assignment代写：Soft power of enterprise economy

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- Soft power of enterprise economy，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了企业经济软实力。随着现代经济发展环境的复杂化，企业的发展已经不仅仅依靠自身的产品来获得市场地位，而且还需要通过企业的综合实力来获得发展先机。其中，企业经济软实力是近些年来市场中颇受关注的概念，企业的软实力成为了标志企业发展能力的重要因素。因此，企业应当加强建设自身的软实力，使其成为体现企业发展实力，体现企业价值的重要方面，取得企业的市场竞争实力，成为企业发展的重要推动力和基础实力。

With the complication of the modern economic development environment, the development of the enterprise has not only depended on its own products to obtain the market position, but also need to obtain the development opportunity through the comprehensive strength of the enterprise. Among them, the soft power of enterprise is the concept of the market in recent years, the soft power of enterprises has become an important factor of the development ability of enterprises, and it is of great significance to study and improve the economic soft power of enterprises. Under the background of the development of market economy in our country, this paper discusses the ways to develop the soft power of enterprise economy, provides the concrete strategy to guide the development of enterprise's economic soft power, and provides economic guidance for the development of enterprises.

Professor Nye of the US University of Harvard has defined soft power, his view is: soft power is an intrinsic, intangible, powerful influence of the general collectively. Soft power performance is the most obvious is the country's soft power, representing an important national strength, enterprises in the soft power performance in recent years has been very obvious.

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With the complication of the modern economic development environment, the development of the enterprise has not only depended on its own products to obtain the market position, but also need to obtain the development opportunity through the comprehensive strength of the enterprise. Among them, the soft power of enterprise is the concept of the market in recent years, the soft power of enterprises has become an important factor of the development ability of enterprises, and it is of great significance to study and improve the economic soft power of enterprises.

Cultural strength is a part of the soft power of enterprises, the cultural strength of enterprises represents the concept of enterprise, management and other aspects of cultural connotations, which is to promote the further development of the cornerstone of enterprise, therefore, the enterprise's cultural strength is the fundamental strength of other enterprises.

Intellectual property ability is an important content of the soft power of enterprises, which is mainly embodied in the construction of intellectual property, which embodies the soft power of enterprises. From the framework of soft power, the construction of intellectual property belongs to the high-level content of enterprise soft power, which belongs to the comprehensive embodiment of soft power and hard strength of medium and small-sized enterprises, and also the development power of the enterprise, which has far-reaching significance for the long-term development of enterprises. In the process of building intellectual property, enterprises need to have a clear understanding of knowledge, can be integrated and in-depth study, use, so that it can become an important driving force for enterprise development.

Responsibility is an important pillar of the soft power of enterprises, this is because the responsibility of enterprises is to promote the development of enterprises to support the strength, can help enterprises to break through the self, to achieve the external development of enterprises. Corporate responsibility is also an important force to protect the development of enterprises, from the external and internal drive the development of enterprises, to encourage enterprises to maintain the power and realize the social value of enterprises, thereby creating the enterprise's internal strength and external image. In addition, strengthening the construction of corporate social responsibility is an important way to realize the promotion of corporate responsibility.

Business management for enterprises, is to achieve its development effective channels, improve the management level of enterprises, can effectively improve the development level of enterprises, on the contrary, will hinder the development of enterprises. We also need to learn from the foreign enterprise management effective methods, especially today's increasingly competitive society, information for the enterprise development has more and more important significance, if can be in the information society in the initiative, and the information to make a quick and effective response strategy, then, enterprise management level will be greatly improved, Thus contributing to the rapid development of enterprises.

The goal and strategy of enterprise technology innovation is an important aspect of enterprise knowledge management, which has far-reaching significance to the soft power of enterprises. The knowledge level of enterprise is divided into: configuration knowledge, integrated knowledge, special knowledge, external knowledge and internal knowledge. Among them, the disposition knowledge belongs to the management level knowledge type, can help enterprise's technology management, is other enterprise knowledge type comprehensive management type knowledge, but external knowledge and internal knowledge is to promote the enterprise technology innovation Knowledge type, belongs to the motive type knowledge, and the foreign enterprise forms the cultural complementarity, realizes the enterprise internationalization soft strength , these kinds of knowledge together constitute the enterprise's innovation ability, and work together in the long-term development of the enterprise.

Corporate image is an important manifestation of soft power of enterprises, reflected in the market reputation, reputation and so on, at the same time, also reflected in its products, service evaluation and competitive strength and social responsibility, is a comprehensive soft power content, therefore, corporate image of good or bad, for the soft power of enterprises have important impact.

Enterprise's soft strength and hard strength have the same important status, even at some levels, soft power than hard strength has more important status, therefore, enterprises should strengthen their own soft power accumulation and construction, the main channels are: Strengthen management system, refine process construction, improve management efficiency, Attach importance to the construction of enterprise culture and personnel training, so that the soft power of enterprises can become an important strength of enterprise development. In the management of soft power development, there have been many large enterprises have become the first march, with the Chinese electronic Technology group as the representative of the Strategic planning and construction, very good promotion of the enterprise's management level to upgrade, so that enterprises successfully build up business performance assessment system, so as to help enterprises timely check leakage fill, In the development of the road to improve self development self. In the technology-intensive enterprises, pay attention to the improvement of management level, so that the management of enterprises can enter the benign development road, weakening the management risk, so that enterprises can break through the management limitations, to achieve long-term development. In addition, training and learning is also an important channel for enterprise's soft power upgrading, which is an important channel of enterprise reform, which can make the new system be implemented effectively in enterprise.

Brand Advantage is the part of enterprise brand value, can help the enterprise to establish the image, open the market, obtain the good income. Among them, products, services and brands are important components of the soft power of enterprises, especially in the innovative enterprises in the embodiment of more obvious, this is due to the rapid upgrading of technology, the market elimination rate is high, and the time cost of innovation and economic costs are large, therefore, in this industry is prone to the phenomenon of brand imitation, in the long run, Not conducive to enterprise brand building and development. In short, the technology innovation enterprises in brand building and development, to give full attention to promote the development of enterprises, so that it has a more optimized market environment. In the brand building, the enterprise itself to develop brand building and development of strategic planning, can develop the enterprise brand rationally and orderly, become the complete brand development Strategy system, at the same time, in the market environment demand level, should construct the various laws and regulations which are advantageous to the Enterprise brand construction, for example: "The Patent Law", "the Product quality Law", "Trademark law" and so on, standardize the market environment, so that enterprises can be fair competition, orderly development.

In the development of enterprise Intellectual Property Strategy, first, the establishment of various enterprises to promote the development of intellectual property rights system, and have specialized management staff to ensure that it can be effectively implemented and applied; Secondly, enterprises should strengthen their own management system, so that the management of enterprises can be more standardized, orderly, To create good environmental conditions for the development of intellectual property; Because of the current market economy development, the talent mobility is strong, therefore, the enterprise strengthens the talented person training at the same time, also must strengthen the talented person's management and the application, enables it to become the enterprise development important impetus. The construction of enterprise intellectual property system can help enterprises to effectively stabilize human resources, so that they can be used for enterprises, and become an important force for enterprise development. In addition, enterprises in the construction of intellectual property on the road, also need to strengthen the system, strong mechanism, external tree image, let the intellectual property development mechanism, intermediary service mechanism and so on can become the foundation of enterprise intellectual property rights, so that the soft power of our enterprises ' intellectual property can fully play its effective role, become an important force for enterprise development.

Enterprise soft power Construction in the enterprise management has aroused the attention of both at home and abroad, and become a theoretical and academic research hotspot. Enhance the soft power construction at the same time also need to strengthen external cooperation, learn from experience, only to form a more complete and mature enterprise management strength. For the development of Chinese enterprises, the social environment, the market environment and the needs of enterprise development need to strengthen the soft power construction of enterprises. Therefore, enterprises should strengthen the construction of their own soft power, so that it embodies the strength of enterprise development, embodies the important aspects of enterprise value, to obtain the market competition strength of enterprises, become an important driving force for enterprise development and basic strength.

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Contrast essay写作步骤讲解

英国留学生都知道，essay分为很多类型，有的难写有的容易。而Contrast essay就是其中一种难度比较大的essay类型，也就是对比类essay。Contrast essay需要从两个需要对比分析的事物或者人物去思考，下面就给大家讲解一下Contrast essay的写作步骤。

How to Write a Compare and Contrast Essay

Pre-Writing Phase

如何开始比较和对比文章?学生通常被指定一个主题来写，但有时教授给他们的学生自主选择题目的自由。在后一种情况下，选择一种最优的比较和对比的文章题目可能成为一种挑战。在研究选题时，不要选择两个完全无关的主题，否则发现相似之处会有问题。一开始有一些基本的相似点，例如两本小说，两幅画，演讲等等。

Writing Phase - Venn Diagram

一旦你选择了在你的比较文章中写什么，头脑风暴的想法，并试着写下每一个，选择那些与主题相关的。你可能想把你的纸分成两部分，然后开始记下你脑海中出现的每一件事，包括相似点和不同点。

一种寻找相似点和不同点的有效方法是使用维恩图。维恩图是一个表示两个对象之间逻辑关系的方案。图形上它可以被描述为两个重叠的圆圈，每个圆圈表示一个实体。重叠部分是表示相似性的区域，而不重叠的部分则是差异。

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写一篇有效的比较和对比文章的一个非常重要的一点是正确的对比线的选择:如果你比较两个对象，你应该将它们与一个和相同的参数进行比较。举个例子，看看上面的图片，你会发现橘子和苹果被拿来比较，比如产地、生长地点、果皮厚度等等。所有这些特征都是在这两个物体中都存在的。如果你说苹果与橘子不同，因为苹果是绿色的，橘子是多汁的，你就会“比较苹果和桔子”——这一次的比喻意义是“把两种无与伦比的东西比拟”。

Organization: Typical Structure of a Compare and Contrast Essay

第一段应该陈述文章的主题，以及对同一主题的论题陈述。从这一点开始，比较和对比的文章的主体结构有两种方式:

第一种方法:作者可以列出一个主题的特征，然后再通过分析它们的相似和不同来将它们组合在一起。这意味着文章的主体将以一个主题的若干段落开始，继续以相似的段落来讨论其他主题，然后完成一个关键段落，使用列出的特征来比较和对比这两个主题。

第二种方法:作家可以列出被试者之间的相似之处，然后列出相同之处的不同之处。这意味着文章的主体将以若干段落开头，讨论它们的相似之处，并以若干段落结束它们之间的差异。有了这个结构，就不需要在最后进行分析，因为它的内容在前面的段落中传播。

1. Introduction

2. Origin

Apples

Oranges

3. Climate

Apples

Oranges

4. Peel

Apples

Oranges

5. Conclusion

另一种组织形式，尽管不太常见，称为块比较。根据这一模式，你将被要求将你的比较和对比文章的正文分成两部分。身体的第一部分将会专注于物体A，而另一半则围绕着物体b。再加上引言和结论，整体的文章长度将是4段。在进行分组比较时，整个论文结构将采用以下形式:

1. Introduction

2. Oranges

Origin

Climate

Peel

3. Apples

Origin

Climate

Peel

4. Conclusion

一旦文章的主体完成了，它的结论就应该重新陈述论点，但更有自信的方式，因为它已经证明了它的观点。有时，结论会总结前面的段落，以更大胆和更直率的强调，而其他时候，结论将让他们以更含蓄的方式提供他们的支持。

Additional Tips on Comparison and Contrast Essay Writing

连接词和短语可以并且应该用于比较和对比论文写作。

Compare and Contrast Words

写任何文章的一个重要的方面是使用特殊的提示词，使你的文章更加连贯和合乎逻辑。在比较和对比的文章中，你需要用提示词来表示比较，例如:

Words to compare: like, compared to, similar to, similarly, by analogy, likewise, in the same way, as well as, both, too, at the same time, correspondingly, in addition, same as, etc.

提示对比的提示词是:

Words to contrast: unlike, conversely, however, nevertheless, still, although, while, but, even though, although, despite, yet, regardless, on the one hand … one the other hand, etc.

以上就是给同学们分享的关于Contrast essay写作步骤和相关技巧，希望可以帮到大家！

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Paper代写：The Supercapacitor

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- The Supercapacitor，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了超级电容器。超级电容器是一种有效的储存能量的装置，近年来越来越受欢迎。与传统的化学电池不同，超级电容器是一种介于传统电容器和电池之间的装置。由于在储能过程中没有发生化学反应，所以储存过程是可逆的。因此，一个超级电容器可以被充电和放电成千上万次。超级电容器的优点包括足够的功率密度，充电和放电所需的短时间，以及长寿命周期。

1. INTRODUCTION

Supercapacitor is an efficient device for storage of energy, which has been increasingly popular in recent years. Different from traditional chemical batteries, supercapacitor is a device that goes between traditional capacitors and batteries. Since no chemical reaction occurs in the energy storing processes, the storage process is reversible. Therefore, a supercapacitor can be charged and discharged for hundreds of thousands of times, with the use of porous electrodes and electrolyte between them. The advantages of supercapacitor include adequate power density, short time required for charging and discharging, as well as long life cycles. Within ten minutes of charge a supercapacitor can store 95% of its designated capacity. Meanwhile, there is little “memory effect” in its life cycle. The efficiency of energy transfer is also higher with minimized losses, reaching 90% of power efficiency (Béguin&Frąckowiak, 2013). The reason why supercapacitors are super is the size of the porous electrodes. Special design enables supercapacitor to have much larger electrode surface areas, thus significantly increasing the capacity of it. In addition, supercapacitor is also environmentally friendly, as the production, usage, storage and disassembly processes of it have little influence on the environment, unless leakage of electrolyte occurs due to poor maintenance.

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There are three key factors that determine the performance of a supercapacitor, which are its electrodes, electrolytes as well as the operating environment. Although there has been extensive research down to improve the former two characteristics, there have not been equivalent effort made to study the performance of supercapacitors under varying operating conditions. Temperature is the most influential environmental factor for supercapacitor performances.There are many occasions where supercapacitors have to operate under cold and hot temperatures, since it is most widely applied to vehicles. As a result, many of the supercapacitors that are designed and tested for room temperature would not be applicable for outdoor use in winter and hot summers. The major reason for reduced performance is the influence of temperature on aqueous and non-aqueous electrolytes. Under low temperatures, the efficiency for electrolytes, even organic ones, will be significantly reduced with thousands of times of increased resistance. There have been some efforts in reducing the influence of temperature on supercapacitors in recent years. In this paper, the research by a group from Ilmenau University of Technology will be introduced. They designed a new supercapacitor using an innovative combination of graphene-based electrode andLi2SO4-based aqueous electrolyte (Vellacheri et al, 2014).This combination has effectively increased the performance of supercapacitors within a temperature range between -20°C and 45°C.

2. FEATURES

2.1 Cyclic Voltammogram Analysis

Figure 1.Cyclic Voltammograms of ElectrodeCells.

The design team has performed a series of tests to investigate the property of the newly designed battery. To see how are the charge-storage properties of the electrodes, symmetric two-electrode cells are fabricated after the graphene-based electrodes were made. These cells then underwent a series of cyclic voltammetry and galvanotactic charge and discharge. In figure 1, the cyclic voltammograms of the cells at different temperatures are shown. Room temperature (RT), 45°C, 0°C and -20°C were used, since they cover a range of the most frequent operating temperature of supercapacitors. The cyclic voltammograms all have shapes that are approximate to a rectangle. Similar results were obtained when the voltage of the experiment was increased in a range between 5 to 200 mV/s.

The near-rectangular shapes of the diagrams mean that the behavior of the electrode cells is almost ideal for a supercapacitor, due to the efficient transmission of charge in these electrodes as well as the efficient design of a double-layered charge system. These features of the cells would ensure that the electrode is easily accessible by ions, even when the temperature is far from RT. In addition to accessibility, electrical resistance is also a major factor of concern for the electrodes. The charge storage unit of a good supercapacitor must be low in electronical resistance, and high in the conductivity of ions, so that the supercapacitor would work smoothly. Building on these advantages, the electrodes tested also maintained stable capacitive currents, under different temperatures. Under temperature higher than RT, which is 45°C, an increase in capacitive current is observed, which is a result of higher rates of ion transmission under heat. The ions are then activated to reach more areas in the surface of the electrode cells. Similarly, the capacitive current dropped slightly under cold temperatures, due to the reduced icon activity.

2.2 Retention of Specific Capacitance

Figure 2.Galvanotactic Charge and Discharge Profile.

Some of the supercapacitors that performed exceptionally also experience a drastic drop in performance under cold temperatures. Figure 2 shows the galvanotactic charge and discharge profile of the supercapacitor. The experiment was performed under a density of current of 1mA/cm2. The reliability of the supercapacitor is shown through the symmetrical shape of the diagrams, as well as the constant slope of the graphs. Based on the profiles, specific capacitances of the electrodes are calculated. The value of specific capacitance at 45°C is the highest, 99F/g. at RT, the specific capacitance drops to 91F/g. the value further drops to 80F/g at 0°C and 74F/g at -20°C. Comparing the lowest value with the highest, a 25% drop is obtained.

Although this value is still no the not ideal situation, it is already an improvement compared to other temperature sensitive supercapacitors. The percentage of retention of 75% shows promising prospects for future improvements on the technology. In figure 3. Different current densities are added to the discussion. The graphs show the trend of specific capacitances under different current densities. Ideal charge storage properties are shown from the small IR drop and high specific capacitance in the curves. The electrodes designed can both maintain ion diffusion paths effective and ensure a high electrical conductivity, so that the performance of the supercapacitor under different temperatures are ensured. The energy densities of supercapacitors are also calculated for different operating temperatures, which are: 3.44, 3.16, 2.78 and 2.57 Wh/kg at 45°C, RT, 0°C and -20°C respectively. Although the value of 2.57 is still a 25% drop compared to the highest value, and a 20% drop compared to RT, it is already proven to be much better than most of the previously designed supercapacitors.

2.3 The Charge Storage Process

Figure 3. Influence of Temperature and Current Density.

To further understand the characteristics of the supercapacitor and temperature related aspects, a correlation between charge storage and temperature should be established, so that it can better adapt to practical situations. The process of charge storage in graphene-based electrodes happens by the repeated formation and deformation of an electrochemical double layer at the interface between electrode and electrolyte. This process happens both during charging and discharging. When the supercapacitor is being charged, the ions transmit from the electrolyte to the electrodes, forming the double layer at the interface between the two materials. This process is weakened, as seen in Figure 3, by the decreased temperature and the increased current density. The transmission of ions is thus hindered in some way under such circumstances.

Figure 4. Arrhenius-type Plots.

In Figure 4, an Arrhenius-type equation is used so that the charge storage situation is better understood. A plot of ln C (C is the charge stored during charging) and 1/T (T being the absolute temperature) is thus created. Ea (activation energy) is thus obtained from the slope of the plots. The calculated values of Ea for different current densities range from 0.82 to 1.88 kcal/mol (from 1 to 5 mA/cm2). These values are much smaller compared to the graphene-based supercapacitors with ionic liquid electrolyte, which mean that the supercapacitor designed using Li2SO4-based aqueous electrolyte has much more superior properties than other type. With a lower Ea, it is much easier for ions to form the electrochemical double layer, which is critical for the efficiency of charge storage.

2.4 Supercapacitor Cycle Life

Figure 5. Cycle Life Test

Another important aspect of supercapacitor is the cycle life, since it is a critical feature in practical application. To measure the cycle life of the supercapacitor, the specific capacitance after different numbers of cycles are plotted in figure 5. The current density used in the graph is 4mA.cm2, and the number of cycles measured are 5000. From the plots, no significant drop in specific capacitance is observed. Under different temperatures, the specific capacitance of the supercapacitor all remained stable, with a slight drop after 1000 cycles under 45°C. The long cycle life of the supercapacitor is contributed by the high electrochemical stability of graphene, even when the temperature is 45°C. In addition, the property of the Li2SO4-based aqueous electrolyte are compatible with the electrode, making the combination optimal for sustaining a long cycle life.

2.5 Electrochemical Behavior

Figure 6. Electrochemical Behavior

To understand the electrochemical behavior of the supercapacitor, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy has been done at various temperatures as indicated in Figure 6. From the Nyquist plots, charge transfer resistance and diffusion controlled kinetics are shown in separated sections of the graphs, which are either high or low frequencies. In the high frequency region, which is represented by the semicircle part of the graphs, the diameter of the semicircle indicates the variation of the supercapacitor performances. With smaller circles, the variation of the performance is also smaller, leading to higher stability and reliability. The low frequency region is represented by the straight-line parts of the graphs. From the diameter of the circles, the position as well as the slope of the lines, the charge transfer resistances are calculated to be 0.95 Ω, 1.24 Ω, 1.62 Ω and 2.06 Ω at RT, 45°C, 0°C and -20°C respectively. The vertical shape of the plots is another indicator of the supercapacitor performance, with the line being more vertical, the supercapacitor is also more ideal. Consistency of the specific capacitances during the charge and discharge processes also reaffirms the performance. As the temperature dropped from RT to -20°C, the ESR increased 3.2 times, which is a relatively minimal influence on the power density of the supercapacitor. Overall, the combination of graphene and Li2SO4 proves to be an ideal set of supercapacitor design.

3. APPLICATIONS

3.1 Supercapacitors in Mobile Devices

Supercapacitors can also be applied in mobile devices, which will enable devices such as mobile phones to be fully charged within minutes. Such an application will solve the problem of the increasingly high dependence of people on their mobile phones with limited power capabilities. Since the design of the mobile phones are growingly sleeker in recent years, the room left for battery is increasingly limited. In addition, a common lithium battery will degenerate after two years of use. Compared to batteries, supercapacitors are much more durable, as shown from the above discussions. Even after 5000 times of charge and discharge cycles, supercapacitors are still fully functional. Once batteries are replaced by supercapacitors, mobile devices will not need to be charged in a daily basis. Mobile devices using supercapacitors are easily charged in seconds, with increased durability (Monteiro, Garrido, & Fonseca, 2011). The supercapacitor will not degenerate even after thousands of cycles. Taking an average of 10 times of charge and discharge cycles, supercapacitors can be used for decades. Since the supercapacitors are using physical processes in operation, the efficiency is also much larger than chemical batteries. However, the technology is still far from mass production due to its cost. More research is needed to lower the cost of supercapacitors and make it accessible to the market.

3.2 Applications in Solar Energy

The increased range of temperature makes supercapacitors more applicable for outdoor usage, since the performance is insured even when the temperature goes below 0 degrees or above 40 degrees. EDLC supercapacitors can be fully charged within a very short period of time. However, the current supercapacitors in the market are too expensive to be applied in a wider range. Therefore, most of the supercapacitors are used as an auxiliary energy source. As a small PV (photovoltaic) system, the current consumption of Solar Lamp’s regulator should be smaller than 1% of its working current. Therefore, low energy consuming components should be selected for the regulator. Adding a supercapacitor to the PV system will ease the pressure on the battery and increase the life of the system (Narayanan, Kumar, Deepa, & Srivastava, 2015).

The output power of solar battery is highly dependent on weather conditions, which are highly fluctuating over time. Such instability in the charging current has posed a threat on the battery life, increasing the cost of the system directly. The increased production and use of battery will also lead to more environmental pollutions. Therefore, a medium system is effective in mitigating the influence of instability on the battery, through the use of supercapacitors. Since supercapacitors can be charged and discharged at a much faster rate, without causing much damage to itself, the control system will use supercapacitors to generate a steady output current to the batteries. When the sunlight is instable, the supercapacitors will be charged first, so that the batteries are not directly influenced. Such a system will enable the supercapacitors to power the road lamps even when there is no sunlight, increasing the period of lighting.

3.3 Automotive Industry

Currently, supercapacitors are most widely used in the automotive industry. The increased range of operating temperature make supercapacitors part of the practical solutions in hot and cold areas of the world. In addition to the reduced influence of temperature, supercapacitors can also be charged as discharged within minutes. In the automotive industry, the intelligent start and stop control system brings a wide platform of application for supercapacitors. For motors which use hybrid powers, the discharge process will lead to drastic drops of charge, due to the frequent start and stop of the vehicles. The energy drawn from the battery during normal driving is relatively lower, while the energy required for acceleration is higher. With the traditional battery technology, a balance must be achieved between power density and cycle life. As a result, compromises have to be made.

A special electric generator can be used to solve the problem. During the braking process, the generator can fully charge the supercapacitor within seconds. Then, the fully charged supercapacitor will provide power for all the systems in the vehicle. Once the supercapacitor runs out of energy, batteries will be used instead. In addition to supplying power for other systems in the vehicle, supercapacitors can also charge the battery through slow discharge. With the coordination of the two, there is no longer need for an engine as ideal energy recycling is achieved. Such a system will result in a reduction in oil consumption of as high as 10% (Eddahech, Briat, Ayadi, & Vinassa, 2014). Although supercapacitors have undergone continuous improvements over the years, with increasing power density, it still cannot replace batteries. The biggest disadvantage of supercapacitors is its speed of auto-discharge, which is much faster than batteries. Without a battery, a supercapacitor powered vehicle would not be started after being parked for a few days. The features and disadvantage of supercapacitors make it perfect for a hybrid power system currently.

Thus, a dual system is designed to resolve the conflicting needs of sudden acceleration and normal driving. The major system is in charge of providing the best mileage, while the auxiliary energy system will provide temporary energy supply when the cars are accelerating and climbing. Taking advantage of the supercapacitor to be charged and discharged rapidly, the braking energy can be restored in them and reused in driving. With the use of supercapacitors, therefore, the energy can be recycled and stored in the auxiliary energy system, significantly increasing the energy efficiency of the system. Due to the low power density, supercapacitors are not ready to replace batteries in the major system. Although supercapacitors are not able to act as the major source of power currently, it is obviously advantageous acting as the auxiliary energy source. A combination of battery and supercapacitor system will result in a notable increase in the usage life of battery. Compared to batteries, supercapacitors are able to absorb the motion energy created in the braking and acceleration of vehicles, which will further increase the mileage of the vehicles.

However, a balanced design of different components is necessary to achieve the best improvements in performance. Without a proper design, the large amount of energy stored in the power system will lead to increased risks of explosion. The safety concerns are also increased due to the rapid discharge rate and the inner resistance which is too low. The low operating voltage has also limited the application of supercapacitors. These problems should not be overlooked. There have been cars developed in recent years using supercapacitors. The features of energy saving and fast discharge speed makes vehicles using supercapacitors adaptable to different types of markets and satisfying varying needs of consumers.

4. CONCLUSIONS

Inexpensive and reliable energy sources have been the pursuit of researchers for decades. The new type of supercapacitor introduced in this paper is a significant step forward in the field. The Cyclic voltammetry and galvanotactic charge and discharge plots have shown an almost ideal energy storing device. The property of temperature endurance under both high and low temperatures have further widened the range of application for the technology. Under the temperature of -20 degrees Celsius, the rate of efficiency retention is calculated to be 80%, which is better that most of the other supercapacitors in the current market. Based on the advantages of this design and other intrinsic features of supercapacitors, applications in the mobile devices, solar energy and automobile industry are promising. The use of supercapacitors will revolutionize the mobile phone industry, due to the significantly reduced charging time and the much longer “battery” life. In the solar panel field, the temperature endurance is further highlighted, using supercapacitors as regulators of current to increase the life of the entire system, directly protecting the environment. Similarly, in the automotive industry, the use of supercapacitors will not only increase the durability of batteries, but also the efficiency of energy use. Disadvantages of supercapacitors include the higher cost of production and lower power density, which is expected to be overcome in future research and development.

REFERENCES:

Béguin, F., &Frąckowiak, E. (2013). Supercapacitors: Materials, systems, and applications. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.

Eddahech, A., Briat, O., Ayadi, M., & Vinassa, J. (2014). Modeling and adaptive control for supercapacitor in automotive applications based on artificial neural networks. Electric Power Systems Research, 106, 134-141. doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2013.08.016

Monteiro, J., Garrido, N., & Fonseca, R. (2011). Efficient supercapacitor energy usage in mobile phones. Paper presented at the 318-321. doi: 10.1109/ICCE-Berlin.2011.6031796

Narayanan, R., Kumar, P. N., Deepa, M., & Srivastava, A. K. (2015). Combining energy conversion and storage: A solar powered supercapacitor. Electrochimica Acta, 178, 113-126. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.07.121

Vellacheri R., Al-Haddad, A., Zhao, H, Wang, W., Wang, C., Lei, Y. (2014). High performance supercapacitor for efficient energy storage under extreme environmental temperatures. Nano Energy (2014) 8, pp. 231–237

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Paper代写：The historical and cultural source of sprawl

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- The historical and cultural source of sprawl，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了城市扩张。如今，城市扩张成为了世界社会普遍存在的一种现象。城市扩张的发展是经济发展的结果，城市扩张的开始源于美国汽车工业的发展。随着美国经济的发展，越来越多的市民买得起汽车，并准备驱车前往郊区和农村地区，远离工作和生活的压力。城市扩张的发展也是市场干预的结果，企业扩张的选择是房地产市场的结果。

1. Introduction

Sprawl is quite a popular phenomenon in contemporary society all around the world. It describes the expansion of population, living style, and life experience from metropolis into other suburb and other areas. The essay is to discuss the issue of sprawl, including the historical and cultural reason for the development of sprawl. Firstly, an introduction of sprawl is presented, as well as the common type of sprawl. Secondly, the historical reasons for the development of sprawl are given, with reference to the famous examples of urban sprawl, as well as the cultural reason for the development of sprawl. Thirdly, a discussion on the positive and negative parts of sprawl is conducted. At last, conclusions are made according to both historical and cultural analysis of the reason for sprawl development, and future recommendations for sprawl development are given as well.

2. The introduction of sprawl

According to Nechyba and Walsh (177-200), sprawl describes a phenomenon of population expansion from downtown cities to surrounding suburban areas, along with the expansion of cultures and living habits. The definition of sprawl is also described as unplanned, unreasonable and uncoordinated growth of urban areas without the consideration of future concerns, for example the employment problem, education problems, economy problems and environment problems brought along with the unreasonable spread. According to Olden (201-217), it is not all the expansion of city that can be called sprawl, only those with unique characters that can be called sprawl. The characteristics of sprawl are low density, single-used, stripped, scattered and/ or discontinuous development with vacant land inside useful land.

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Single use development: Most urban sprawls have developed into a single us area, with the concentration in one function of life, for example, single resident areas and single residential area. The characteristics of sprawl’s single use are likely to cause a distance between people’s living, working and studying areas which can only get with the help of automobiles. One of the characteristic that differs sprawl from normal urban development.

Employment and spatial mismatch: The employment sprawl and spatial match are two other characteristics of urban sprawl. The expansion of city’s is likely to introduce an employment and job expansion with it. According to the sing-use character of sprawl, jobs are likely to concentrate in some areas outside the cities in the commercial-use sprawl that is called center of business district (CBD). It is common for established enterprises to start their new branches in urban sprawl instead of center of the city, because of the low price and potential to grow caused by low density of this area. Besides, the job and employment sprawl is likely to cause a spatial mismatch. Considering the fact that the sing use of urban sprawl is likely to cause transportation problems for people to get from their residential space to working space, and thus the car-dependent character is likely to cause a mismatch among people who used to live in suburban areas to find an entry-level job again, considering the fact of their un affordability to automobiles.

Low-density: The sprawl is often described as low density, with larger distance between buildings. It is hard to tell an accurate definition of low density, because of its reliance on culture difference. For example, the definition for low density in US means 2-4 houses per acre, while in UK, the definition for low density is 8-12 houses per acre. No matter what the accurate definition of low density is, an agreement has been reached that low-density is likely to happen when the growth rate of space is likely to be quicker than that of population.

3. The historical reason of sprawl

There are many historical reasons for the development of sprawl, including economic reasons, market reasons and policy reasons.

As for economic reason, the development of sprawl is a result of economic development. The beginning of sprawl came from the population of automobiles in the USA brought by the development of industrialization. Besides, with economic development of America, more and more citizens were affordable with cars, and were ready to drive to suburban and rural areas to get away from work and living pressures. With the popularity of the “rural and suburban holiday” model, some people began to work and even live in the suburban area, there came the prototype of sprawl.

As for market reasons, the development of sprawl was also a result of market interventions. Not only individuals began to immigrate from cities to suburban and rural areas, but also established enterprises began to notice the benefits from urban sprawl. The most obvious reason for established enterprises to adopt the strategy of sprawl was the competitively low land price to build new business buildings and branches. Besides, there was a large potential for enterprises to expand because of the low-density in urban sprawl areas. Thus, the choice of enterprises’ moving sprawl was a result of property market.

As for policy reasons, parts of sprawl development can be attributed to the encouragement from government policy. There were three policy reasons for the development of sprawl. Firstly, the investment in expressway infrastructures by the government has made it possible for both individual and enterprises to live and travel to sprawl. With the increasing diversity and convenience of expressway networks, it became much easier for the development sprawl. Secondly, the encouragement policy carried out by government has provided many preferential policies for citizens to purchase sprawl properties, encouraging citizens to expand their living tracks to suburban and rural areas. Last but not least, the high rent and according heavy burden of tax had made it an easy way to survive for both individuals and enterprises.

4. The cultural reason of sprawl

The development of sprawl was not likely to be so quick without the basis of cultural inducement. In America, it is a general “American Dream” to have an independent garden house and a piece of land. According to Johnson (717-735)，the pursuit for ample land source and the keeping of private property were always in the heart of American culture, which was hard to obtain living in crowded cities and was easy to get with a living in sprawl areas. Besides, the need for the pursuit of better living conditions, including good air quality, lovely scenery and cozy life style, have also boosted the development of sprawl. Along with the increasing of purchasing power, it was also affordable for people to pursuit the dream life in the process of urban sprawl.

5. A controversial discussion on the topics of sprawl

Every sword has two sides, so as the development of sprawl. There are both positive and negative sides brought by the development of sprawl.

As for positive side, the development of sprawl has promoted economic development in suburban and rural areas, as well as alleviating both living and working pressure in urban areas. Moreover, the development of sprawl has made it possible for citizens to conduct a life with independent house and vast land space.

As for the disadvantages, many problems have been caused in the process of sprawl. Firstly, the environment is likely to be compromised because of the unplanned development of sprawl. Secondly, the utilization level in city is likely to decrease because of the development of sprawl, causing a source and financial waste. Thirdly, the development of sprawl is likely to cause the aggravation of social classes differentiation problems. At last, the development of sprawl is likely to accelerate the declining of cities.

6. Conclusion

In conclusion, the development of sprawl could be attributed to many reasons, including historical reasons and cultural reasons. Although urban sprawl had brought many benefits for the development of suburban and rural areas, it also caused some terrible problems in the process of sprawl as well. In order to better use of its advantages and avoids its disadvantages, measurements should be applied.

7. Reference

Nechyba, Thomas, and Walsh, Randall.“Urban Sprawl.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 18(2004): 177-200.

Olden, Kenneth.“Urban Sprawl and Public Health: Designing, Planning, and Building for Healthy Communities. ” Environmental Health Perspectives 113(2004): 201-217.

Johnson, Michael. “Environmental Impacts of Urban Sprawl: A Survey of the Literature and Proposed Research Agenda.” Environment and Planning A 33(2001): 717-735.

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Essay代写：Climate Change on Nepal

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Climate Change on Nepal，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了尼泊尔的气候变化。气候变化被认为是现代社会中对人类影响最大的环境问题，所以引起了越来越多的关注。目前，一些国家和地区已经严重受到气候变化的影响，尤其是尼泊尔。受全球变暖的影响，尼泊尔境内的喜马拉雅山脉冰川融化速度加快，导致该国频繁发生自然灾害和气候异常。由于冰川融化，尼泊尔的一些冰川湖泊存在着危险，威胁着尼泊尔人的生命和财产安全。

The climate change has been viewed as the most influential environmental problem for the human kind in modern society, attracting more and more attention from the public. A number of countries and regions have already been influenced by climate change especially Nepal. This paper is going to present how Nepal has been affected by global warming, with some proposed suggestions accordingly.

Global warming has led to serious climate changes. Firstly, it can cause the rising sea levels, the redistribution of precipitation and the abnormality of climate pattern. Secondly, the global warming can have serious natural consequences by destroy the food chain. Many wild animals such as birds have to change their original natural behavior to adapt to the new climate, which may have following nature consequences (Root& Al, 2003). Finally, there is an increase of environmental extreme events and natural disasterslike drought and flood. All these have also occurred to Nepal unfortunately. Nepal is a landlocked country in South Asia, located in the south of Himalayas. However, influenced by global warming, there is an accelerating glacier melting rate of the Himalayas, which even leads to frequent natural disasters and climate abnormality in the country. Due to melt glaciers, a number of glacier lakes in Nepal and they have the danger of dam all the time, threatening the life safety and property safety for the Nepalese.

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As global warming is a worldwide concern, the following are some practical suggestions. First and foremost, it needs to cooperation among different countries. If many countries have the consensus in making efforts to fight against global warming, the plans can be effective. Secondly, based on worldwide cooperation, government should make some regulations and laws to reduce the carbon dioxide release and restrict the use of fuel gas. Then, some non-governmental environmental protection organizations can take play an important part in decreasing the global warming effects. More importantly, the public need to be aware of the global warming threats and be engaged in protecting environment. As long as people work together, countries like Nepal will be protected from global warming threats.

Picture:

The Nepal glaciers have been influenced by climate change.

Video:

http://content.time.com/time/video/player/0,32068,32006696001_1919999,00.html

It shows the glacier influences vividly in the form of documentary.

Reference

Root, T. L., & Al, E. (2003). Fingerprints of global warming on wild animals and plants. Nature, 421(6918), 57-60.

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