本篇paper代写- British economic aggression against Tibet讨论了英国对西藏的经济侵略。英国殖民主义者一直寻求与西藏建立通商关系，他们多次努力均遭到清政府和西藏人民的强烈抵制而失败。后来英国侵略者用武力迫使西藏打开通商的大门。自从亚东商务机构成立后，英国商品源源不断流入西藏，倾销各种廉价商品，其中主要是工业制成品。帝国主义还对西藏进行了原料掠夺。另外，西藏的邮电交通也是长期被英帝国主义所控制，是英国侵略西藏的产物之一。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。
The British invasion of Tibet under the guise of "commerce" adopted a variety of means, in addition to political control, economic aggression is also an important way of British aggression in Tibet. As early as in the pogels' time, the east India company explored and collected business information and the possibility of trading in Tibet comprehensively. Finally, after two wars of invading Tibet, Britain successfully opened three major commercial ports in Tibet, so that the British imperialists could carry out economic plunder in Tibet. The following is a detailed discussion of the British economic aggression in Tibet and the final impact.
The British colonialists had been seeking to establish trade relations with Tibet, and their efforts were repeatedly rejected by the qing government and the Tibetan people. It was not until the British invaders used force that Tibet was forced to open its doors to trade. Since the establishment of the yadong business organization, British goods have poured into Tibet, dumping all kinds of cheap goods, mainly manufactured goods. The British imported goods into Tibet through the British and Indian government at that time under the rule of trade between India and Tibet is in fact the British and Tibetan trade. The hidden trade is growing rapidly make British industrial goods market is Tibet, Tibet after the xinhai revolution Britain and India dumping goods basically is still manufactured products, 1924-1925, India by dongya cotton textiles trade routes to Tibet worth 855979 rupees, worth 282550 rupees wool textiles, silk fabrics worth 300122 rupees, only three kinds of light industrial products for the Indian classics dongya Tibet for goods shipped 41% of the total 2793681 rupees.
Plundering colonial raw materials is an established policy of imperialist economic aggression, and Tibet is no exception. As early as the wave period, the British had coveted gold and borax on Tibet, but due to Tibetan areas in the qing dynasty mining development lag behind, so the British aggressors attempt to rob the desire of the Tibet regional gold mineral resources such as the right to seek other raw material, after business institutions established by the British embassy in Tibet, the British businessman market through gyantse, rocks, etc into Tibet, plundered the Tibet all kinds of raw materials. Tibet's wool, yak tail, sand gold, musk and medicinal materials were shipped to Britain at low prices, and Tibet gradually became the source of raw materials supply.
In 1909, British and Indian merchants wrote a letter to the British and Indian government, asking the British and Indian government to pressure the Chinese government to cancel the monopoly system of the local government of Tibet on wool, yak tail, animal hide and other local products, so that British and Indian businessmen could buy these local products directly from the serfs and people of Tibet at a lower price, so as to make more profits. British looting Tibet raw materials mainly through two channels: one is the public of the fraud, the other is through the inequitable exchange, purchase raw material, the Tibet at a low price and high price to sell in Tibet Britain's light industrial products and semi-finished products, export of leather from Tibet cost 11 times less than in the UK, in 1926 the British embassy in gyantse Williamson business members in the annual report to the British government report, Tibetan wool trade largely in the hands of businessmen in Tibet and Nepal, but quite a lot of profit to fort bkav-blon business and usury class in India. In fact, the business class that controlled the wool trade in Tibet was inextricably linked to the officials of the British business establishment in Tibet.
Tibet's post and telecommunications traffic is controlled by British imperialism for a long time, in 1904 the British invaders in the Lhasa treaty many privileges, as prescribed in paragraph 5: "Tibet answer, all from the Indian border to gyantse, great kagyu g channel may slightly hinder, and shall, from time to time to repair, to deputy trade, and ya-dong yu, gyantse, taking big g and subsequent commercial port factions hide part of living, the UK has to send to the UK business to each letter for Ji send documents on or in the China Tibetan officer officer urge the commercial port of the Tibetan living with the member accept transfer, FuWen letter may also instruct the member to send." In this way, British commercial organizations in Tibet have radio stations and post offices in yadong, gyantse and other places, but the Tibetan government is unable to exercise jurisdiction and supervision over these strongholds. Gyantse is equipped with cable lines to yadong and karenburg, and can connect India to Lhasa. From the Indian border, it can be connected to ghadak in the ali region of Tibet.
The post office is a purely British business, and it is neither approved by the Tibetan government nor supervised by the Tibetan government. Although most of the clerks are Tibetan, and all the power is in the hands of the non-tibetan people, the stamps are in English style, which is far away from the Japanese post office in southern manchuria. This is a true reflection of Britain's total control over the posts, telecommunications and communications in Tibet, ignoring the jurisdiction of the Tibetan local government, and the fact that the British buildings in gyantse and other places do not have to pay rent and are automatically allocated as needed. It can be seen that the British imperialist control of the post and telecommunications traffic in Tibet is one of the products of the British invasion of Tibet.
Britain's economic aggression against Tibet has greatly damaged China's sovereignty in Tibet. By virtue of various treaties, Britain has continuously seized various economic privileges in Tibet, and Tibet has almost become the exclusive market for industrial products and the origin of raw materials for Britain. This has seriously jeopardized the economic interests of the Tibetan people, with the following major impacts:
Before the influx of British and Indian goods into Tibet, Tibet maintained close trade ties with the Chinese mainland, including the famous tea-horse ancient road and the tangfan ancient road. Almost all of the daily necessities Tibet needs come from inland provinces. Tibetan people are indispensable tea is also provided by the mainland, and tibetans also send wool, livestock wool, dairy products, medicine, gold and other goods to the mainland. By the time of the 1911 revolution, the vast majority of the Chinese mainland's products had been priced out of the Tibetan market, and by 1913 trade between China and Tibet was twice as high as that between China and Tibet, according to information gathered by British officials. Before long, a large number of British and Indian industrial products were dumped in Tibet, and at the same time, wool and other native products from Tibet were raided. According to British official statistics from 1916 to 1947, in the major consumption areas of Tibet and the production areas in the eastern and central regions of Tibet, the total amount of wool that could be exchanged for non-local commodities each year was about 80,000 monts. By 1909 or so, 40, 000 of these 80, 000 had been exported from the provinces of mainland China to India. In addition, a large part of Tibetan tea market was gradually replaced by Indian tea. Before the liberation of Tibet, the entire Tibetan tea market was basically covered by Indian tea. Other general merchandise, such as metal products, dyestuffs, sweets, cigarettes, wine and matches, were monopolized by British and Indian products after the revolution of 1911.
Before the British invasion of Tibet, the local government of Tibet imposed a 10% trade tax on goods entering Tibet, which was one of the important financial sources for the local government of Tibet. At the same time, the trade between Tibet and inland provinces was an important source of economic income for Tibetan temples and the upper class. Since Britain and the qing government forced the signing of four unequal treaties on Tibet, British and Indian merchants have been granted free access to yadong, gyantse, ghadak and other places for trade and duty-free economic privileges. The local government of Tibet and the monasteries and nobles formerly engaged in sino-tibetan trade suffered serious damage. In particular, before the second British invasion of Tibet and the xinhai revolution, the local government of Tibet almost completely lost the trade taxes related to the indo-tibetan trade, and the lost trade taxes in yadong commercial road alone were equivalent to about 20% of the annual fiscal cash expenditure of the local government of Tibet. The Tibetan local government lost at least 1,000,000 rupees a year due to the economic plunder of the UK in the three fiscal revenues of import trade tax, export tax and interest on tea selling loans. In addition, Britain's economic aggression has lowered the living standards of the Tibetan people. Britain's continuous seizing of economic privileges in Tibet has caused a large loss of fiscal revenue in Tibet and forced the majority of Tibetan monks and nuns to pay more taxes.
In the past, many experts denied all the raw materials the British imported from Tibet, regarding them as profit outflow or even strong rejection. In fact, Tibet's export trade to Britain is also partly beneficial to the Tibetan national economy to some extent. It is impossible for any country or region to completely cut off economic relations with the outside world. In a sense, on the one hand, the British invaders brought disaster and hardship to the laboring people in Tibet; on the other hand, some of the British aggression in Tibet objectively promoted the economic development of parts of Tibet. After the three commercial ports of yadong, gyantse and ghadak in Tibet were opened, the British rented land and built houses there, which objectively promoted the expansion of the scale of these towns and the development of commodity economy in the nearby areas. Of course, the British economic aggression against Tibet did far more harm than the development of commodity economy in some parts of Tibet.
As Britain imported a large number of high-tech industrial products into Tibet, the backward handicraft products in Tibet suffered a huge impact. The British trade quickly occupied the Tibetan market, and its competitiveness became increasingly obvious. Tibet Tibet wool manufacturing has been the important sectors of Tibetan handicrafts, in countries such as Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim. However the blanket of a large number of input is overshadowed the Tibet Tibet wool textile handicraft industry, the scale of production gradually narrowed. Since the founding of yadong in Tibet, a third of the population in the region has abandoned agricultural production to work in transportation, hotels and warehouses. Some scholars believe that the appearance of this kind of situation makes the farmland of Tibet barren, and many herdsmen and livestock are drawn out and transported, which hinders the scale of agricultural and animal husbandry production in Tibet and the improvement of agricultural and animal husbandry production technology. In fact, the Tibetan people in east Asia are more profitable in transportation and other industries than in agriculture, which is conducive to improving their lives. The British invasion of the commercial economy in east Asia increased the number of employed people, which to some extent also promoted the long-established social and economic structure changes in some parts of Tibet. In general, Tibetan agriculture and handicraft industry suffered a heavy blow when British dumped products into Tibet, and British industrial products imported into Tibet hindered the social and economic development of Tibet.
After gaining various economic privileges, the British imperialists dumped cheap British goods and plundered Tibet's wool raw materials and other resources at a low price. Tibet's national economy suffered a heavy blow, and agriculture, animal husbandry and handicraft industries were devastated. Although it has objectively promoted the economy of some areas near commercial institutions and promoted the backward economic and industrial structure of Tibet, it has greatly damaged the financial revenue and economic interests of the Tibetan government, aggravated the tax payment of the majority of monks and laymen, and made their living standards increasingly impoverished.
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The British invasion of Tibet under the guise of "commerce" adopted a variety of means, in addition to political control, economic aggression is also an important way of British aggression in Tibet. As early as in the pogels' time, the east India company explored and collected business information and the possibility of trading in Tibet comprehensively. Finally, after two wars of invading Tibet, Britain successfully opened three major commercial ports in Tibet, so that the British imperialists could carry out economic plunder in Tibet. The following is a detailed discussion of the British economic aggression in Tibet and the final impact.
The British colonialists had been seeking to establish trade relations with Tibet, and their efforts were repeatedly rejected by the qing government and the Tibetan people. It was not until the British invaders used force that Tibet was forced to open its doors to trade. Since the establishment of the yadong business organization, British goods have poured into Tibet, dumping all kinds of cheap goods, mainly manufactured goods. The British imported goods into Tibet through the British and Indian government at that time under the rule of trade between India and Tibet is in fact the British and Tibetan trade. The hidden trade is growing rapidly make British industrial goods market is Tibet, Tibet after the xinhai revolution Britain and India dumping goods basically is still manufactured products, 1924-1925, India by dongya cotton textiles trade routes to Tibet worth 855979 rupees, worth 282550 rupees wool textiles, silk fabrics worth 300122 rupees, only three kinds of light industrial products for the Indian classics dongya Tibet for goods shipped 41% of the total 2793681 rupees.
Plundering colonial raw materials is an established policy of imperialist economic aggression, and Tibet is no exception. As early as the wave period, the British had coveted gold and borax on Tibet, but due to Tibetan areas in the qing dynasty mining development lag behind, so the British aggressors attempt to rob the desire of the Tibet regional gold mineral resources such as the right to seek other raw material, after business institutions established by the British embassy in Tibet, the British businessman market through gyantse, rocks, etc into Tibet, plundered the Tibet all kinds of raw materials. Tibet's wool, yak tail, sand gold, musk and medicinal materials were shipped to Britain at low prices, and Tibet gradually became the source of raw materials supply.
In 1909, British and Indian merchants wrote a letter to the British and Indian government, asking the British and Indian government to pressure the Chinese government to cancel the monopoly system of the local government of Tibet on wool, yak tail, animal hide and other local products, so that British and Indian businessmen could buy these local products directly from the serfs and people of Tibet at a lower price, so as to make more profits. British looting Tibet raw materials mainly through two channels: one is the public of the fraud, the other is through the inequitable exchange, purchase raw material, the Tibet at a low price and high price to sell in Tibet Britain's light industrial products and semi-finished products, export of leather from Tibet cost 11 times less than in the UK, in 1926 the British embassy in gyantse Williamson business members in the annual report to the British government report, Tibetan wool trade largely in the hands of businessmen in Tibet and Nepal, but quite a lot of profit to fort bkav-blon business and usury class in India. In fact, the business class that controlled the wool trade in Tibet was inextricably linked to the officials of the British business establishment in Tibet.
Tibet's post and telecommunications traffic is controlled by British imperialism for a long time, in 1904 the British invaders in the Lhasa treaty many privileges, as prescribed in paragraph 5: "Tibet answer, all from the Indian border to gyantse, great kagyu g channel may slightly hinder, and shall, from time to time to repair, to deputy trade, and ya-dong yu, gyantse, taking big g and subsequent commercial port factions hide part of living, the UK has to send to the UK business to each letter for Ji send documents on or in the China Tibetan officer officer urge the commercial port of the Tibetan living with the member accept transfer, FuWen letter may also instruct the member to send." In this way, British commercial organizations in Tibet have radio stations and post offices in yadong, gyantse and other places, but the Tibetan government is unable to exercise jurisdiction and supervision over these strongholds. Gyantse is equipped with cable lines to yadong and karenburg, and can connect India to Lhasa. From the Indian border, it can be connected to ghadak in the ali region of Tibet.
The post office is a purely British business, and it is neither approved by the Tibetan government nor supervised by the Tibetan government. Although most of the clerks are Tibetan, and all the power is in the hands of the non-tibetan people, the stamps are in English style, which is far away from the Japanese post office in southern manchuria. This is a true reflection of Britain's total control over the posts, telecommunications and communications in Tibet, ignoring the jurisdiction of the Tibetan local government, and the fact that the British buildings in gyantse and other places do not have to pay rent and are automatically allocated as needed. It can be seen that the British imperialist control of the post and telecommunications traffic in Tibet is one of the products of the British invasion of Tibet.
Britain's economic aggression against Tibet has greatly damaged China's sovereignty in Tibet. By virtue of various treaties, Britain has continuously seized various economic privileges in Tibet, and Tibet has almost become the exclusive market for industrial products and the origin of raw materials for Britain. This has seriously jeopardized the economic interests of the Tibetan people, with the following major impacts:
Before the influx of British and Indian goods into Tibet, Tibet maintained close trade ties with the Chinese mainland, including the famous tea-horse ancient road and the tangfan ancient road. Almost all of the daily necessities Tibet needs come from inland provinces. Tibetan people are indispensable tea is also provided by the mainland, and tibetans also send wool, livestock wool, dairy products, medicine, gold and other goods to the mainland. By the time of the 1911 revolution, the vast majority of the Chinese mainland's products had been priced out of the Tibetan market, and by 1913 trade between China and Tibet was twice as high as that between China and Tibet, according to information gathered by British officials. Before long, a large number of British and Indian industrial products were dumped in Tibet, and at the same time, wool and other native products from Tibet were raided. According to British official statistics from 1916 to 1947, in the major consumption areas of Tibet and the production areas in the eastern and central regions of Tibet, the total amount of wool that could be exchanged for non-local commodities each year was about 80,000 monts. By 1909 or so, 40, 000 of these 80, 000 had been exported from the provinces of mainland China to India. In addition, a large part of Tibetan tea market was gradually replaced by Indian tea. Before the liberation of Tibet, the entire Tibetan tea market was basically covered by Indian tea. Other general merchandise, such as metal products, dyestuffs, sweets, cigarettes, wine and matches, were monopolized by British and Indian products after the revolution of 1911.
Before the British invasion of Tibet, the local government of Tibet imposed a 10% trade tax on goods entering Tibet, which was one of the important financial sources for the local government of Tibet. At the same time, the trade between Tibet and inland provinces was an important source of economic income for Tibetan temples and the upper class. Since Britain and the qing government forced the signing of four unequal treaties on Tibet, British and Indian merchants have been granted free access to yadong, gyantse, ghadak and other places for trade and duty-free economic privileges. The local government of Tibet and the monasteries and nobles formerly engaged in sino-tibetan trade suffered serious damage. In particular, before the second British invasion of Tibet and the xinhai revolution, the local government of Tibet almost completely lost the trade taxes related to the indo-tibetan trade, and the lost trade taxes in yadong commercial road alone were equivalent to about 20% of the annual fiscal cash expenditure of the local government of Tibet. The Tibetan local government lost at least 1,000,000 rupees a year due to the economic plunder of the UK in the three fiscal revenues of import trade tax, export tax and interest on tea selling loans. In addition, Britain's economic aggression has lowered the living standards of the Tibetan people. Britain's continuous seizing of economic privileges in Tibet has caused a large loss of fiscal revenue in Tibet and forced the majority of Tibetan monks and nuns to pay more taxes.
In the past, many experts denied all the raw materials the British imported from Tibet, regarding them as profit outflow or even strong rejection. In fact, Tibet's export trade to Britain is also partly beneficial to the Tibetan national economy to some extent. It is impossible for any country or region to completely cut off economic relations with the outside world. In a sense, on the one hand, the British invaders brought disaster and hardship to the laboring people in Tibet; on the other hand, some of the British aggression in Tibet objectively promoted the economic development of parts of Tibet. After the three commercial ports of yadong, gyantse and ghadak in Tibet were opened, the British rented land and built houses there, which objectively promoted the expansion of the scale of these towns and the development of commodity economy in the nearby areas. Of course, the British economic aggression against Tibet did far more harm than the development of commodity economy in some parts of Tibet.
As Britain imported a large number of high-tech industrial products into Tibet, the backward handicraft products in Tibet suffered a huge impact. The British trade quickly occupied the Tibetan market, and its competitiveness became increasingly obvious. Tibet Tibet wool manufacturing has been the important sectors of Tibetan handicrafts, in countries such as Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim. However the blanket of a large number of input is overshadowed the Tibet Tibet wool textile handicraft industry, the scale of production gradually narrowed. Since the founding of yadong in Tibet, a third of the population in the region has abandoned agricultural production to work in transportation, hotels and warehouses. Some scholars believe that the appearance of this kind of situation makes the farmland of Tibet barren, and many herdsmen and livestock are drawn out and transported, which hinders the scale of agricultural and animal husbandry production in Tibet and the improvement of agricultural and animal husbandry production technology. In fact, the Tibetan people in east Asia are more profitable in transportation and other industries than in agriculture, which is conducive to improving their lives. The British invasion of the commercial economy in east Asia increased the number of employed people, which to some extent also promoted the long-established social and economic structure changes in some parts of Tibet. In general, Tibetan agriculture and handicraft industry suffered a heavy blow when British dumped products into Tibet, and British industrial products imported into Tibet hindered the social and economic development of Tibet.
After gaining various economic privileges, the British imperialists dumped cheap British goods and plundered Tibet's wool raw materials and other resources at a low price. Tibet's national economy suffered a heavy blow, and agriculture, animal husbandry and handicraft industries were devastated. Although it has objectively promoted the economy of some areas near commercial institutions and promoted the backward economic and industrial structure of Tibet, it has greatly damaged the financial revenue and economic interests of the Tibetan government, aggravated the tax payment of the majority of monks and laymen, and made their living standards increasingly impoverished.
要想成绩好，英国论文得写好，51due代写平台为你提供英国留学资讯，专业辅导，还为你提供专业英国essay代写，paper代写，report代写，需要找论文代写的话快来联系我们51due工作客服QQ：800020041或者Wechat：Abby0900吧。
