下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Informal American ideology，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国的非正式意识形态。在美国，意识形态代表是着贬义，是专制集权的社会主义国家向人民灌输的共产主义思想。冷战结束后，美国意识形态领域的斗争好像已趋于缓和，但实际上，这一领域的斗争只是更加隐蔽、更加复杂罢了。躲在美国正式意识形态后面的非正式意识形态，随着时代的发展而不断变换着它的形式和内容，这也符合意识形态的虚幻性，然而它所反映出来的精神实质却没有变。
When it comes to ideology, many people find it repugnant. No matter what the theorists define it, people always associate it with the rigid indoctrination of certain theories or ideas. In the United States, ideology is often seen as a derogatory term for the "horrible" communist ideology that "authoritarian, centralized" socialist countries have instilled in their people. They use more values, beliefs, beliefs and ideals. At the end of the last century, with the upheaval of Soviet union and eastern Europe and the collapse of the so-called "socialist camp", many western media and mainstream academia began to hype the "final conclusion of ideology". The end of the cold war, they argue, marks the ultimate triumph of capitalism, and thus the "end" of ideology. In fact, every country has its own ideology. In this sense, ideology does not and will not end. The word "ideology" first appeared in the introduction to ideology written by the French philosopher and politician trahi in the early 19th century, which means the theory of ideas. In Marx's German ideology, ideology has two USES: one is "false consciousness"; one is the "superstructure of ideas". As an important category of historical materialism, ideology can only refer to the superstructure of ideas, that is, the ideological system that reflects the social and economic basis and political system from the standpoint of specific class interests, and manifests itself in the political principles, action programs, value standards and social ideals of a certain class.
Use this definition to analyze the ideology of the us, we will find that, not only in the United States trumpeted, widely spread with the core values of individualism, liberalism ideas and American democracy is ideology, moreover, there are many look less like the concept of ideology and theory, is another form of ideology. In response to this phenomenon, professor jin canrong argues in his article ideology and international relations that American ideology can be divided into formal ideology and informal ideology. The so-called formal ideology refers to those systematic ideological and ideological systems that consciously reflect the economic and political interests of certain social groups and directly safeguard the interests of existing social system and ruling class. It is generally very clear, has a very mature, relatively stable theoretical system, and is known as an ideology. The so-called informal ideology refers to those concepts, ideas and theories that are not directly and closely related to the economic and political interests of certain social groups, but serve indirectly to maintain the existing social system and the interests of the ruling class. They are generally vague, not obviously class and political, so people tend not to regard them as ideology, and therefore very deceptive. It is the American informal ideology that is the subject of this article.
After the end of the cold war, many Chinese scholars have noticed that the ideology of the United States has not been weakened by the disappearance of the old adversary, but tends to strengthen, and takes promoting its ideology around the world as a realistic political goal, which is probably unique in today's world. Chinese American scholar liu kang puts forward the proposition of "successful ideology", holding that in the United States, the relationship between ideology and individuals is extremely natural and appropriate, and people highly agree with the same ideology, so they cannot feel its existence. This shows that the mainstream ideology of the United States has been basically internalized into the self-conscious norms and values of the public. At the same time, with the spread of all kinds of American products, especially Hollywood movies, Disney cartoons and massive online information, the ideology of the United States has been infiltrating into all areas of people's lives around the world. There is no denying that American ideology is indeed a "successful ideology".
At the same time, the international communist movement fell into a low tide after the Soviet union and eastern Europe upheaval, which also posed a severe challenge to the ideological construction of our country. In the eyes of some us media, China, which still adheres to the socialist system after the collapse of the Soviet union, has naturally become its political enemy, "ideological opponent" and "hated symbol". "No country in the world today is more bold than China in defending ideologies and values that most Americans consider outdated or evil," the New York times said in an opinion piece on September 10, 1991. So they turned their ideological struggle against China. At the same time, China's ongoing reform oriented by socialist market economy also calls for continuous sublation and innovation of traditional socialist ideology from content to form, so as to meet the needs of the development and situation of The Times and improve its effectiveness. It can be seen that the study and analysis of American ideology is of great significance to the construction of socialist ideology in China.
Relative to the official ideology and informal ideology in the United States due to its concealment and deception more difficult to recognize the essence of which, as a result, the author will be America's "manifest destiny" in the 19th century and the frontier theory, modernization theory in the 1960 s and 70 s after the formation of the theory of globalization, as the three typical informal ideology to analyze.
"Manifest destiny" originated in the protestant spirit of the English puritans, who considered themselves the chosen people of god and had a natural mission to expand since landing in America. As early as 1776, Thomas paine, in his book common sense, quoted the Puritan ideal of the millennium, arguing that only the chosen people of a blessed god could play a special leadership role in the global spiritual renewal. Max weber also argued that the spirit of American capitalism was born of the protestant ethic. Throughout the 19th century, under the banner of manifest destiny, the United States embarked on one expansion after another. From 1783 to 1872, the size of the United States tripled and the population increased ninefold. In the mexican-american war of 1846-47 alone, the United States annexed half of Mexico. This is the mystery of the sustained development of the United States in the 19th century: once a serious economic crisis occurred in the country, leading to the intensification of class contradictions, the United States would seize the land of other countries by means of "immigration-occupation", transferring the surplus labor force while transferring the dissatisfaction and class contradictions. American historian Turner first proposed the frontier theory in 1893, indicating the significance of frontier in American history. Turner concluded that "the frontier of the free land, which has been shrinking back, is the key to the development of the United States." For the frontier was a "magical fountain of youth," without which "ideological divisions begin to develop in certain classes, and ideological divisions may expand and divide." The frontier theory makes the "manifest destiny" with strong religious flavor more theoretical. Since then, pretentious Americans with their "natural mission" have turned America's frontier into an "active frontier" that can be pushed anywhere in the world.
As an ideology, "manifest destiny" and the frontier doctrine have been continuing to influence the United States, which is the ideological basis of the American ideology. For Theodore Roosevelt, the clash between civilised and savage RACES was inevitable, and progress could only be achieved by civilised people "subduing their savage neighbours". Nixon described the "American ideal" in his book beyond peace, which is to "promote" the highest American civilization and the most perfect American democracy in the world, so that "all countries have free economic system and political system, always faithful to social justice and human rights". Both historical "expansion" and today's "humanitarian intervention" are aimed at achieving this sacred goal and fulfilling this god-given mission. Since the end is sacred, the meanness of the means is of course less important. Understanding this, it is easy to understand why the United States, which once condemned colonialism in the declaration of independence, pursued the establishment of an already infamous "empire" under the banner of "expanding freedom" and "spreading the republic". It is easy to understand the strong sense of moral superiority and racial superiority shown by American foreign policy under the guidance of "American exceptionalism". It is also easy to understand the arrogance and arrogance that the United States has always shown in the international political arena. Up to now, the so-called new theories and rules, such as "human rights above sovereignty", "war for values", "legitimate humanitarian international intervention" and "civilization conflict" put forward by the United States in diplomacy, still hide the lingering "manifest destiny" and frontier doctrine.
After the end of the World War II, the theory of modernization and the social science of "liberal development" emerged in the United States, which had a great impact on the ideological field and diplomatic field of the United States. Some social scientists directly entered the government and became "think-tanks" of the government. The exchanges and contacts between the government and academic circles were unprecedently strengthened. Social scientists participated in the formulation of American foreign policy in an unprecedented breadth and depth. Harvard economist Lincoln Gordon, for example, was U.S. ambassador to Brazil and assistant secretary of state for American affairs. Harvard historian Arthur schlesinger jr., a former White House adviser; Rostow, a social scientist, has served as national security adviser and director of the state council's policy and planning commission. In response to what they saw as the "threat from communism" during the collapse of the European colonial order, some social scientists and Kennedy administration policy makers used modernization theory as a tool to enhance the power of the free world. In order to curb communism and socialist countries compete for the new national independence of developing countries in ideological, they using the theory of modernization, the process of the development of human society are extremely complex, depicted through a series of basic stage from traditional society to the modern development of general process, and the United States is at the end of the process or the top. In other words, the United States is the ultimate model of modernization, the American way of development is the only right way to achieve modernization, all other countries are on the same path, and irresistibly toward the ultimate goal of the United States is constantly closer and closer. So they control their own first modernization theory contains those seemingly scientific index system, points out that the developing countries in economic, political and cultural defects, lead the country to the modernization of universal "way" - American development path, and "selflessness" to provide all kinds of material aid and spiritual assistance, to help the poor countries by the "way" realize the transition from traditional to modern, as to avoid the transition of these countries in danger due to the poverty and despair of people into the arms of communism. Clearly, these ideas met the needs of the Kennedy administration during the cold war. Modernization theory also proposes specific policy choices to push backward countries along the "right transition path" toward liberal and capitalist modernization. Undoubtedly, this theory plays into the hands of the us government and directly influences its policy planning.
It can be seen that modernization theory is in line with the doctrine of "manifest destiny" and "frontier doctrine". It is only a theoretical summary of the development path of the United States, replacing the "authorization" of "heaven" and "the hand of god". Instead of formal territorial conquest, the "demonstration effect" was used. Under the background of the cold war, the U.S. government needs to be a new kind of powerful ideological content to replace the original naked gangster logic, to fight against "communist indoctrination", maximum limit for people in the developing world public opinion, and modernization theory is such a strong concealment and attractive, can continue to exert influence of informal ideology. Under the guidance of the ideology, the United States have made a plan to fight for progressive alliance, through the implementation of this plan, make people forget the United States in the history of Latin American aggression, and regarded it as a the best modern values, technology and system to Latin America, in order to "help" backward "neighbors" as soon as possible to modernise the altruism and humanitarian. Through the peace corps, the United States has also sent tens of thousands of young people to some of the world's most backward regions to "help" them overcome the obstacles to modernization, remedy their cultural deficiencies and accelerate their modernization process by teaching them advanced technologies and democratic concepts. Although these policies have not been completely successful, the theory of modernization has become popular and widely spread all over the world. The concept of modernization is deeply rooted in people's hearts and has become the unswerving goal of many developing countries.
However, when we establish our own theory of socialist modernization, we should see that the theory of modernization as an American ideology has its own defects. It follows almost entirely the development path of the United States, abstracts a set of unitary development indicators, and USES them to evaluate backward countries, completely ignoring their different historical conditions and cultural characteristics. It elevated the path of American modernization into a universal model, a universal truth, and a wishful and overconfident attempt to impose that model on the rest of the world; Last but not least, whatever its concealment and deceit, it is an American ideology.
It can be seen from the above analysis that, on the surface, the struggle in the ideological field has tended to ease after the end of the cold war, but in fact, the struggle in this field is only more subtle and complicated. The informal ideology hiding behind the formal ideology of the United States is constantly changing its form and content with the development of The Times, which fully conforms to the illusory side of ideology said by Marx. However, the spiritual essence it reflects remains unchanged. So. In the process of accelerating opening up to the outside world and integrating into the tide of world economic development, we should maintain a high degree of vigilance against various forms of informal ideology of capitalism.
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When it comes to ideology, many people find it repugnant. No matter what the theorists define it, people always associate it with the rigid indoctrination of certain theories or ideas. In the United States, ideology is often seen as a derogatory term for the "horrible" communist ideology that "authoritarian, centralized" socialist countries have instilled in their people. They use more values, beliefs, beliefs and ideals. At the end of the last century, with the upheaval of Soviet union and eastern Europe and the collapse of the so-called "socialist camp", many western media and mainstream academia began to hype the "final conclusion of ideology". The end of the cold war, they argue, marks the ultimate triumph of capitalism, and thus the "end" of ideology. In fact, every country has its own ideology. In this sense, ideology does not and will not end. The word "ideology" first appeared in the introduction to ideology written by the French philosopher and politician trahi in the early 19th century, which means the theory of ideas. In Marx's German ideology, ideology has two USES: one is "false consciousness"; one is the "superstructure of ideas". As an important category of historical materialism, ideology can only refer to the superstructure of ideas, that is, the ideological system that reflects the social and economic basis and political system from the standpoint of specific class interests, and manifests itself in the political principles, action programs, value standards and social ideals of a certain class.
Use this definition to analyze the ideology of the us, we will find that, not only in the United States trumpeted, widely spread with the core values of individualism, liberalism ideas and American democracy is ideology, moreover, there are many look less like the concept of ideology and theory, is another form of ideology. In response to this phenomenon, professor jin canrong argues in his article ideology and international relations that American ideology can be divided into formal ideology and informal ideology. The so-called formal ideology refers to those systematic ideological and ideological systems that consciously reflect the economic and political interests of certain social groups and directly safeguard the interests of existing social system and ruling class. It is generally very clear, has a very mature, relatively stable theoretical system, and is known as an ideology. The so-called informal ideology refers to those concepts, ideas and theories that are not directly and closely related to the economic and political interests of certain social groups, but serve indirectly to maintain the existing social system and the interests of the ruling class. They are generally vague, not obviously class and political, so people tend not to regard them as ideology, and therefore very deceptive. It is the American informal ideology that is the subject of this article.
After the end of the cold war, many Chinese scholars have noticed that the ideology of the United States has not been weakened by the disappearance of the old adversary, but tends to strengthen, and takes promoting its ideology around the world as a realistic political goal, which is probably unique in today's world. Chinese American scholar liu kang puts forward the proposition of "successful ideology", holding that in the United States, the relationship between ideology and individuals is extremely natural and appropriate, and people highly agree with the same ideology, so they cannot feel its existence. This shows that the mainstream ideology of the United States has been basically internalized into the self-conscious norms and values of the public. At the same time, with the spread of all kinds of American products, especially Hollywood movies, Disney cartoons and massive online information, the ideology of the United States has been infiltrating into all areas of people's lives around the world. There is no denying that American ideology is indeed a "successful ideology".
At the same time, the international communist movement fell into a low tide after the Soviet union and eastern Europe upheaval, which also posed a severe challenge to the ideological construction of our country. In the eyes of some us media, China, which still adheres to the socialist system after the collapse of the Soviet union, has naturally become its political enemy, "ideological opponent" and "hated symbol". "No country in the world today is more bold than China in defending ideologies and values that most Americans consider outdated or evil," the New York times said in an opinion piece on September 10, 1991. So they turned their ideological struggle against China. At the same time, China's ongoing reform oriented by socialist market economy also calls for continuous sublation and innovation of traditional socialist ideology from content to form, so as to meet the needs of the development and situation of The Times and improve its effectiveness. It can be seen that the study and analysis of American ideology is of great significance to the construction of socialist ideology in China.
Relative to the official ideology and informal ideology in the United States due to its concealment and deception more difficult to recognize the essence of which, as a result, the author will be America's "manifest destiny" in the 19th century and the frontier theory, modernization theory in the 1960 s and 70 s after the formation of the theory of globalization, as the three typical informal ideology to analyze.
"Manifest destiny" originated in the protestant spirit of the English puritans, who considered themselves the chosen people of god and had a natural mission to expand since landing in America. As early as 1776, Thomas paine, in his book common sense, quoted the Puritan ideal of the millennium, arguing that only the chosen people of a blessed god could play a special leadership role in the global spiritual renewal. Max weber also argued that the spirit of American capitalism was born of the protestant ethic. Throughout the 19th century, under the banner of manifest destiny, the United States embarked on one expansion after another. From 1783 to 1872, the size of the United States tripled and the population increased ninefold. In the mexican-american war of 1846-47 alone, the United States annexed half of Mexico. This is the mystery of the sustained development of the United States in the 19th century: once a serious economic crisis occurred in the country, leading to the intensification of class contradictions, the United States would seize the land of other countries by means of "immigration-occupation", transferring the surplus labor force while transferring the dissatisfaction and class contradictions. American historian Turner first proposed the frontier theory in 1893, indicating the significance of frontier in American history. Turner concluded that "the frontier of the free land, which has been shrinking back, is the key to the development of the United States." For the frontier was a "magical fountain of youth," without which "ideological divisions begin to develop in certain classes, and ideological divisions may expand and divide." The frontier theory makes the "manifest destiny" with strong religious flavor more theoretical. Since then, pretentious Americans with their "natural mission" have turned America's frontier into an "active frontier" that can be pushed anywhere in the world.
As an ideology, "manifest destiny" and the frontier doctrine have been continuing to influence the United States, which is the ideological basis of the American ideology. For Theodore Roosevelt, the clash between civilised and savage RACES was inevitable, and progress could only be achieved by civilised people "subduing their savage neighbours". Nixon described the "American ideal" in his book beyond peace, which is to "promote" the highest American civilization and the most perfect American democracy in the world, so that "all countries have free economic system and political system, always faithful to social justice and human rights". Both historical "expansion" and today's "humanitarian intervention" are aimed at achieving this sacred goal and fulfilling this god-given mission. Since the end is sacred, the meanness of the means is of course less important. Understanding this, it is easy to understand why the United States, which once condemned colonialism in the declaration of independence, pursued the establishment of an already infamous "empire" under the banner of "expanding freedom" and "spreading the republic". It is easy to understand the strong sense of moral superiority and racial superiority shown by American foreign policy under the guidance of "American exceptionalism". It is also easy to understand the arrogance and arrogance that the United States has always shown in the international political arena. Up to now, the so-called new theories and rules, such as "human rights above sovereignty", "war for values", "legitimate humanitarian international intervention" and "civilization conflict" put forward by the United States in diplomacy, still hide the lingering "manifest destiny" and frontier doctrine.
After the end of the World War II, the theory of modernization and the social science of "liberal development" emerged in the United States, which had a great impact on the ideological field and diplomatic field of the United States. Some social scientists directly entered the government and became "think-tanks" of the government. The exchanges and contacts between the government and academic circles were unprecedently strengthened. Social scientists participated in the formulation of American foreign policy in an unprecedented breadth and depth. Harvard economist Lincoln Gordon, for example, was U.S. ambassador to Brazil and assistant secretary of state for American affairs. Harvard historian Arthur schlesinger jr., a former White House adviser; Rostow, a social scientist, has served as national security adviser and director of the state council's policy and planning commission. In response to what they saw as the "threat from communism" during the collapse of the European colonial order, some social scientists and Kennedy administration policy makers used modernization theory as a tool to enhance the power of the free world. In order to curb communism and socialist countries compete for the new national independence of developing countries in ideological, they using the theory of modernization, the process of the development of human society are extremely complex, depicted through a series of basic stage from traditional society to the modern development of general process, and the United States is at the end of the process or the top. In other words, the United States is the ultimate model of modernization, the American way of development is the only right way to achieve modernization, all other countries are on the same path, and irresistibly toward the ultimate goal of the United States is constantly closer and closer. So they control their own first modernization theory contains those seemingly scientific index system, points out that the developing countries in economic, political and cultural defects, lead the country to the modernization of universal "way" - American development path, and "selflessness" to provide all kinds of material aid and spiritual assistance, to help the poor countries by the "way" realize the transition from traditional to modern, as to avoid the transition of these countries in danger due to the poverty and despair of people into the arms of communism. Clearly, these ideas met the needs of the Kennedy administration during the cold war. Modernization theory also proposes specific policy choices to push backward countries along the "right transition path" toward liberal and capitalist modernization. Undoubtedly, this theory plays into the hands of the us government and directly influences its policy planning.
It can be seen that modernization theory is in line with the doctrine of "manifest destiny" and "frontier doctrine". It is only a theoretical summary of the development path of the United States, replacing the "authorization" of "heaven" and "the hand of god". Instead of formal territorial conquest, the "demonstration effect" was used. Under the background of the cold war, the U.S. government needs to be a new kind of powerful ideological content to replace the original naked gangster logic, to fight against "communist indoctrination", maximum limit for people in the developing world public opinion, and modernization theory is such a strong concealment and attractive, can continue to exert influence of informal ideology. Under the guidance of the ideology, the United States have made a plan to fight for progressive alliance, through the implementation of this plan, make people forget the United States in the history of Latin American aggression, and regarded it as a the best modern values, technology and system to Latin America, in order to "help" backward "neighbors" as soon as possible to modernise the altruism and humanitarian. Through the peace corps, the United States has also sent tens of thousands of young people to some of the world's most backward regions to "help" them overcome the obstacles to modernization, remedy their cultural deficiencies and accelerate their modernization process by teaching them advanced technologies and democratic concepts. Although these policies have not been completely successful, the theory of modernization has become popular and widely spread all over the world. The concept of modernization is deeply rooted in people's hearts and has become the unswerving goal of many developing countries.
However, when we establish our own theory of socialist modernization, we should see that the theory of modernization as an American ideology has its own defects. It follows almost entirely the development path of the United States, abstracts a set of unitary development indicators, and USES them to evaluate backward countries, completely ignoring their different historical conditions and cultural characteristics. It elevated the path of American modernization into a universal model, a universal truth, and a wishful and overconfident attempt to impose that model on the rest of the world; Last but not least, whatever its concealment and deceit, it is an American ideology.
It can be seen from the above analysis that, on the surface, the struggle in the ideological field has tended to ease after the end of the cold war, but in fact, the struggle in this field is only more subtle and complicated. The informal ideology hiding behind the formal ideology of the United States is constantly changing its form and content with the development of The Times, which fully conforms to the illusory side of ideology said by Marx. However, the spiritual essence it reflects remains unchanged. So. In the process of accelerating opening up to the outside world and integrating into the tide of world economic development, we should maintain a high degree of vigilance against various forms of informal ideology of capitalism.
想要了解更多英国留学资讯或者需要英国代写，请关注51Due英国论文代写平台，51Due是一家专业的论文代写机构，专业辅导海外留学生的英文论文写作，主要业务有essay代写、paper代写、assignment代写。在这里，51Due致力于为留学生朋友提供高效优质的留学教育辅导服务，为广大留学生提升写作水平，帮助他们达成学业目标。如果您有essay代写需求，可以咨询我们的客服QQ：800020041。
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