmland area. In 2007, the federal government allocated $73 million and the Maryland state government $70 million to subsidize the purchase of farmland development rights.
In the United States, land ownership disputes are settled by the courts, and the government generally does not play the role of mediation and arbitration. Disputes involving farmland management can be settled by arbitration, but without an arbitration agreement, the state of Maryland is exploring mediation and arbitration.
Agricultural land arbitration with arbitration agreement. As early as 1925, the United States promulgated the federal uniform arbitration act, which provides for commercial arbitration. The U.S. arbitration commission operates four arbitration centers in California, Rhode Island, Dallas and Atlanta to handle general civil and commercial disputes. There are few farmland disputes accepted by the arbitration commission in the United States, mainly including farmland contract disputes, farmland management insurance contract disputes and so on. The arbitration shall be conducted in accordance with the civil and commercial arbitration rules formulated by the American arbitration commission, namely, voluntary arbitration, written agreement and final award.
In order to ensure the arbitration under the premise of equality, justice, and for including weak like farmers and large enterprises, consumers and shopping center, the existence of weak subject to arbitration, the arbitration commission to formulate the "agreement" due process, request the parties apply for arbitration, the party can not restrict or discrimination of relatively weak side, otherwise will not be accepted, and to balance the two sides of the arbitration costs, make sure that the weak party to reduce cost.
Mediation and arbitration of farmland disputes without arbitration agreement. The Maryland department of agriculture mediates farmland disputes under the state's farm bill of rights. After the amendment of the farming rights act in 2006, the pilot arbitration of farmland management disputes was carried out.
Farmers often have disputes with neighbors over smell, livestock and other issues in farming. To address these concerns and protect agriculture, Maryland enacted the farm bill of rights in 1978. Each county has established a mediation council in accordance with the law. It mainly solves disputes with farmers during the implementation of federal government projects, disputes between neighbors over farmland operation and production, and disputes among farmers' family members about continuing agricultural operation. Mediation is legally effective. In a county where a mediation council has been established, the court shall not accept any dispute that has not been mediated by the mediation council. If a mediation council is not established, the parties may bring a suit directly to the court. The usda has a national mediation program that supports mediation efforts in 33 states, with full-time mediators in each county.
To further reduce the burden of farmer litigation and save time and money, the Maryland department of agriculture, with the support of the U.S. department of agriculture, organized a pilot program for farmland management and tort arbitration under the 2006 amendment to the farm bill of rights. At present, 18 of the 23 counties in the prefecture have set up arbitration committees, 14 of which have carried out arbitration activities, and three cases of farmland management and infringement disputes with great influence have been adjudicated. Arbitration commission is general 5 ~ 7 people, hold the post of the person in charge of relevant orgnization, association, organization by agriculture, and a set of arbitration procedures and rules. The scope of acceptance includes: no written contract, such as sewage pollution, pesticide drift pollution and other infringement disputes; Where the jurisdiction of the arbitration commission is stipulated in the contract; No other arbitration institution shall be accepted. If no appeal is made within 30 days after the arbitration award is made, the award shall become legally effective. If one party fails to perform, the other party may apply to the court for compulsory execution and may impose a fine, but shall not be investigated for criminal responsibility.
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