ナイジェリア：軍による襲撃で大規模な破壊と死者多数
人工衛星映像と目撃証言が隠ぺい工作への懸念を生じさせている
(Johannesburg, May 1, 2013) – Satellite images reveal massive destruction of civilian property from a military raid on April 16 and 17, 2013, in the northern Nigerian town of Baga, undermining the military’s claim that only 30 houses were destroyed, Human Rights Watch said today. The Nigerian government should thoroughly and impartially investigate allegations that soldiers carried out widespread destruction and killing in the town.
（ヨハネスブルク、2013年5月1日）－2013年4月16日と17日にナイジェリア北部の町を軍が襲撃、一般市民の財産を大量破壊した事実を、人工衛星映像が暴露し、民家30軒が破壊されただけという軍の主張を覆した、と本日ヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチは述べた。兵士が町中で大規模な破壊と大量殺人を行ったという疑惑を、ナイジェリア政府は徹底的かつ公平に捜査しなければならない。
Baga residents told Human Rights Watch that soldiers ransacked the town after the Boko Haram militant Islamist group attacked a military patrol, killing a soldier. Community leaders said that immediately after the attack they counted 2,000 burned homes and 183 bodies. Satellite images of the town analyzed by Human Rights Watch corroborate these accounts and identify 2,275 destroyed buildings, the vast majority likely residences, with another 125 severely damaged
イスラム教主義過激派ボコハラムが軍のパトロール隊を攻撃、兵士1人を殺害した後、町を兵士が荒らし回ったとバガ住民は話していた。コミュニティー指導者たちによれば、襲撃直後に焼かれた家は2,000、殺害された者の遺体は183に昇ったそうだ。ヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチが分析した人工衛星映像は、証言を裏付けるもので、大多数が住居と思われる2,275の破壊された建物と、125の大きく損傷した建物を確認した。
“The Nigerian military has a duty to protect itself and the population from Boko Haram attacks, but the evidence indicates that it engaged more in destruction than in protection,” said Daniel Bekele, Africa director at Human Rights Watch. “The glaring discrepancies between the facts on the ground and statements by senior military officials raise concerns that they tried to cover up military abuses.”
「ナイジェリア軍は自らと国民をボコハラムのテロ攻撃から守る義務がありますが、守るのではなく破壊したのを示唆する証拠があります。」とヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチのアフリカ局長ダニエル・ベケレは指摘した。「現場での事実と軍当局者幹部による声明の間にある大きな食い違いは、軍による人権侵害への隠ぺい工作があるという懸念を生じさせています。」
Since the attack, the military has restricted journalists’ access to Baga, a remote fishing community on the shores of Lake Chad, 200 kilometers northeast of the city of Maiduguri. Boko Haram has destroyed mobile telephone towers in the area, claiming that security services used mobile phones to track down its members, making communication particularly difficult for survivors of the attack.
襲撃以降軍は、マイドゥグリ市の北東部200kmに位置するチャド湖沿岸の辺境の町バガに、ジャーナリストの立入を制限。更に治安機関がボコハラム構成員追跡に携帯電話を使っていた、と主張するボコハラムが携帯電話中継塔を破壊したため、襲撃の生存者と連絡を取るのは著しく困難になっている。
Human Rights Watch interviewed seven residents of Baga who fled the town on the night of the devastation. Many survivors spent several nights hiding in the bush and expressed fear in describing what they saw, fearing military retaliation.
徹底的な破壊があった夜に街を逃げ出したバガ住民7人に、ヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチは聞き取り調査を行った。森の中に隠れて幾晩かを過ごした生存者は、軍による報復を恐れながら、彼らが見た恐怖を詳述した。
Military officials publicly said that on the evening of April 16, Boko Haram attacked a military patrol in Baga, killing a soldier and wounding five others. Military reinforcements responded by engaging Boko Haram militants, whom the military said were armed with assault rifles, rocket-propelled grenades, and improvised explosive devices. There were running gun battles through the town, the military said.
「4月16日夜にバガで、ボコハラム過激派が軍のパトロール隊を攻撃し、兵士1人が死亡、5人が負傷した。その後派遣された支援部隊が、突撃銃、携行式ロケット砲、即席爆発装置で武装したボコハラム過激派と衝突し、町全域で銃撃戦が展開された。」と軍当局者は公式声明で述べた。
In a statement released the week following the attack, Brig. Gen. Austin Edokpaye, the commander of the troops in Baga, asserted that “[c]ontrary to media speculation that hundreds of houses were burnt down, instead, it was the explosions from Boko Haram terrorists’” weapons that “triggered fire to about 30 thatched houses.”
襲撃後1週間して出された声明で、バガ駐留部隊司令官のオースチン・エドクペイエ准将は、「民家数百軒が焼き落とされたという主張がメディアで流れているが、テロリストのボコハラムが使った兵器の爆発が、藁葺屋根の民家約30軒に火災を引き起こしたのが真実だ。」と断言した。
Residents recalled hearing some explosions as well as gunfire on the night of the attack. Many fled the town. One resident, a 42-year-old-fisherman, told Human Rights Watch that while he was fleeing he saw two men in civilian clothes, whom he assumed were Boko Haram members because they were not in uniform, running while firing assault rifles. Residents said that, as they were fleeing the heavy gunfire, they saw bodies in the streets and in front of houses.
住民の回想によれば、襲撃があった夜、幾つかの爆発音と銃声を聞いたそうである。ある住民（42歳・漁民）はヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチに、逃げる途中、私服の男2人（ボコハラムは制服を着ないので、彼はその2人をボコハラムだと考えている）が突撃銃を撃ちながら走っているのを見たと話していた。住民によれば、激しい銃撃戦から逃げている際に、通りや民家の前で複数の遺体を見たそうだ。
Some residents said that they saw soldiers in uniform kill residents and burn houses. A 27-year-old woman, who stayed in her house after the gunfire erupted, described to Human Rights Watch how soldiers went door-to-door looking for any men that remained in her neighborhood.
複数の住民が、制服を着た兵士が住民を殺害し家を焼いているのを見たそうだ。銃撃戦が始まった後自宅に留まっていたある女性（27歳）はヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチに、近所に男性が残っていないか、兵士が1軒1軒探し歩いていた様子を、以下のように話していた。
“I saw the soldiers drag a man out of another house. They started beating him with their guns. They were beating him severely and he was crying,” she said. “The man then ran, and I saw the soldiers shoot him. I heard the gunshots and saw him fall. On the other side of the road the soldiers were beating other people.”
「兵隊たちが他の家から1人の男の人を引きずり出したのを見たわ。銃でその人を殴り始め、滅茶苦茶殴って、男の人は泣いてた。でその後その人は逃げ出して、兵隊が撃つのを見たの。銃の音が聞こえて、男の人が倒れるのを見た。道の反対側でも、兵隊が他の人を殴ってたわ。」
Another resident, a 32-year-old fisherman, believes soldiers killed his uncle, whose bad leg kept him from fleeing the town. He discovered his uncle’s badly beaten body after the attack.
もう1人の住民（32歳・漁民）は、足が悪くて町から逃げられなかった叔父を、兵士が殺害したと考えている。襲撃の後、激しい暴行の痕がある叔父の遺体を発見した彼は、以下のように話していた。
“We had heard the soldiers say before [the attack] that since you people are not cooperating with us and are hiding your brothers, we will treat you as one of them,” the fisherman told Human Rights Watch. “I heard the soldiers say this. Everyone heard them say this. They were saying this in the open.”
「襲撃の]前に兵隊が、お前らは我々に協力しないで、仲間を匿っているので、お前らをヤツラの1人として扱うって言ったのを、俺たちは聞いた。俺も兵隊がそう言っているのを聞いたし、聞いた連中はみんなそう言ってる。ヤツラは大っぴらにそう言ってたんだよ。」
The area where the attacks took place, Borno State, is Boko Haram’s stronghold. Military officials have accused Borno State residents of harboring Boko Haram members. Boko Haram has killed numerous Borno State residents, including community leaders whom it accuses of helping authorities identify group members, which has created a climate of fear in the area.
襲撃が起きたボルノ州は、ボコハラムの拠点だ。軍当局者はボルノ州住民を、ボコハラム構成員を匿っていると非難してきた。しかしボコハラムはこれまでに、同グループ構成員の特定を手伝ったとして非難したコミュニティー指導者を含む、極めて多数のボルノ州住民を殺害、同地域を恐怖のどん底に叩きこんで来ている。
There are conflicting accounts as to how many people were killed in the attack. A community leader who participated in the burial of victims told Human Rights Watch that 183 people were buried on April 18 in individual graves within two cemeteries. Other victims were also later buried, he said. The military called these figures “terribly inflated,” and in an April 22 statement, Edokpaye claimed that only 37 people were killed – 30 of them Boko Haram members. He said that only one soldier and six civilians died.
今回の襲撃事件で、何人殺害されたのかについては相反する説明がある。犠牲者の埋葬に参加した、あるコミュニティー指導者はヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチに、4月18日に2つの墓地の個人的な墓に183人が埋葬され、その後他の犠牲者も複数埋葬されたと話していた。軍はその数字を「著しく誇張されている」と述べ、4月22付けの声明で、エドクペイエ准将は殺害されたのは37人で、その内訳はボコハラム構成員30人、一般市民6人、兵士1人だったと述べた。
Senator Maina Lawan, the federal senator representing Baga, told Human Rights Watch, based on a two-day site visit on April 25 and 26, that some 220 people had been buried in three cemeteries, while six eight others had been buried in separate locations. The government’s National Emergency Management Agency said they visited two graveyards in Baga but could only identify 32 fresh graves.
バガ選出の連邦上院議員マイナ・ローアンは、4月25と26日に2日間の現地視察をした上でヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチに、墓地3箇所に約220人が埋葬され、他6人が他の場所に埋葬されたと述べた。政府の国家緊急事態処理局は、バガの墓地2箇所を視察したが、新たな墓は32しか特定できなかったと述べている。
None of the residents interviewed by Human Rights Watch saw how the fires were started on the night of April 16, but they all described seeing parts of the town alight. Two residents who returned to the town the following morning, April 17, said they saw soldiers in military vehicles setting fire to houses.
ヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチの聞き取り調査に応じた住民は誰1人として、4月16日の夜に、どの様にして複数の火災が始まったのかを目撃していないが、全員が町の一部が燃えていた見た様子を詳述している。翌日4月17日の朝に街に戻った2人の住民は、軍用車両に乗った兵士が民家に放火しているのを目撃、その1人（農民）は以下のように話した。
“I saw a group of soldiers throw explosive devices into houses,” one of the residents, a farmer, recalled. “They would throw [the explosive] and then fire would come out of it. I saw them do this to about 10 houses.”
「兵隊の集団が家に爆弾を投げ込んでいたのを見たよ。ヤツラが[爆発物を]投げて、その後に火が家から燃え上がった。10軒位の家にそうしたのを見た。」
Satellite images analyzed by Human Rights Watch indicate that damaged structures were likely caused by intense and widespread fires. Additional satellite data detected the presence of active fires in the southern part of the town on the night of April 16 and during the day of April 17, consistent with witness accounts and the location of identified building damages.
ヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチが分析した人工衛星映像は、損傷を受けた建造物は激しい大規模な火災によってもたらされた可能性が高いことを示唆している。4月16日夜と4月17日昼に同町南部で延焼中の火災が映っている人工衛星映像の追加データは、目撃者の証言や損傷を受けた特定建物の位置と一致している。
Because of the number of buildings destroyed by fire as well as their distribution across large sections of the town, Human Rights Watch believes that such fires were intentionally set and not inadvertently sparked by the detonation of rocket-propelled grenades or improvised explosive devices. Such weapons could not ignite fires on such a wide scale, nor could they set fire to non-attached structures. Small arms and light weapons do not contain the amount of explosive or incendiary material to produce such a scale of damage, Human Rights Watch said.
全焼した建物の数と共にそれが町の広範な部分に点在しているのを理由に、ヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチはそれらの火災が、携帯式ロケット砲や即席爆発装置の爆発により偶発的に起きたのではなく、意図的に起こされたと考えている。それらの兵器は、今回のような広い範囲で火災を発生させることは出来ず、棟続きでない建造物に火災を発生させることもない。小軽火器もやはり、今回のような規模の損傷を引き起こす、爆発性或は焼夷性の物質を撃ち出すことはない。
“The destruction and killings by soldiers in Baga are serious human rights violations,” Bekele said. “The government needs to investigate and prosecute the perpetrators, regardless of rank.”
「兵士によるバガでの破壊と殺人は、重大な人権侵害です。」と前出のベケレは指摘した。「政府はその階級に拘わらず犯人を捜査・起訴しなければなりません。」
As reports of the Baga attack filtered out, President Goodluck Jonathan ordered a “full-scale investigation into reports of high civilian casualties.” The Defence Headquarters in Abuja sent a military team to investigate the incident.
バガ襲撃事件の報道が漏れ伝わる中、グッドラック・ジョナサン大統領は、「一般市民に犠牲者が多数出たという報道に対する徹底的な調査」を命令した。アブジャにある国防本部は、事件調査に向け軍調査団を派遣した。
Brig. Gen. Chris Olukolade, the director of defence information, and a member of the military team sent to Baga to investigate, told Human Rights Watch after his visit that reports of civilian casualties and homes destroyed were “grossly exaggerated.” He said that “the atrocities, if any, were carried out by the insurgents in an attempt to cause destruction and attack people not sympathetic to their cause.”
国防情報局長であり、事件調査でバガに派遣された軍調査団の一員でもある、クリス・オルコレイド准将は現地視察の後ヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチに、一般市民に犠牲者が出て民家が破壊されたという報道は、「著しく誇張されて」おり、「もし残虐行為があったとすれば、それは自分たちの問題意識にシンパシーを抱かない人々を襲撃しその財産を破壊しようとする、ボコハラム反乱兵によって行われたのだ。」と述べた。
Community leaders, including a senior politician interviewed by Human Rights Watch, allege that the military is trying to cover up evidence of what happened. In the past, Nigerian military authorities have repeatedly denied or even covered up reports of security force abuses, Human Rights Watch said.
ヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチの聞き取りに応じた、有力政治家を含むコミュニティー指導者は、何が起きたのかついて軍が隠ぺい工作をしていると主張する。ナイジェリア軍は過去に繰り返し、治安部隊による人権侵害を否定或は隠ぺいしてきた。
The Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, which in 2010 opened a “preliminary examination” of the situation in Nigeria, has indicated that crimes committed by Boko Haram members might constitute crimes against humanity, and members of the Nigerian security forces might also have committed serious human rights violations in their operations against Boko Haram. This incident in Baga should be added to the prosecutor’s preliminary examination of Nigeria, Human Rights Watch said.
2010年にナイジェリアの事態について「予備捜査」を開始した国際刑事裁判所（以下ICC）検察局は、ボコハラム構成員が行った犯罪は人道に対する罪を構成する共に、ナイジェリア治安部隊もまた、対ボコハラム作戦の過程において重大な人権侵害を行った可能性があると示唆した。バガでの今回の事件は、ナイジェリアへのICC検察局による予備捜査の対象に加えられるべきだ。
“There’s a tragic lack of accountability for atrocities with high body counts in Nigeria,” said Bekele. “The government needs to end this murderous cycle of violence by bringing all those responsible to justice.”
「ナイジェリアでは極めて多くの犠牲者が出た残虐行為に対して、悲惨なほど説明責任が追求されていません。政府はこの沢山の命を奪う暴力の連鎖を、その責任者を裁判に掛けることで、断ち切る必要があります。」とベケレは指摘した。
Witness Accounts
目撃者の証言
A 27-year-old woman who lived in the “Hausa Quarters” of Baga told Human Rights Watch that on the night of April 16, soldiers dragged a man out of a house in her neighborhood and shot him:
バガの「ハウサ地区」で暮らしていた女性（27歳）はヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチに、4月16日の夜、兵士が男性1人を近所の民家から引きずり出し、射殺した様子について以下のように語った。
I was in my house at night, after prayers, when we heard gunshots. Everybody was in a panic and people were running. My husband wasn’t home, so I was very disturbed. I asked my neighbors what am I going to do because my husband isn’t around? My neighbors ran, but I couldn’t carry my two children, so I stayed inside the house.
「夜、礼拝の後、家にいた時、銃の音が聞こえたの。みんながパニックになって、走って逃げてた。夫は家に居なかったので、私は物凄く不安だった。近所の人に、夫がいないので、私は何をしたらいいのか？って聞いたのよ。近所の人は逃げたけど、子ども2人を連れていけないので、家に残ったわ。」
I saw soldiers come into the community. They came in military vehicles. The soldiers were shouting “Come out! Come out!” They asked me if there any men in the house. I said there were none. One of the soldiers came inside and searched the house. He then told us to go outside. When we were outside I saw the soldiers drag a man out of another house. They started beating him with their guns. They were beating him severely and he was crying. The man then ran, and I saw the soldiers shoot him. I heard the gunshots and saw him fall. On the other side of the road the soldiers were beating other people.
「兵隊たちが地域に入ってくるのが見えた。軍の車に乗って来たの。兵隊たちは”出てこい！出てこい！”って叫んでた。私には家の中に男がいるかどうか聞いたわ。私はいないって答えた。1人の兵隊が入って来て、家探し、その後、私たちに外に出るよう言った。で外にいたら、兵隊たちが他の家から1人の男の人を引きずり出したのを見た。銃でその人を殴り始め、滅茶苦茶殴って、男の人は泣いてた。でその後その人は逃げ出して、兵隊が撃つのを見たの。銃の音が聞こえて、男の人が倒れるのを見た。道の反対側でも、兵隊が他の人を殴ってたわ。」
The soldiers told me to leave the place, pushing me to go. I held one of my children in my arms and the other one I dragged. I was with two other women. We heard gunshots everywhere, so we did not know who was who. When we were running we saw dead bodies on the road and some outside houses. Some [of the bodies] were women and children, but the children were fewer. Army vehicles were passing from here to there, and we saw things with the lights of the vehicles. We were trying to run to save our lives.
「兵隊たちは私たちに、その場所から離れるよう言って、行くようせかした。子どもを1人抱え、もう1人の手を引っ張って歩いたわ。他に女の人2人が一緒だった。そこら中で銃の音が聞こえたけど、誰が誰だかは分からなかった。」
We went into the bush and were moving without knowing where we were going. There were a lot of people inside the bush. When we went about half a kilometer, we saw fire everywhere [back] in the town. Almost at midnight we reached one place and slept there. The following day we woke up and found our way toward [name of location withheld].
「森の中に入って、何処に向かってるのか分からないまま進んだ。森の中に沢山人がいたわ。500m位、行った時、[後ろの方]町のそこら中で、火事が起きてるのが見えた。真夜中頃、ある場所に着いて、そこで寝たのよ。次の日に目覚めて、[地名は伏せる]に向かう道を見つけたの。」
Later we heard that all the houses around where we lived were burned…. We lost two people among our family: my brother and my cousin. I was told some people saw their dead bodies in the river. Even my neighbors lost family members – both men and women. I have not gone back to Baga.
「後で、住んでた辺りの家はみんな焼けたって聞いたの・・・。家族の内2人を失くしたわ。兄弟といとこよ。何人かの人が川で2人の死体を見たって聞かされた。近所の人も家族、男に人たちと女の人たちの両方を失くしてる。バガには帰ってないわ。」
A farmer described to Human Rights Watch how soldiers set fire to houses in the “Kampala Ward” of Baga on the morning of April 17:
ある農民がヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチに、4月17日の朝、バガの「カンパラ区」にあった民家に、兵士たちが放火した様子を以下のように語った。
On Tuesday [April 16] around 8 p.m. we heard gunshots in the town. I was in the house. Our house is in the northern part of Baga. I heard gunshots and explosions in the southern part of the town. I also saw fire. I stayed in our house for about two hours. The gunshots started to increase rapidly and we saw that a large part of the town was on fire. When we saw this, I ran to the bush with my family. We spent the night in the bush.
「[4月16日]火曜日の午後8時頃、街の中で銃の音が聞こえた。俺は家にいた。俺ん家はバガの北側なんだ。銃の音と爆発の音が街の南の方で聞こえた。それから家事も見たよ。家に2時間位いたかな。銃の音が急に増え始めて、街の大部分が火事になっているのが見えた。それを見て、俺は森の中に家族と一緒に飛び込んだのさ。森の中で一晩過ごしたよ。」
The following morning, I came back to the town. I saw about six military vehicles and groups of soldiers in Kampala Ward. The soldiers were putting fire on the houses. It was about 9:30 a.m. I saw a group of soldiers throw explosive devices into houses. It was a military device which as a layman I would not know. They would throw it and then fire would come out of it. I saw them do this to about 10 houses. I was about 100 meters away. I snuck out of the place and ran back to the bush…. I [haven’t gone] back to my house, but my older brother said that that our area wasn’t affected. None of my family members were killed.
「次の日の朝、街に戻った。カンパラ区で軍の車6台と兵隊の集団を見た。兵隊たちは家に火を付けていたよ。ありゃー9時半頃だった。兵隊たちが家に爆弾を投げ込んでいたのを見たよ。ヤツラが[爆発物を]投げて、その後に火が家から燃え上がった。ヤツラが10軒位の家にそうしたのを見た。俺は100m位離れてた。俺はそこからこっそり抜け出して、森の中に走って戻ったよ・・・。俺の家には行かなかったんだけど、兄貴が俺んちの辺りはやられてないって言ってた。家族は誰も殺されなかった。」
A 42-year-old fisherman described how he and his family fled their home in “Kalumbu Quarters” of Baga after gunfire erupted on the evening of April 16:
ある漁民（42才）は、4月16日の夜、発砲が始まった後、バガの「カルンブ区」にある自宅から自分とその家族がどの様に逃げたのかを以下のように詳述した。
It was on Tuesday, around 7 p.m. we heard gunshots and all of us ran into the house. I live in Kalumbu Quarters. It is in the middle of the town. The gunshots were getting too much and were getting closer to our quarters. We came out and ran helter-skelter everywhere. I was with my family – my wife and two children – and some neighbors. We heard gunshots everywhere. We also heard a lot of explosions. Two of my friends I work with were shot. We were running together with them. They were behind us and we saw them fall. We couldn’t do anything about it. We just ran to escape the bullets.
火曜日の午後7時頃だったな、俺たちは銃声を聞いて、みんなで家の中に逃げ込んだ。俺はカルンブ区に住んでる。街の真ん中さ。銃声がエラク増えて、それに俺たちの地区に近づいてきたんで、家から出て、慌てて何処でもいいからって逃げたんだ。家族、女房と子ども2人、それに近所の人何人かが一緒だったよ。そこら中で銃声が聞こえてた。いっぱい爆発音も聞こえたね。一緒に働いてる友達の2人が撃たれて、俺たち一緒に逃げてたんだ。その内、遅れて来て、倒れたのが見えたのさ。俺たちは何にも出来なかった。弾から逃げるために走るっきゃ出来なかった。」
I don’t know whether it was military or Boko Haram [who shot them]. We saw two people with Kalashnikovs [AK assault rifles]. They were not wearing army uniforms. I think they were Boko Haram members. They were running and shooting. We saw some [other] dead bodies by the side of the road. A neighbor of mine and his two children were also killed in the incident. We ran together with them – they were behind us. When we looked back we didn’t see them. The other people who came from that side told us that they were killed. We ran toward [name of location withheld], because it would be safer there.
「[撃ったのが]軍なのかボコハラムなのかは分からない。ただ俺たちは、カラシニコフ[AK 突撃銃]を持ってる奴を2人見た。軍の制服を着ていなかったから、ボコハラムだと思うよ。走りながら撃ってた。道の端っこに転がってる死体を幾つか見た。近所の人とその2人の子どもも今回の事件で殺された。その人たちは俺たちと一緒にすぐ後ろを逃げてたんだ。振り返ったらその人たちが見えなくなってて、そっちの方から来た他の人が、その人たちが殺されたって言ってた。俺たちは[場所は保留]に向かって逃げたんだ。そこがもっと安全だったからさ。」
After we left the town, we saw some fires in the town…. I heard that my house has been burned and the houses of most of my neighbors were burned. We were told that 45 percent of the town has been burned. I will never go back there. What will I do there?
「街を離れた後、街中で幾つか火事が起きてるのが見えた。俺の家が焼かれ、近所の人の家の殆ども焼かれたって聞いたよ。街の45％が焼かれたって言われた。俺は絶対あそこには戻らねーよ。あそこで、何が出来るって言うんだい。」
Background
背景
Human Rights Watch has documented attacks by Boko Haram in northern and central Nigeria, as well as abuses by Nigerian state security forces in response to the violence.
ヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチはこれまでに、ナイジェリア北部及び中部におけるボコハラムによるテロ攻撃、更にテロ攻撃に対応したナイジェリア州治安部隊による人権侵害を取りまとめて来ている。
Boko Haram means “Western education is a sin” in the Hausa language of northern Nigeria. The group, which seeks to impose a strict form of Sharia, or Islamic law, has carried out a brutal campaign of violence across northern Nigeria. The group has primarily targeted government security agents, Christians, and other “infidels,” and Muslims critical of the group or seen as cooperating with the government. Boko Haram has also claimed responsibility for numerous attacks, including suicide bombings of police stations, the United Nations building in the capital, Abuja, and two newspaper offices; burning down dozens of schools; and bombing or small-arms attacks on more than 20 church services.
ボコハラムは、ナイジェリア北部の言語であるハウサ語で、「西側教育は罪」という意味だ。同グループは極めて厳格なシャリア法（イスラム法）を施行することを求めて、ナイジェリア北部全域で残虐行為を相次いで行い、その主なターゲットは、政府治安部隊員、キリスト教徒、その他”異教徒”、同グループを批判するイスラム教徒、政府協力者と見なした者だが、警察署、首都アブジャにある国連建物、新聞社2社への自爆テロ、数十の学校焼き打ち、20を超える教会礼拝への爆弾テロや小火器を使っての襲撃を含む、多数のテロ攻撃に関して犯行声明を出してきている。
As part of its operations against Boko Haram, security forces have killed hundreds of Boko Haram suspects and other members of the public with no apparent links to the group. During security raids in communities where attacks have occurred, the military has burned homes and summarily executed men in front of their families.
治安部隊は対ボコハラム作戦の一環として、ボコハラム構成員であると疑いを掛けた者や、同グループと関係のない一般人を数百人殺害した。軍はテロ攻撃の起きたコミュニティーを襲撃、その際民家を焼き、家族の前で男性複数を即決処刑している。
The Nigerian authorities have also arrested thousands of people in raids across the north. Many of these people have been held incommunicado without charge or trial for months or even years. In some cases they have been detained in inhuman conditions, tortured, or killed.
ナイジェリア当局はまた、北部全域で行った強制捜査で数千人を逮捕。それらの人々の多くは起訴や裁判を受けることなく、数ヶ月或は時に数年も隔離拘禁され、非人道的環境下で拘留・拷問・殺害された者もいる。
The Nigerian authorities have repeatedly denied allegations of security force abuses, labeling those who report such abuses as “Boko Haram sympathizers.”
ナイジェリア当局は治安部隊による人権侵害疑惑を繰り返し否定し、そのような人権侵害を報告する者に「ボコハラムのシンパ」というレッテルを貼って来た。
The International Criminal Court, which opened a preliminary examination of the situation in Nigeria, found in 2012 that there is a “reasonable basis to believe” that Boko Haram attacks, including murder and persecution, amount to crimes against humanity.
国際刑事裁判所は、ナイジェリアでの事態に関して予備捜査を開始、2012年に殺人と迫害を含むボコハラムのテロ攻撃は、人道に対する罪を構成すると「考える合理的根拠」があると断定した。
Attacks by Boko Haram or splinter groups, clashes between these groups and government security forces, and extrajudicial killings by the security forces have killed more than 3,600 people since 2009.
ボコハラムやその分派によるテロ攻撃 、それらグループと治安部隊の衝突、治安部隊による超法規的処刑で2009年以降3,600人以上が殺害されている。
