下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- British democracy，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了英国的民主制度。英国被认为是典型的西方民主国家，但其民主制度又有着自己鲜明的特点，无论是君主制、内阁制还是两党制，都体现着浓厚的英国文化气息。英国民主制度最大的特点概括起来就是虚实的结合，这表现在其立宪君主制的政体上。另外，英国民主制度体现了议会至上原则，即立法权在三权中居于核心地位；行政和司法机关都是立法机关的一个部分；行政权和司法权实际是立法权的派生，三者互有重叠。
Britain is considered as a typical western democratic country, but its democratic system has its own distinct characteristics. Whether the monarchy, cabinet system or two-party system, all of them embody a strong British culture, providing a typical case for people to study the political system from a cultural perspective. Armond, the promoter of political culture, believes that people's attitudes towards political phenomena affect the ongoing activities in political life, form the basis of these activities, and are also affected by these activities. Therefore, in the study of any specific political system, we should examine both culture and structure, not only to sketch a picture of the most basic outline of its political culture concisely and concisely, so as to find the type of cultural attitude, but also to draw a picture of its structure and function accordingly. This theoretical point of view constitutes the basic framework of the writing, that is, a brief description and evaluation of the main characteristics of the British democratic system, and on this basis, the characteristics of the British political culture and its analysis; Then, taking the historical evolution of the British democratic system as the background, this paper discusses how the system itself was formed and developed under the influence of political culture. At last, the author makes a brief conclusion about the relationship between the overall characteristics of British democracy and political culture.
The biggest characteristic of British democratic system can be summarized as the combination of "virtual" and "real", which is firstly reflected in its constitutional monarchy. Although the king of England played an important role in political life, his power could only be exercised in accordance with laws and practices or be controlled by others, or it had to be exercised under the "advice" of the ministers concerned and signed by them. Although the parliament and the cabinet hold the real power, they are both a combination of "virtual" and "real" institutions. Parliament is a legislative body composed of the king, the house of lords and the house of Commons. Among them, the upper house is the house of lords, which is the only political institution based on aristocracy in major western countries. The members of the upper house are composed of religious aristocracy, hereditary aristocracy, life aristocracy and appellate aristocracy. Both it and the king have only symbolic power, while the legislative, supervisory, and financial powers of parliament are effectively in the hands of the house of Commons. The lower house is the main body of the parliament and the true embodiment of the theory of the representative system, which is not only reflected in that its members are elected through universal suffrage and replaced regularly, but also reflected in that it is the basis of the cabinet system. The British cabinet is formed by the leader of the party authorized by the king to obtain the majority of seats in the house of Commons. The cabinet is responsible for the majority of the house of Commons. If the house of Commons passes a no-confidence motion against it, the cabinet either resigns or asks the king to dissolve the house of Commons for a fresh election. On the "virtual" side, the party that wins the second most seats in the lower house becomes the opposition party, protected by law, and usually forms a "shadow cabinet" to supervise the ruling party. When the ruling party loses the election, the opposition party can quickly replace it and the "shadow cabinet" becomes the "governing cabinet". This fully embodies the dynamic balance between "virtual" and "real".
Another characteristic of the British democratic system is that it embodies the principle of "parliament first", that is, the legislative power is at the core of the three powers; Both the executive and judicial branches are parts of the legislature; Executive power and judicial power are the derivation of legislative power. The aforementioned cabinet system is the system embodiment of this principle in the relationship between executive power and legislative power. As for the relationship between judicial power and legislative power, the upper house of parliament is the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, which has the appellate jurisdiction of other civil and criminal cases except Scottish criminal cases. The Lord chancellor is the President of the house of lords, the President of the Supreme Court, and a member of the cabinet and the ruling party. This system design shows that the three powers in British politics are not separated but unified, but still play a role in restricting the power of power. The reason, in Locke's view, is that the check and balance of the legislative power comes not from within the governmental power, but from the society and the citizens. Since the legislative power is only a delegated power exercised for a certain purpose, when the people find that the legislative act contravenes their delegated power, they still have the supreme power to recall or replace the legislature. Therefore, this institutional arrangement is to ensure that both the executive power and the legislative power are subject to the domination of the social and citizen power, so that the whole government power system does not deviate from the purpose of entrusting the government power to the citizen and protect the public interests of the citizen. But Locke also believed that the power enjoyed by the people was the last power, the power to overthrow agents when they acted against their interests. Of course, the regular exercise of this power has led to political instability, which is clearly not consistent with the history of British politics. . In fact, Britain's political situation is much more stable than that of France, which has proposed the idea of a parallel separation of powers. So what are the reasons that enable the British government to maintain the normal operation of political life without abusing power without institutional constraints? Britain's mature two-party system gives the answer.
In the two parties in Britain, although the ruling party can make policies in line with its own interests by controlling the parliament, it must still consider the interests of other classes, groups and groups, so as to avoid losing too many votes due to the role of pressure groups and public opinion. On the other hand, the role of the opposition is more British. First, only the party that wins the majority of seats in the lower house of parliament can become the legitimate opposition party and play the role of supervising the ruling party. Secondly, the opposition party should not only focus on its own interests but also put forward corresponding constructive policies to replace the ruling party. This not only played a supervisory role, but also ensured the continuity of policy. At the same time, the existence of the "shadow cabinet" system also prevents the ruling party from having a long-term power vacuum when it loses people's trust and is overthrown by the "last power", thus ensuring the political stability. Therefore, the legal competition between the two parties in the institutional framework actually makes up for the imbalance of power caused by the supremacy of legislative power in the system design to the greatest extent. In practice, the two parties have realized the separation of powers and checks and balances, but they are not the checks and balances of the executive legislative power, but the checks and balances between the two parties with different interests and value orientations. This shows that without the checks and balances of the two parties, there will be no checks and balances of the three powers, and the mature two-party system is actually the basis for the effective operation of the separation of the three powers system.
Therefore, both the constitutional monarchy with the combination of "virtual" and "real" and the parliamentary cabinet system with the mature two-party system as the core have exquisite operating mechanisms. In order to have a deep understanding of its connotation, we should not only explain it simply by institutional theory, but also go deep into the core of British political culture and explore the cultural root of its formation and development by combining the historical evolution of the system itself.
Almond interpreted political culture as a set of political attitudes, beliefs and feelings prevailing in a specific period of time of a nation, which was formed by the history and current social, economic and political activities of the nation. Therefore, after investigating the social and historical background of Britain, the characteristics of British political culture can be summarized into two main aspects, that is, the obedient political attitude derived from the aristocratic culture and the belief in the behavior mode of gradualism derived from the rational spirit.
The submissive political attitude refers to the submissive attitude of citizens towards the authority in political life, that is, they believe that some people are more suitable to rule than others, and their leaders are slightly isolated from public opinion, but still have the responsibility to rule according to the public interest, and finally bear the responsibility for this kind of rule. The formation of the obedient political attitude is largely derived from the British aristocratic culture, that is, the advocating psychology of the aristocratic spirit in the whole British society. British noble spirit mainly includes: first, chivalry, brave, romantic, fair and aboveboard; Second, a strong sense of self-reliance and desire; Strong sense of ownership and social responsibility; Fourth, the promotion of knowledge and culture. Although the ethos in other European countries is also more or less can be found in the nobility, but the UK is the feature of the whole nation has formed a kind of cultural tradition and atmosphere of aligning with nobility, and deeply into the British in the blood, so that they produced a strong, lingering aristocratic complex, even in the asset class is growing, the capitalist value standard is established under the condition of.
On the basis of philosophy, rational spirit originates from empiricism and believes that the world can be known through observation of objective phenomena and logical reasoning, and experiment is the necessary means to achieve this understanding. Therefore, the rational spirit originated from the emergence of modern science, which at the very beginning was characterized by the radicalism of denying god, and was manifested in the celebration of freedom, equality and anti-absolutism in the social and political field. However, under the influence of conservatism, the rational spirit of Britain is also covered with a restrained color. It makes the British people who are used to gradual approach to life keep religion in the spiritual field while maintaining rationality. Its direct political consequence is that it leads to the tradition of separation of church and state in Britain. Religion and god only exist in people's hearts and are responsible for solving major problems in the spiritual field, while in the real world, the god of the British people is Newton, is the deism, and is the reason and law governing all things. Because of this, the secular political life, the natural rights of Locke, the birth and growth of the British democratic system and even the whole western democratic system. It is worth noting that the British rational spirit is combined with their pragmatic tradition, which is obviously different from the French rational spirit. Although France is the birthplace of the enlightenment movement, the rational spirit developed from it is combined with the innate idealism of the French people, which is manifested in the pursuit of absolute perfection. However, under the influence of pragmatism, the rational spirit of British people pursues a kind of relative perfection, which has a huge impact on the progressive political culture of British people.
Gradualism is another feature of British political culture, which can also be said to be the most basic one. It determines the political attitude and behavior of British people, and it is the result of the combined action of conservatism and radicalism. It is generally believed that Britain is a typical conservative country, which is conservative and prudent, but also conservative and self-conceited. This, it should be said, reflects one aspect of the problem. However, British conservatism has a deeper connotation, that is, it does not cling to the traditional things, does not try to make progress and opposes all innovations, but holds a steady attitude towards the process and methods of change. When the existing system can be maintained and maintained, it holds its ground firmly and refuses to reform; However, when the existing system can no longer meet the needs of reality, it will allow some degree of change, and on the basis of this new change to defend the new position, become a defensive force against new changes. Or as Hugh Cecil, a conservative politician of the early 20th century, put it, conservatism is really the fear and trepidation of an uncertain future. On the other hand, there is also an element of radicalism in British culture. Although "radical" does not necessarily mean "intense" or "extreme", but it certainly represents a radical innovation. British radicalism is based on the theory of natural law, which is formed gradually in the struggle with the royal power. Its essence is to oppose the centralization and despotism, oppose the interference and deprivation of the individual rights and freedoms of the people by the king, and demand the return to the original state of equality to eliminate all injustice. As the power of the bourgeoisie grew, this demand was reflected more in the protection of personal property, and was reflected in the political field, which was to expand the power of parliament to restrict the royal power. But in reality, conservatives and radicals contain elements of each other, so both are ardent believers in the spirit of reason. Conservatism demands the continuation of tradition, and for the British born with freedom, freedom must be an important part of the tradition, which is the same as the claim of radicalism returning to the state of freedom and equality. Therefore, when confronted with major political problems, conservatives and radicals are always inclined to settle their disputes with each other in a compromise way, which is integrated into the cultural tradition of gradualism and manifested in their belief in the social style of gradualism. In this sense, rationality and incrementalism are practically synonymous in British political culture. Therefore, the rational spirit is the premise of gradualism, and gradualism is the inevitable result of the development of the rational spirit.
Obedient political attitude and incrementalist political belief are the two cores of British political culture. They are deeply integrated into the historical evolution of British political system through influencing British political behavior, and become the important reasons influencing the formation and development of British democratic system.
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Britain is considered as a typical western democratic country, but its democratic system has its own distinct characteristics. Whether the monarchy, cabinet system or two-party system, all of them embody a strong British culture, providing a typical case for people to study the political system from a cultural perspective. Armond, the promoter of political culture, believes that people's attitudes towards political phenomena affect the ongoing activities in political life, form the basis of these activities, and are also affected by these activities. Therefore, in the study of any specific political system, we should examine both culture and structure, not only to sketch a picture of the most basic outline of its political culture concisely and concisely, so as to find the type of cultural attitude, but also to draw a picture of its structure and function accordingly. This theoretical point of view constitutes the basic framework of the writing, that is, a brief description and evaluation of the main characteristics of the British democratic system, and on this basis, the characteristics of the British political culture and its analysis; Then, taking the historical evolution of the British democratic system as the background, this paper discusses how the system itself was formed and developed under the influence of political culture. At last, the author makes a brief conclusion about the relationship between the overall characteristics of British democracy and political culture.
The biggest characteristic of British democratic system can be summarized as the combination of "virtual" and "real", which is firstly reflected in its constitutional monarchy. Although the king of England played an important role in political life, his power could only be exercised in accordance with laws and practices or be controlled by others, or it had to be exercised under the "advice" of the ministers concerned and signed by them. Although the parliament and the cabinet hold the real power, they are both a combination of "virtual" and "real" institutions. Parliament is a legislative body composed of the king, the house of lords and the house of Commons. Among them, the upper house is the house of lords, which is the only political institution based on aristocracy in major western countries. The members of the upper house are composed of religious aristocracy, hereditary aristocracy, life aristocracy and appellate aristocracy. Both it and the king have only symbolic power, while the legislative, supervisory, and financial powers of parliament are effectively in the hands of the house of Commons. The lower house is the main body of the parliament and the true embodiment of the theory of the representative system, which is not only reflected in that its members are elected through universal suffrage and replaced regularly, but also reflected in that it is the basis of the cabinet system. The British cabinet is formed by the leader of the party authorized by the king to obtain the majority of seats in the house of Commons. The cabinet is responsible for the majority of the house of Commons. If the house of Commons passes a no-confidence motion against it, the cabinet either resigns or asks the king to dissolve the house of Commons for a fresh election. On the "virtual" side, the party that wins the second most seats in the lower house becomes the opposition party, protected by law, and usually forms a "shadow cabinet" to supervise the ruling party. When the ruling party loses the election, the opposition party can quickly replace it and the "shadow cabinet" becomes the "governing cabinet". This fully embodies the dynamic balance between "virtual" and "real".
Another characteristic of the British democratic system is that it embodies the principle of "parliament first", that is, the legislative power is at the core of the three powers; Both the executive and judicial branches are parts of the legislature; Executive power and judicial power are the derivation of legislative power. The aforementioned cabinet system is the system embodiment of this principle in the relationship between executive power and legislative power. As for the relationship between judicial power and legislative power, the upper house of parliament is the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, which has the appellate jurisdiction of other civil and criminal cases except Scottish criminal cases. The Lord chancellor is the President of the house of lords, the President of the Supreme Court, and a member of the cabinet and the ruling party. This system design shows that the three powers in British politics are not separated but unified, but still play a role in restricting the power of power. The reason, in Locke's view, is that the check and balance of the legislative power comes not from within the governmental power, but from the society and the citizens. Since the legislative power is only a delegated power exercised for a certain purpose, when the people find that the legislative act contravenes their delegated power, they still have the supreme power to recall or replace the legislature. Therefore, this institutional arrangement is to ensure that both the executive power and the legislative power are subject to the domination of the social and citizen power, so that the whole government power system does not deviate from the purpose of entrusting the government power to the citizen and protect the public interests of the citizen. But Locke also believed that the power enjoyed by the people was the last power, the power to overthrow agents when they acted against their interests. Of course, the regular exercise of this power has led to political instability, which is clearly not consistent with the history of British politics. . In fact, Britain's political situation is much more stable than that of France, which has proposed the idea of a parallel separation of powers. So what are the reasons that enable the British government to maintain the normal operation of political life without abusing power without institutional constraints? Britain's mature two-party system gives the answer.
In the two parties in Britain, although the ruling party can make policies in line with its own interests by controlling the parliament, it must still consider the interests of other classes, groups and groups, so as to avoid losing too many votes due to the role of pressure groups and public opinion. On the other hand, the role of the opposition is more British. First, only the party that wins the majority of seats in the lower house of parliament can become the legitimate opposition party and play the role of supervising the ruling party. Secondly, the opposition party should not only focus on its own interests but also put forward corresponding constructive policies to replace the ruling party. This not only played a supervisory role, but also ensured the continuity of policy. At the same time, the existence of the "shadow cabinet" system also prevents the ruling party from having a long-term power vacuum when it loses people's trust and is overthrown by the "last power", thus ensuring the political stability. Therefore, the legal competition between the two parties in the institutional framework actually makes up for the imbalance of power caused by the supremacy of legislative power in the system design to the greatest extent. In practice, the two parties have realized the separation of powers and checks and balances, but they are not the checks and balances of the executive legislative power, but the checks and balances between the two parties with different interests and value orientations. This shows that without the checks and balances of the two parties, there will be no checks and balances of the three powers, and the mature two-party system is actually the basis for the effective operation of the separation of the three powers system.
Therefore, both the constitutional monarchy with the combination of "virtual" and "real" and the parliamentary cabinet system with the mature two-party system as the core have exquisite operating mechanisms. In order to have a deep understanding of its connotation, we should not only explain it simply by institutional theory, but also go deep into the core of British political culture and explore the cultural root of its formation and development by combining the historical evolution of the system itself.
Almond interpreted political culture as a set of political attitudes, beliefs and feelings prevailing in a specific period of time of a nation, which was formed by the history and current social, economic and political activities of the nation. Therefore, after investigating the social and historical background of Britain, the characteristics of British political culture can be summarized into two main aspects, that is, the obedient political attitude derived from the aristocratic culture and the belief in the behavior mode of gradualism derived from the rational spirit.
The submissive political attitude refers to the submissive attitude of citizens towards the authority in political life, that is, they believe that some people are more suitable to rule than others, and their leaders are slightly isolated from public opinion, but still have the responsibility to rule according to the public interest, and finally bear the responsibility for this kind of rule. The formation of the obedient political attitude is largely derived from the British aristocratic culture, that is, the advocating psychology of the aristocratic spirit in the whole British society. British noble spirit mainly includes: first, chivalry, brave, romantic, fair and aboveboard; Second, a strong sense of self-reliance and desire; Strong sense of ownership and social responsibility; Fourth, the promotion of knowledge and culture. Although the ethos in other European countries is also more or less can be found in the nobility, but the UK is the feature of the whole nation has formed a kind of cultural tradition and atmosphere of aligning with nobility, and deeply into the British in the blood, so that they produced a strong, lingering aristocratic complex, even in the asset class is growing, the capitalist value standard is established under the condition of.
On the basis of philosophy, rational spirit originates from empiricism and believes that the world can be known through observation of objective phenomena and logical reasoning, and experiment is the necessary means to achieve this understanding. Therefore, the rational spirit originated from the emergence of modern science, which at the very beginning was characterized by the radicalism of denying god, and was manifested in the celebration of freedom, equality and anti-absolutism in the social and political field. However, under the influence of conservatism, the rational spirit of Britain is also covered with a restrained color. It makes the British people who are used to gradual approach to life keep religion in the spiritual field while maintaining rationality. Its direct political consequence is that it leads to the tradition of separation of church and state in Britain. Religion and god only exist in people's hearts and are responsible for solving major problems in the spiritual field, while in the real world, the god of the British people is Newton, is the deism, and is the reason and law governing all things. Because of this, the secular political life, the natural rights of Locke, the birth and growth of the British democratic system and even the whole western democratic system. It is worth noting that the British rational spirit is combined with their pragmatic tradition, which is obviously different from the French rational spirit. Although France is the birthplace of the enlightenment movement, the rational spirit developed from it is combined with the innate idealism of the French people, which is manifested in the pursuit of absolute perfection. However, under the influence of pragmatism, the rational spirit of British people pursues a kind of relative perfection, which has a huge impact on the progressive political culture of British people.
Gradualism is another feature of British political culture, which can also be said to be the most basic one. It determines the political attitude and behavior of British people, and it is the result of the combined action of conservatism and radicalism. It is generally believed that Britain is a typical conservative country, which is conservative and prudent, but also conservative and self-conceited. This, it should be said, reflects one aspect of the problem. However, British conservatism has a deeper connotation, that is, it does not cling to the traditional things, does not try to make progress and opposes all innovations, but holds a steady attitude towards the process and methods of change. When the existing system can be maintained and maintained, it holds its ground firmly and refuses to reform; However, when the existing system can no longer meet the needs of reality, it will allow some degree of change, and on the basis of this new change to defend the new position, become a defensive force against new changes. Or as Hugh Cecil, a conservative politician of the early 20th century, put it, conservatism is really the fear and trepidation of an uncertain future. On the other hand, there is also an element of radicalism in British culture. Although "radical" does not necessarily mean "intense" or "extreme", but it certainly represents a radical innovation. British radicalism is based on the theory of natural law, which is formed gradually in the struggle with the royal power. Its essence is to oppose the centralization and despotism, oppose the interference and deprivation of the individual rights and freedoms of the people by the king, and demand the return to the original state of equality to eliminate all injustice. As the power of the bourgeoisie grew, this demand was reflected more in the protection of personal property, and was reflected in the political field, which was to expand the power of parliament to restrict the royal power. But in reality, conservatives and radicals contain elements of each other, so both are ardent believers in the spirit of reason. Conservatism demands the continuation of tradition, and for the British born with freedom, freedom must be an important part of the tradition, which is the same as the claim of radicalism returning to the state of freedom and equality. Therefore, when confronted with major political problems, conservatives and radicals are always inclined to settle their disputes with each other in a compromise way, which is integrated into the cultural tradition of gradualism and manifested in their belief in the social style of gradualism. In this sense, rationality and incrementalism are practically synonymous in British political culture. Therefore, the rational spirit is the premise of gradualism, and gradualism is the inevitable result of the development of the rational spirit.
Obedient political attitude and incrementalist political belief are the two cores of British political culture. They are deeply integrated into the historical evolution of British political system through influencing British political behavior, and become the important reasons influencing the formation and development of British democratic system.
想要了解更多英国留学资讯或者需要英国代写，请关注51Due英国论文代写平台，51Due是一家专业的论文代写机构，专业辅导海外留学生的英文论文写作，主要业务有essay代写、paper代写、assignment代写。在这里，51Due致力于为留学生朋友提供高效优质的留学教育辅导服务，为广大留学生提升写作水平，帮助他们达成学业目标。如果您有essay代写需求，可以咨询我们的客服QQ：800020041。
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