下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Experience in urban construction in Britain，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了英国城市建设的经验。在19世纪的城市改造中，伦敦有很多历史悠久的建筑都处于被拆除和保护之间，当时的英国人并不反对城市改造，甚至认为改造与保护是互补的。所以在英国19世纪的城市建设中，保护主义实际上就是一种在改造中保护、在改革中保留传统的做法，保护主义背后是改造。
We often say that the face of Britain is unchanged for a hundred years. History is not a luxury in this country. Narrow cobblestone streets, churches with a history of hundreds or even thousands of years and Tudor manors can be seen everywhere. When it comes to conservation, people often think of what British conservationist and famous literary critic ruskin pointed out in his book the seven lamps of architecture: "the greatest glory of a building is not that it is made of stone, nor that it is made of gold, but that it is of age. Ruskin's notion that ancient buildings are protected from demolition or alteration because their sacredness derives from their expression of human tradition is often held to be the norm today. However, in fact, the impact of protectionism in Britain in the 19th century was far less than that imagined today. In both theory and practice, protectionism was far less than reformalism, and the two presented a very complicated state.
Protectionism emphasizes three values of ancient architecture: historical value, artistic value and time value. At that time, people believed that historical value could be preserved in collective memory or recorded before the demolition of a building, so it was unnecessary to be overly enthusiastic about the spatial attribute of history. When it comes to artistic value, architects at this time tend to demolish medieval buildings and rebuild a building of the same or similar style with "modified" materials, sometimes adding scale to the aesthetic tastes and needs of the 19th century. The city of york, for example, has retained much of its medieval appearance but has modern interiors, and Edinburgh has rebuilt old scottish-style buildings from the 16th and 17th centuries. Old buildings were often seen as small, dark and run-down, and even the grand Georgian buildings of the 18th century were considered too bland to suit the tastes of the Victorian empire of the 19th century. There is even talk of taking down the grandest Georgian design, John Nash regent street, to make room for the grander modern buildings. As for the values of The Times, as Mr Ruskin argues, preservationists see them as one of the laws of balancing the pace of change in a rapidly changing society, and creating a new national identity with historic sites as "national heritage", with a sense of reminiscing about pre-industrial societies.
It is not hard to see that the theory of protectionism is closely related to urban renewal. After the industrial revolution, along with the population growth, increased mobility, especially in the 1830 s after the birth of railway, the acceleration of urbanization, urban center size and density of economic activities significantly enhance, originally built in the late medieval and early modern and historic buildings in some residential areas, universities, hospitals, industry groups have to be cleared, craft workshops, used for new buildings and railroad, old streets must also be widened. The context of development makes people feel that if the ancient buildings are manmade, social progress will be difficult to unfold.
In the great wave of 19th-century urban renewal, in central London, for example, several historic buildings were torn down and preserved. Carte Abbey, although its poorhouse remained, its school was sold and moved to surrey in 1872; The relief house of zion college was disbanded in 1884 and the college moved to a new office on the embankment. More typical is the transformation of Glasgow that began in the 1860s. Once one of Europe's most crowded historic cores, the 88-acre old city's medieval streets were cleared to make room for train stations, plazas, office buildings and new boulevards.
It can be seen that the British people at that time were not opposed to urban reconstruction, and even thought that reconstruction and protection were complementary. This is not only because the transformation is equal to development, but also because protectionism comes after the transformation. The transformation is more of the companion organism of the industrial revolution. The transformation has been completed naturally before protectionism has more impact on the transformation. Therefore, in the urban construction of Britain in the 19th century, protectionism was actually a practice of protecting in the transformation and retaining the tradition in the reform.
The reason why reform prevailed was that at this time, Britain intended to build a magnificent imperial capital and shape the British nationality. Architects are more interested in retrofitting or building entirely new gothic buildings. The general rule at that time was that gothic was mostly used in religious buildings, while neoclassical style was preferred by public buildings. As gothic style implies the defeat of paganism in the history of Europe, so in the opinion of famous architect putin, gothic architecture has moral significance. In addition to their success, 19th-century architects recreated many architectural classics. The Cambridge bridge of sighs, completed in 1831, is located in st. John's college. It connects the old courtyard with the new one and crosses the river CAM. It is an arched bridge imitating the medieval Venice bridge of sighs. Not only is it queen Victoria's favourite view of Cambridge, but today it is one of the most iconic views of the university.
It is worth noting that the demolition, reconstruction and resettlement of British cities will inevitably bring a lot of difficulties to the evicted people and damage some private property, thus causing social conflicts and conflicts. To this end, parliament passed the joint land clauses act in 1845, establishing a whole set of "compulsory purchase" mechanism. In addition, utilitarianism, the prevailing philosophical trend at that time, also advocated "the greatest happiness of the greatest number of people" and provided theoretical support for urban reconstruction. In other words, the demolition and reconstruction of the city is related to the public interest, and it is a matter of course for the individual interest to give way to the public interest. The Times of October 10, 1846 said: "the rights of the individual must be compromised in the face of public demand. Property law is made for the benefit of all, not for the benefit of a few. When these laws stand against the welfare of the majority, they must thus be repealed. As a result, urban renewal is more difficult to stop.
Due to the demolition, the evicted people can't find a place for a while and can only live in adjacent blocks, resulting in environmental degradation and overcrowding of the latter. After a heated discussion, the advocates still believe that the pace of demolition cannot be slowed down, but the relocation of housing should be guaranteed. Hence the cross act of 1875, which authorized cities to buy and tear down slums and build houses for rent. There have been other bills since then. At the same time, Birmingham began taking massive steps to clean up its slums, as did other big cities. Although most of the evicted have been left voiceless and vulnerable, Britain's respect for individual freedom and individual property rights has increased in tandem with its democratisation since the 19th century. In the early winter of 1936, London's leading newspapers published photographs of king Edward viii visiting the inhabitants of the Cornwall mines. He stood at the door of the family, hat off, bow, look sincere, the door stood an old woman, the picture under the line: "may I come in? It shows the sanctity of private homes. Individual property rights are sacrosanct. In the 20th century, it became a common understanding in Britain that forced demolition has become a thing of the past. Thus, the protection of vulnerable groups may be the real sense of protectionism.
From the experience of Britain, the first industrial country, urban transformation is irreversible. Protectionism is not only generated on the basis of transformation, but also is not absolutely opposed to transformation. Transform how coordinated with protection, what kind of ancient buildings should be maintained, what should be removed or modified, the process of rebuilding and how to rebuild the classic, how to protect and properly placed in the process of the urban transformation, and is to be demolished, fundamentally solve the property ownership and disputes, so as to reduce the social contradiction to a minimum, these are the problems of China's urbanization process is worth pondering.
想要了解更多英国留学资讯或者需要英国代写，请关注51Due英国论文代写平台，51Due是一家专业的论文代写机构，专业辅导海外留学生的英文论文写作，主要业务有essay代写、paper代写、assignment代写。在这里，51Due致力于为留学生朋友提供高效优质的留学教育辅导服务，为广大留学生提升写作水平，帮助他们达成学业目标。如果您有essay代写需求，可以咨询我们的客服QQ：800020041。
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We often say that the face of Britain is unchanged for a hundred years. History is not a luxury in this country. Narrow cobblestone streets, churches with a history of hundreds or even thousands of years and Tudor manors can be seen everywhere. When it comes to conservation, people often think of what British conservationist and famous literary critic ruskin pointed out in his book the seven lamps of architecture: "the greatest glory of a building is not that it is made of stone, nor that it is made of gold, but that it is of age. Ruskin's notion that ancient buildings are protected from demolition or alteration because their sacredness derives from their expression of human tradition is often held to be the norm today. However, in fact, the impact of protectionism in Britain in the 19th century was far less than that imagined today. In both theory and practice, protectionism was far less than reformalism, and the two presented a very complicated state.
Protectionism emphasizes three values of ancient architecture: historical value, artistic value and time value. At that time, people believed that historical value could be preserved in collective memory or recorded before the demolition of a building, so it was unnecessary to be overly enthusiastic about the spatial attribute of history. When it comes to artistic value, architects at this time tend to demolish medieval buildings and rebuild a building of the same or similar style with "modified" materials, sometimes adding scale to the aesthetic tastes and needs of the 19th century. The city of york, for example, has retained much of its medieval appearance but has modern interiors, and Edinburgh has rebuilt old scottish-style buildings from the 16th and 17th centuries. Old buildings were often seen as small, dark and run-down, and even the grand Georgian buildings of the 18th century were considered too bland to suit the tastes of the Victorian empire of the 19th century. There is even talk of taking down the grandest Georgian design, John Nash regent street, to make room for the grander modern buildings. As for the values of The Times, as Mr Ruskin argues, preservationists see them as one of the laws of balancing the pace of change in a rapidly changing society, and creating a new national identity with historic sites as "national heritage", with a sense of reminiscing about pre-industrial societies.
It is not hard to see that the theory of protectionism is closely related to urban renewal. After the industrial revolution, along with the population growth, increased mobility, especially in the 1830 s after the birth of railway, the acceleration of urbanization, urban center size and density of economic activities significantly enhance, originally built in the late medieval and early modern and historic buildings in some residential areas, universities, hospitals, industry groups have to be cleared, craft workshops, used for new buildings and railroad, old streets must also be widened. The context of development makes people feel that if the ancient buildings are manmade, social progress will be difficult to unfold.
In the great wave of 19th-century urban renewal, in central London, for example, several historic buildings were torn down and preserved. Carte Abbey, although its poorhouse remained, its school was sold and moved to surrey in 1872; The relief house of zion college was disbanded in 1884 and the college moved to a new office on the embankment. More typical is the transformation of Glasgow that began in the 1860s. Once one of Europe's most crowded historic cores, the 88-acre old city's medieval streets were cleared to make room for train stations, plazas, office buildings and new boulevards.
It can be seen that the British people at that time were not opposed to urban reconstruction, and even thought that reconstruction and protection were complementary. This is not only because the transformation is equal to development, but also because protectionism comes after the transformation. The transformation is more of the companion organism of the industrial revolution. The transformation has been completed naturally before protectionism has more impact on the transformation. Therefore, in the urban construction of Britain in the 19th century, protectionism was actually a practice of protecting in the transformation and retaining the tradition in the reform.
The reason why reform prevailed was that at this time, Britain intended to build a magnificent imperial capital and shape the British nationality. Architects are more interested in retrofitting or building entirely new gothic buildings. The general rule at that time was that gothic was mostly used in religious buildings, while neoclassical style was preferred by public buildings. As gothic style implies the defeat of paganism in the history of Europe, so in the opinion of famous architect putin, gothic architecture has moral significance. In addition to their success, 19th-century architects recreated many architectural classics. The Cambridge bridge of sighs, completed in 1831, is located in st. John's college. It connects the old courtyard with the new one and crosses the river CAM. It is an arched bridge imitating the medieval Venice bridge of sighs. Not only is it queen Victoria's favourite view of Cambridge, but today it is one of the most iconic views of the university.
It is worth noting that the demolition, reconstruction and resettlement of British cities will inevitably bring a lot of difficulties to the evicted people and damage some private property, thus causing social conflicts and conflicts. To this end, parliament passed the joint land clauses act in 1845, establishing a whole set of "compulsory purchase" mechanism. In addition, utilitarianism, the prevailing philosophical trend at that time, also advocated "the greatest happiness of the greatest number of people" and provided theoretical support for urban reconstruction. In other words, the demolition and reconstruction of the city is related to the public interest, and it is a matter of course for the individual interest to give way to the public interest. The Times of October 10, 1846 said: "the rights of the individual must be compromised in the face of public demand. Property law is made for the benefit of all, not for the benefit of a few. When these laws stand against the welfare of the majority, they must thus be repealed. As a result, urban renewal is more difficult to stop.
Due to the demolition, the evicted people can't find a place for a while and can only live in adjacent blocks, resulting in environmental degradation and overcrowding of the latter. After a heated discussion, the advocates still believe that the pace of demolition cannot be slowed down, but the relocation of housing should be guaranteed. Hence the cross act of 1875, which authorized cities to buy and tear down slums and build houses for rent. There have been other bills since then. At the same time, Birmingham began taking massive steps to clean up its slums, as did other big cities. Although most of the evicted have been left voiceless and vulnerable, Britain's respect for individual freedom and individual property rights has increased in tandem with its democratisation since the 19th century. In the early winter of 1936, London's leading newspapers published photographs of king Edward viii visiting the inhabitants of the Cornwall mines. He stood at the door of the family, hat off, bow, look sincere, the door stood an old woman, the picture under the line: "may I come in? It shows the sanctity of private homes. Individual property rights are sacrosanct. In the 20th century, it became a common understanding in Britain that forced demolition has become a thing of the past. Thus, the protection of vulnerable groups may be the real sense of protectionism.
From the experience of Britain, the first industrial country, urban transformation is irreversible. Protectionism is not only generated on the basis of transformation, but also is not absolutely opposed to transformation. Transform how coordinated with protection, what kind of ancient buildings should be maintained, what should be removed or modified, the process of rebuilding and how to rebuild the classic, how to protect and properly placed in the process of the urban transformation, and is to be demolished, fundamentally solve the property ownership and disputes, so as to reduce the social contradiction to a minimum, these are the problems of China's urbanization process is worth pondering.
想要了解更多英国留学资讯或者需要英国代写，请关注51Due英国论文代写平台，51Due是一家专业的论文代写机构，专业辅导海外留学生的英文论文写作，主要业务有essay代写、paper代写、assignment代写。在这里，51Due致力于为留学生朋友提供高效优质的留学教育辅导服务，为广大留学生提升写作水平，帮助他们达成学业目标。如果您有essay代写需求，可以咨询我们的客服QQ：800020041。
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