1991年追試-(5)
□Do animals play? Certainly, many animals, especially the young, ①eng------- 【to take part in a particular activity】 in behavior that seems like play. But why do they play? This question is difficult to answer, even for ②exp------- 【someone who has a particular skill or who knows a lot about something】 . For one thing, there are considerable difficulties involved in observing animals at play when they are not in natural surroundings. Monkeys, for example, play a lot in the wild, but in cages it is hard to make them play when you want them to. You have to sit patiently, waiting for the right moments. And even when you do see them playing, it is still difficult to say why they are doing so.
□Scientists have ③not------- 【to become aware of someone or something】 that when two monkeys are ‘play-fighting,’ they take turns winning. One will be on top, and it will look as if he is winning. Then suddenly he will give the other a chance to take control of the action. It is believed that this kind of play helps monkeys learn to take different roles when they are older. Like humans, animals sometimes need to take charge, and sometimes follow. Monkeys seem to learn this lesson by playing.
□Another likely purpose of play is to let animals learn how to get along with others of their own age. It has been found that while baby rats kept with their brothers and sisters engage in a lot of rough play, those raised alone with their mothers play just a little. However, when rats which have only been with their mothers are put with other young rats, they play a lot more than those brought up in a large family. It seems that they make up for lost time.
□Though much remains to be discovered about animal play, studies like these do seem to ④ind------- 【to show that something exists】 that animals learn some very basic skills by taking part in play-like activities.
解答）①engage ②experts ③noticed ④indicate
1992年-(5) □Nowadays people spend more time away from their jobs than ever before. Technological developments have steadily shortened working hours for a large part of the population, and the fact that people are living longer has also increased the amount of time spent in non-work settings. As a result, a large number of people have had to adjust to more ①lei------- 【time when you can relax and do things you enjoy without working or studying】 than they had expected, and this new-found leisure has created difficulties.
□Historically, the emphasis has been on work, and current attitudes still reflect the ②imp------- 【the effect that something has on someone or something】of this earlier way of thinking. Even today, many people still believe that leisure should be used chiefly to restore one's energy and strength for more and better work. Leisure, therefore, has been viewed as a ③mea------- 【a method for doing something】 to an end.
□Along with greater ④pro------- 【the process of making or growing something for sale in large quantities】 efficiency and higher standards of living, there is a new idea in which leisure is viewed as more than simply a restorative for work. Leisure is now regarded by an increasing number of people as an important part of ⑤con------- 【happening or belonging to the present time】 life. They think that the use of leisure time should be a satisfying experience in and of itself.
□⑥Att------- 【the opinions and feelings that you have about something, especially when this shows in the way you behave】 toward both leisure and work are changing. Increasing mechanization of work has meant that more people are now looking beyond their jobs for satisfying life experiences. This has led to some change in emphasis from job-centered activities to leisure and home-centered activities, especially among the younger generation. However, because the new idea has not entirely ⑦rep------- 【to be used instead of something】 the traditional one, many people face the problem of what role leisure should play in their lives. Some feel guilty about additional hours of free time and seek more work to avoid leisure hours, while others eagerly pursue leisure activities that ⑧res------- 【to be similar to something】 work. As working hours are shortened, a more meaningful balance has to be found between work and play.
（注） restore [rist¦®r] v. 回復する．restórative a.n. 回復させる；回復剤．
1992-(6)
□My fifteen-year-old son has just returned from abroad with a dozen rolls of exposed film and several hundred dollars in unused traveler's checks. His blue bag lies on the hall floor where he dropped in, about four short steps into the house. Last night he slept in Paris, and the twenty nights before that in various beds in England and Scotland, but evidently he ①pos------- 【to arrange for something to take place at a later time】 as much sleep as he could; after he walked in and said hello and how much he'd missed home, his electrical system suddenly switched off, and he headed half-unconscious for his bed, where I imagine he may break his old record of sixteen hours.
□I don't think I'll sleep for a while. This household has been in a state of excitement over the trip since weeks before it began, when we said, “In one month, you'll be in London! Imagine!” It was his first trip overseas, so we bought him travel books and a cassette tape of useful French phrases, made a list of people to visit, and advised him on clothing and other things. At the department store where we went to buy him a suitcase, he looked at a few and headed for the bags and knapsacks. He said that suitcases were for old people. I am only in my forties, though, and I pointed out that a suitcase keeps your things — a jacket, for example — neat and tidy. He said he wasn't taking a jacket. The voice of my mother spoke through me. “Don't you want to look nice?” I said, but he just turned away.
□During his trip, he called home three times: from London, from Paris, and from a town named Ullapool in Scotland. “It's like no place in America, Dad,” he reported excitedly. He hiked through flocks of Scottish sheep and climbed a mountain in a heavy rainstorm. In a village near Ullapool, a man spoke to him in the unfamiliar local language, and, too ②pol------- 【having good manners and respect for the feelings of others】 to interrupt, my son listened to him for ten or fifteen minutes, trying to nod in the right places. The French he learned from the cassette was of little use in Paris; the people he spoke to ③sho------- 【to move something quickly】 their heads and walked on.
□I myself have never been outside the United States, except twice to Canada. When I was eighteen, a friend and I made a list of experiences we intended to have before we reached twenty-one, which included hitchhiking to the West Coast, learning to play the guitar, and going to Europe. I've done none of them. When my son phoned, I sat down and leaned forward, ④eag------- 【wanting to do something very much】 to catch every word. I have never listened on the telephone so intently and with so much pleasure as I did those three times. It was wonderful and moving to hear news from him. To me, he was the first man to land on the moon; I knew that I had no advice to give him and that what I had already given was probably not much help. The money that he'd left on the hall table — almost half the amount I sent him off with — is certainly ⑤evi------- 【the facts or objects which cause you to believe that something exists or is true】 of that.
□Youth travels light. No suitcase, no jacket, not much language, and not much money spent — and yet he went where he wanted to go, did what he wanted to do, and came back safely. I sit here amazed. The night when your child returns with dust on his shoes from a country you've never seen is a night that you wish would last for a week.
（注） exposed film: 撮影済みのフィルム．
traveler's check: 旅行者用小切手．
解答）①postponed ②polite ③shook ④eager ⑤evidence
1992-追試(5)
□Get on a train and it is likely that several people around you will be wearing earphones. There they are in the same space, but not talking or paying ①att------- 【the act of carefully thinking about, listening to, or watching someone or something】 to one another. Though listening to a personal tape player this way has some ②vir------- 【a morally good way of behaving】 in that you don't usually disturb others, it ③all------- 【to make it possible for someone to do something】 almost no human contact. You are alone with your machine.
□A ④sim------- 【sharing some features but not exactly the same】 situation occurs with many video games. A person ⑤con------- 【to give all your attention to what you are doing】 on destroying spaceships, avoiding attackers, or shooting enemies needs no companion. True, some games do enable players to take turns, and then people might talk to each other, but in many cases the player is involved only with the machine and its program.
□In what ways are young people affected by instruments like these? Are they becoming less able to make contact with the surrounding world? This question is becoming increasingly important with the spread of personal computers. Computer technology is becoming more and more widely used in areas like ⑥com------- 【the process of exchanging information or ideas】, education, and banking. In one way or another, many people now spend a great deal of time in front of a computer screen. The fact that television frequently limits communication within families is already well known; these new developments will further lead people to live within themselves and not reach out to other people.
□At this moment in history, science seems likely to alter our society as never before. At the same time, the power of technology has become ⑦eno------- 【extremely large in size or in amount】 . Perhaps technology itself is creating individuals who are only concerned with their own interests. Will they be satisfied simply to watch events passively, without becoming involved in social decisions which may change their own life? Machines should not be allowed to ⑧rui------- 【to destroy or severely harm something】 our sense of social responsibility. Whether we admit it or not, we are all here together, and share a common ⑨fat------- 【the things that happen to someone or something, especially in a way that cannot be prevented or changed】.
1993-本試(5)
□In many parts of the world, the ①inf------- 【the power to have an effect on someone or something】 of television is a matter of increasing concern.For years, critics of television have concentrated on the issue of the program content —particularly violence — as it affects viewers. The problem seems especially serious with regard to younger children. There is ②evi------- 【the facts or objects which cause you to believe that something exists or is true】 that TV does in fact lead people to accept more violence in everyday life. How could this not happen when it presents violent acts, often with guns and knives, as normal and common occurrences?
□In the last few years criticism of television has moved to a new stage by shifting the focus from the subject matter to the experience of the medium itself. The problem now with TV is not just what is seen but how it is seen. The way children watch it causes them to be passive, and some evidence suggests that such viewing might even affect the development of the brain in small children.
□However, the worst aspect of television is the way it can interfere with family life. The “box” has too often become a substitute parent, taking over most of the work of introducing social and moral values to the child and developing them in him. Parents allow this to happen by using television like a drug for the purpose of keeping children quiet. Eventually the child comes to depend on the box and it becomes a necessary, lifelong ③hab------- 【something that you do often or regularly, often without thinking about it】.
□While many children go through the “television experience” and survive, many others are deeply affected by it. Much of the discussion of TV during the next few years will center on how to reduce the dangers which it presents, particularly to younger people. Already there are movements to try to ban TV advertising which is directed at children under a certain age. Perhaps this is just the beginning. In the end, some people may even go to the extreme of demanding the removal of such a powerful medium from the lives of young people. This might not be a practical ④sol------- 【a way of dealing with a problem or difficult situation】, but we should not ignore the dangers of television.
①prevent【privént】(Ex:The *noise *prevented me from sleeping.)
②invent【invént】(Ex:Who *invented the telephone? )
③bark【bɑ'ːrk】(Ex:*Barking dogs *seldom bite.)
④achieve【ətʃíːv】(Ex:She *achieved her objective of qualifying for the Olympics.)
(A)to create something that has never been made before
(B)to stop someone or something from doing something
(C)to succeed in doing something, usually with effort
(D)to make a short loud sound
1990-(5)
□About fifteen hundred years ago the Japanese imported many aspects of Chinese culture:the writing system, political institutions, and perhaps most important, Buddhism. Buddhist priests were ①exp------- 【to think that someone should do something】 to eat only vegetables, and tôfu, made from the soybean, was a very important food in their diet. When Buddhism was introduced from China, tôfu was also brought to Japan.
□Tôfu developed in different ways in China and Japan. While the Chinese often changed the taste of tôfu by mixing it with strongly-flavored vegetables or meat, the Japanese preferred to eat it using only a simple sauce. Even now, traditional Japanese cooking ②pre------- 【to keep something in its original state】 the original delicacy of tôfu, though the way it is served may change from season to season. In summer, for example, it is simply served cold, while in winter it is often eaten as part of a hot dish.
□The soybean was introduced to the West in the eighteenth century, but little interest was taken in it; only scientists recognized its high food value. During the Second World War, when meat was in short supply, the U.S. government ③enc------- 【to suggest that someone does something】 the American people to eat soybean products. However, they never became very popular and, after the war, interest in them dropped off as the supply of meat became plentiful again.
□In recent years, people in the West have become increasingly aware of the dangers of eating too much animal fat, and as a result, they have turned more and more to soybean products. This is mainly because the soybean ④pro------- 【to give something to someone or make it available to them】 almost the same food value as meat, and in addition is a lot more healthful. Much of the margarine, salad oil, and cooking oil in daily use is now produced from soybean oil. Tôfu, a representative soybean product and originally one of the main foods in the diet of Chinese priests, is considered to be one of the healthiest foods available to man.
解答）①expected②preserves③encouraged④provides
1990-(6)
□The first time I met him, everybody seemed to think that he was crazy and very dangerous. However, I was ①fas------- 【to attract and interest you very much】 with him and gradually a new friendship was born between us. It all began on the day I visited a yacht in Newport Harbor.
□A friend of mine, Richard, owned the yacht. He and his wife had two female relatives staying with them during the summer. I wanted to drop by and say hello as Richard and I always had a good time fishing together, and I was interested in meeting the two women.
□As I approached the yacht, there was no sign of life and I ②gue------- 【to give an answer or an opinion about something without definite knowledge about it】 that everyone had gone ashore. The yacht, however, was not completely empty. I ③not------- 【to become aware of someone or something】 a little creature sitting on the deck, looking at me with suspicion and fear.
□I then ④rea------- 【to know or understand a particular fact or situation】 that something terrible had happened on the yacht before I arrived. The deck was covered with broken objects including a little house in which the creature seemed to have been kept.
□Suddenly it jumped through the air to a long, loose rope, and as it came near me, I could see that it was a monkey. He looked down at me as he swung back and forth, performing all kinds of acrobatics and gymnastics. It was really interesting to watch what he did on the swinging rope; I myself had ⑤pra------- 【to do something repeatedly to improve your skill】 gymnastics in school, so every least thing the monkey did in his performance had a very special appeal to me. I started talking to him in a gentle voice and told him of my great interest in his tricks, and asked him to show me some more.
□Like a circus star, he walked with ⑥per------- 【as good as it could possibly be】 balance on the wire between the two masts, and then took a long jump toward me. Without hesitation, I extended my hand to help him and he sat down beside me, watching every movement of my lips while I told him what a truly great artist he was. He moved onto my lap as if we had been friends for a very long time.
□Just then I heard noises behind us. Turning around, I saw a small boat coming toward us with Richard's wife and a policeman in the front. He was carrying a rifle and behind him sat two women nervously pointing at the yacht. As their boat came near the yacht, they began ⑦sho------- 【to say something loudly】at me, but I only half understood what they were saying. Once they were on board, the monkey became very excited and I soon understood what had happened on the yacht.
□Richard had received the monkey as a present, and they immediately became inseparable friends. Two days before, Richard had to go out of town on business and left the monkey in his wife's care. Separated from Richard, the monkey felt so lonely that he started breaking things, and when the women tried to stop him he attacked them. They fled in the small boat to get help from the police.
□After a heated discussion, I ⑧per------- 【to try to make someone do something by giving them good reasons for doing it】 the policeman not to shoot the monkey. I promised to take care of him until Richard returned; he could decide what should be done with his ‘crazy pet.’
□We left together in my boat while the three women and the policeman stayed behind on the yacht. The monkey gradually calmed down because there were no people around to upset him. My new friend sat quietly in front of me as we ⑨app------- 【to come near to someone or something】 the shore.
1990追試-(5)
□Butterflies are insects as familiar to us as dragonflies. Many of us remember chasing them in the countryside or seeing them pinned neatly in boxes in museums. There are many people who collect butterflies because they are ①fas------- 【to attract and interest you very much】 by their beauty and variety. Butterfly shapes have also been used for patterns on kimono for a long time. Nowadays butterflies are usually considered to be objects of beauty.
□In the early stages of Japanese history, however, butterflies were not as ②pop------- 【enjoyed or liked by a lot of people】 as they are today. For example, in the eighth-century Man'yôshû, one of the oldest collections of Japanese poetry, the word‘butterfly’is mentioned only twice. On the other hand, insect names such as ‘cricket’ appear more frequently. This may be due to the ancient Japanese ③att------- 【the opinions and feelings that you have about something, especially when this shows in the way you behave】toward butterflies. In those days butterflies were feared and respected because they were thought to be the souls of people who had just died. Later their fearful image grew as Buddhist priests taught people of death and life after death. As a result, the butterfly as a ④sym------- 【a picture or shape used to express something】 of the human soul came to be associated with death in the minds of many people. Butterflies were, therefore, not just delicate, beautiful creatures.
□The image of butterflies gradually changed along with our ancestors' views of life and nature. As time went on, butterflies began to draw the attention of artists and craftsmen, and the ancient Japanese fear of them was ⑤rep------- 【to be used instead of something】 by feelings of admiration as their beauty was more deeply appreciated. Butterflies are a good example of how people's attitudes toward familiar things around us can change over time.
1991センター試験(5)
□When is a person old? There are many individuals who still seem ‘young’ at seventy or more, while others appear ‘old’ in their fifties. From another point of view, sumô wrestlers, for instance, are ‘old’ in their thirties, whereas artists' best years may come in their sixties or even later. But in general, people are old when society considers them to be old, that is, when they ①ret------- 【to stop working because of old age】 from work at around the age of sixty or sixty-five.
□Nowadays, however, the demand for new work skills is making more and more individuals old before their time. Although older workers tend to be dependable, and have much to offer from their many years of experience, they are put at a disadvantage by rapid developments in technology. Older people usually find it more difficult to ②acq------- 【to learn something】 the new skills required by technological changes, and they do not enjoy the same educational opportunities as young workers.
□When they finally leave work and retire, people face further problems. The majority receive little or no assistance in adjusting to their new situation in the community. Moreover, since society at present appears to have no clear picture of what place its older members should occupy, it is unable to offer them enough opportunities to have satisfying social roles after they retire.
□In the past, the old used to be looked upon as ③exp------- 【someone who has a particular skill or who knows a lot about something】 in solving various problems of life. Today, however, they are no longer ④reg------- 【to think about someone or something in a particular way】 as such and are seldom expected to play significant roles in social, economic and community affairs. With the number of older people in the ⑤population【the number of people living in a particular area】 rapidly increasing, we need greatly to increase and improve the opportunities provided for them so that they can ⑥par------- 【to take part in something】 in society with dignity and respect.
1991-(6)
□It began when I was a 16-year-old high school student. I was reading a popular youth magazine when I ①not------- 【to become aware of someone or something】 a list of addresses of young people from all over the world who were seeking pen pals in Japan. I had often seen boys and girls in my class receiving fat airmail ②env------- 【a thin paper container used for sending letters】 from overseas. Having a pen pal was the fashion of the day. Why shouldn't I get one, too? So I picked out the address of one “Margaret K.” in Boston and, remembering that a girl from my class had once told me young ladies like to read letters on pink paper, I went out to buy some.
□“Dear Pen Pal,” I began, but then stopped. I was very ③ner------- 【worried and anxious about something that might happen】 and really didn't know how to continue or what to say. After much effort I finished the letter, though it didn't even fill one page. The reply from faraway America came sooner than I had expected. “I was surprised to receive your letter,” Margaret wrote. “I don't know how my address got into a magazine in Japan, because I have never asked for a pen pal, but it's so nice hearing from someone in such a fascinating country, and I look forward to corresponding with you.”I don't know how many times I read that letter.
□When writing to Margaret, I took care not to say anything that might upset her. While English came naturally to Margaret, for me it was a foreign language, so I wrote only about everyday matters. But somewhere in my heart there was a sense of romance which I dared not ④exp------- 【to show what you are feeling or thinking using words or actions】. For her part, though Margaret wrote long letters, she revealed little about herself.
□Big envelopes ⑤con------- 【to have something inside】 books, magazines, and other small gifts began to arrive. I had no doubt that Margaret was a rich American girl, and that she was as beautiful as her attractive gifts. I felt that our pen friendship was a great success. However, there was one thing I couldn't get out of my mind. I knew it would be impolite to ask a girl her age, but thought it would be all right to ask her to send a picture. So I wrote the request and at last came the reply. Margaret said simply that she had no suitable pictures of herself at that time, but that she would send me one someday. She added that “the average American girl”was much nicer-looking than she was.
□Years went by. Our letters became less frequent but we never lost touch. Meanwhile, I graduated from college, got a job, married and had children. I still hoped that I might be able to meet Margaret someday and that my family might also meet her.
□Then, one day I received a large airmail envelope addressed in unfamiliar handwriting. It contained a few magazines and a note from a lady named Alice. “I'm very sorry to ⑥inf------- 【to tell someone about something】 you,” the note said, “that Margaret died in an accident last month while she was driving home from church. We had been close friends for the past sixty years — ever since we were in high school together. Margaret often mentioned how happy she was to hear from you. Though she lived alone, she had many friends, and always tried to help others, both far and near.” There was also a photograph enclosed. Margaret had asked her friend to send it only in the case of her death. The face in the picture was one of great beauty and kindness. It was a face I would have loved even when I was still young and she was already quite old.
①obey【oubéi】(Ex:Should soldiers always *obey orders?)
②pray【préi】(Ex:We *prayed for peace.)
③melt【mélt】(Ex:What is the best way to *melt snow?)
④select【silékt】(Ex:He was *selected for the Japan National Team.)
(A)to cause something to change from solid to liquid
(B)to do what you are told to do
(C)to speak to a higher being in order to give thanks or to ask for help
(D)to choose someone or something carefully from among others
The past thirty to forty years have seen a huge increase in the number of children who suffer from allergies, and scientists are still looking for the explanation. Some have ①blamed increased air pollution, but it has also been found that allergies are common not only among children in the city but also among children in the countryside, where pollution is typically much lower.
A currently popular explanation for the rise in allergies is the so-called “hygiene hypothesis.” The basic idea is that young children brought up in an environment which is too clean are more at risk of developing allergies. Nowadays, people bathe and wash their clothes more frequently than in the past, and thanks to vacuum cleaners homes are less dusty, too. One result of all these changes is that in their early lives children are exposed to fewer allergens — substances that can cause allergies — and this means that their bodies cannot build up natural immunity to them. Simply put, exposure to allergy-causing substances is necessary for natural protection against them to develop.
The trend towards smaller families also means that young children ②encounter fewer allergens in the home. In fact, it is known that children who have older brothers and sisters are more resistant to allergies. The same is true of children who ③share their home with a pet. Such children are much less likely to develop the very common allergy to cat or dog hair, for example.
Scientists agree that being exposed to a wider range of allergens early in life helps children to develop greater immunity. There is, however, also some data ④suggesting that genetics, family income, and even the parents' level of education may play a part in how likely a child is to suffer from allergies. Thus, although the hygiene hypothesis is an important area for research, we cannot yet be sure that too much attention to cleanliness is the only explanation for the enormous rise in the number of allergy victims.
(A)to experience something unpleasant
(B)to think or say that someone or something is responsible for something bad
(C)to say that something is likely to be the case
(D)to use or to have something as someone else
まずは、以下のような英英定義選択問題２００問に取り組みます。
①judge【dʒʌ'dʒ】(Ex:You should know better than to judge by appearance.)
②escape【iskéip】(Ex:Several animals escaped from the zoo.)
③convince【kənvíns】(Ex:He convinced the jury of his innocence.)
④prevent【privént】(Ex:A storm prevented the plane from taking off.)
※単語に合う定義を選んでください。
(A)to make someone believe that something is true
(B)to form an opinion about someone or something
(C)to stop someone or something from doing something
(D)to get away from a place where you do not want to be
(796)White House Press Secretary described the phenomenon of people buying guns after shooting attacks as a“tragic iro------ .” 【a situation that is strange, funny, or sad because things happen in the opposite way to what you would expect】
1995-本試(5)
□１９９５－５
We survive【to continue to live】 by controlling our environment, and control is made possible by information. If we lack this, we feel insecure and come to feel that any knowledge is better than none. In an experiment, white rats repeatedly had to choose path A or path B. They always had a 50% chance of finding food in a box at the end of each path. But on path B, just before the box, there was a signal indicating【to show that something exists】 whether or not food was present. After some days of training, all the rats developed a preference for path B, the side where they obtained information.
Humans show the same sort of preference for knowledge about an outcome which is uncertain but unavoidable. Our anxiety about the future can be so great that bad news is preferable to an absence of information. Regardless of the nature of the news, and in spite of the fact that we get no advantage from it, we would prefer【to like someone or something more than someone or something else】 to know and thus reduce our insecurity. There can hardly be a more inaccurate saying than “No news is good news.”
And yet people do not always demand【to ask for something 】 a state of complete certainty. Indeed much of our success as human beings is based on our ability to cope with environmental changes and our tendency to seek out new and challenging experiences. The popularity of pastimes such as mountaineering and motor racing is evidence of man's need for some uncertainty and risk. Nevertheless, when these reach too high a level, we once more desire to have information about the future and a feeling of control over it.
問１ The experiment showed that after a time the rats
① had no preferences to which path they would follow
② never failed to choose the side which led to food
③ rejected the path which did not bring them to food
④ selected the side on which there was a sign
問２ “No news is good news” does not represent reality because
① having no news gives us more security than having news
② lack of news makes us uncomfortable about the future
③ news, regardless of its nature, always makes us insecure
④ when we have no news, something bad has usually happened
問３ If we do not have enough information about the future,
① we are unable to take risks in new situations
② we become anxious and try to satisfy our need for certainty
③ we find it impossible to survive in new surroundings
④ we gain a greater sense of control over what will happen to us
まずは、以下のような英英定義選択問題２００問に取り組みます。
①proposal【prəpóuzəl】(Ex:They turned down my *proposal.)
②theater【θíːətər】(Ex:The *theater was crowded with a large *audience.)
③medicine【médəsin】(Ex:This *medicine will take the pain away. )
④custom【kʌ'stəm】(Ex:Each country has its own *customs.)
※単語に合う定義を選んでください。
(A)a building with a stage where plays and shows take place
(B)an *accepted way of *behaving in a *particular group or place
(C)a plan or *suggestion which is made *formally for people to think about
(D)a *substance that you take to *cure an *illness or *injury
1993-本試(5)
□In many parts of the world, the influence【the power to have an effect on someone or something】 of television is a matter of increasing concern.For years, critics of television have concentrated on the issue of the program content —particularly violence — as it affects viewers. The problem seems especially serious with regard to younger children. There is evidence【the facts or objects which cause you to believe that something exists or is true】 that TV does in fact lead people to accept more violence in everyday life. How could this not happen when it presents violent acts, often with guns and knives, as normal and common occurrences?
□In the last few years criticism of television has moved to a new stage by shifting the focus from the subject matter to the experience of the medium itself. The problem now with TV is not just what is seen but how it is seen. The way children watch it causes them to be passive, and some evidence suggests that such viewing might even affect the development of the brain in small children.
□However, the worst aspect of television is the way it can interfere with family life. The “box” has too often become a substitute parent, taking over most of the work of introducing social and moral values to the child and developing them in him. Parents allow this to happen by using television like a drug for the purpose of keeping children quiet. Eventually the child comes to depend on the box and it becomes a necessary, lifelong habit【something that you do often or regularly, often without thinking about it】.
□While many children go through the “television experience” and survive, many others are deeply affected by it. Much of the discussion of TV during the next few years will center on how to reduce the dangers which it presents, particularly to younger people. Already there are movements to try to ban TV advertising which is directed at children under a certain age. Perhaps this is just the beginning. In the end, some people may even go to the extreme of demanding the removal of such a powerful medium from the lives of young people. This might not be a practical solution【a way of dealing with a problem or difficult situation】, but we should not ignore the dangers of television.
問１ Television has long been criticized mainly because
① it causes younger children to waste time in front of it
② it encourages people, through advertisements, to want guns and knives
③ it makes people less willing to put up with violence
④ it shows violence, which influences, above all, younger people
問２ Recent criticism against TV has focused on
① the active way of living that it promotes
② the influence of the content of programs on children's brains
③ the medium itself in relation to the development of children
④ the subject matter it shows to children
問３ The presence of TV may weaken the family by
① encouraging children to rely on their parents
② giving children a greater sense of moral values
③ providing more time for the family to share together
④ taking over an essential part of parents' work
問４ The author states that certain people in society might finally attempt
① to ban TV advertising aimed at young people
② to have children survive the “television experience”
③ to prohibit children from watching TV
④ to recognize the educational merits of the medium
まずは、以下のような英英定義選択問題２００問に取り組みます。
①trade【tréid】(Ex:Japan does a lot of *trade with China.)
②view【vjúː】(Ex:This hotel offers a great *view of Mt Fuji.)
③courage【kə'ːridʒ】(Ex:I admire your *courage.)
④pastime【pǽstàim】(Ex: What's your favorite *pastime?)
(A)something you can see from a particular place
(B)the activity of buying and selling goods, usually between countries
(C)the quality to do something dangerous or difficult without showing fear
(D)something that you do for pleasure in your free time
(796)White House Press Secretary described the phenomenon of people buying guns after shooting attacks as a“tragic iro------ .” 【a situation that is strange, funny, or sad because things happen in the opposite way to what you would expect】
1992-追試(5)
□Get on a train and it is likely that several people around you will be wearing earphones. There they are in the same space, but not talking or paying attention【the act of carefully thinking about, listening to, or watching someone or something】 to one another. Though listening to a personal tape player this way has some virtue【a morally good way of behaving】 in that you don't usually disturb others, it allows【to make it possible for someone to do something】 almost no human contact. You are alone with your machine.
□A similar【sharing some features but are not exactly the same】 situation occurs with many video games. A person concentrating【to give all your attention to what you are doing】 on destroying spaceships, avoiding attackers, or shooting enemies needs no companion. True, some games do enable players to take turns, and then people might talk to each other, but in many cases the player is involved only with the machine and its program.
□In what ways are young people affected by instruments like these? Are they becoming less able to make contact with the surrounding world? This question is becoming increasingly important with the spread of personal computers. Computer technology is becoming more and more widely used in areas like communications【the process of exchanging information or ideas】, education, and banking. In one way or another, many people now spend a great deal of time in front of a computer screen. The fact that television frequently limits communication within families is already well known; these new developments will further lead people to live within themselves and not reach out to other people.
□At this moment in history, science seems likely to alter our society as never before. At the same time, the power of technology has become enormous【extremely large in size or in amount】 . Perhaps technology itself is creating individuals who are only concerned with their own interests. Will they be satisfied simply to watch events passively, without becoming involved in social decisions which may change their own life? Machines should not be allowed to ruin【to destroy or severely harm something】 our sense of social responsibility. Whether we admit it or not, we are all here together, and share a common fate【the things that happen to someone or something, especially in a way that cannot be prevented or changed】.
問１ The advantage【something that helps you to be more successful】 of using earphone on a train is that
① you can enjoy music without being disturbed
② you can have closer contact with your machine
③ you don't have contact with other people
④ you seldom bother people around you
問２ Some video games are criticized because
① they are likely to make players enjoy violence
② they discourage【to cause someone to lose enthusiasm to do something】 players from communicating with others
③ they require players to take turns and talk to each other
④ they require two or more players to take part
問３ The increasing use of personal computers
① is causing people to lose contact with their surroundings
② is creating in people a stronger desire to communicate with others
③ is greatly strengthening【to make something stronger】 human relationships
④ is helping establish closer ties among family members
問４ The author is worried about the current situation because
① technological developments may weaken people's sense of social duty
② the progress of science will greatly change our society
③ too many people will become involved in social decision-making
④ young people are losing their interest in developing new technology
□1992追試-(5)
□Get on a train and it is likely that several people around you will be wearing earphones. There they are in the same space, but not talking or paying attention to one another. Though listening to a personal tape player this way has some virtue in that you don't usually disturb others, it allows almost no human contact. You are alone with your machine.
□A similar situation occurs with many video games. A person concentrating on destroying spaceships, avoiding attackers, or shooting enemies needs no companion. True, some games do enable players to take turns, and then people might talk to each other, but in many cases the player is involved only with the machine and its program.
□In what ways are young people affected by instruments like these? Are they becoming less able to make contact with the surrounding world? This question is becoming increasingly important with the spread of personal computers. Computer technology is becoming more and more widely used in areas like communications, education, and banking. In one way or another, many people now spend a great deal of time in front of a computer screen. The fact that television frequently limits communication within families is already well known; these new developments will further lead people to live within themselves and not reach out to other people.
□At this moment in history, science seems likely to alter our society as never before. At the same time, the power of technology has become enormous. Perhaps technology itself is creating individuals who are only concerned with their own interests. Will they be satisfied simply to watch events passively, without becoming involved in social decisions which may change their own life? Machines should not be allowed to ruin our sense of social responsibility. Whether we admit it or not, we are all here together, and share a common fate.
まずは、以下のような英英定義選択問題２００問に取り組みます。
①trade【tréid】(Ex:Japan does a lot of *trade with China.)
②view【vjúː】(Ex:This hotel offers a great *view of Mt Fuji.)
③courage【kə'ːridʒ】(Ex:I admire your *courage.)
④pastime【pǽstàim】(Ex: What's your favorite *pastime?)
(A)something you can see from a particular place
(B)the activity of buying and selling goods, usually between countries
(C)the quality to do something dangerous or difficult without showing fear
(D)something that you do for pleasure in your free time
(796)White House Press Secretary described the phenomenon of people buying guns after shooting attacks as a“tragic iro------ .” 【a situation that is strange, funny, or sad because things happen in the opposite way to what you would expect】
1992-(6)
□My fifteen-year-old son has just returned from abroad with a dozen rolls of exposed film and several hundred dollars in unused traveler's checks. His blue bag lies on the hall floor where he dropped in, about four short steps into the house. Last night he slept in Paris, and the twenty nights before that in various beds in England and Scotland, but evidently he postponed【to arrange for something to take place at a later time】 as much sleep as he could; after he walked in and said hello and how much he'd missed home, his electrical system suddenly switched off, and he headed half-unconscious for his bed, where I imagine he may break his old record of sixteen hours.
□I don't think I'll sleep for a while. This household has been in a state of excitement over the trip since weeks before it began, when we said, “In one month, you'll be in London! Imagine!” It was his first trip overseas, so we bought him travel books and a cassette tape of useful French phrases, made a list of people to visit, and advised him on clothing and other things. At the department store where we went to buy him a suitcase, he looked at a few and headed for the bags and knapsacks. He said that suitcases were for old people. I am only in my forties, though, and I pointed out that a suitcase keeps your things — a jacket, for example — neat and tidy. He said he wasn't taking a jacket. The voice of my mother spoke through me. “Don't you want to look nice?” I said, but he just turned away.
□During his trip, he called home three times: from London, from Paris, and from a town named Ullapool in Scotland. “It's like no place in America, Dad,” he reported excitedly. He hiked through flocks of Scottish sheep and climbed a mountain in a heavy rainstorm. In a village near Ullapool, a man spoke to him in the unfamiliar local language, and, too polite【having good manners and respect for the feelings of others】 to interrupt, my son listened to him for ten or fifteen minutes, trying to nod in the right places. The French he learned from the cassette was of little use in Paris; the people he spoke to shook【to move something quickly】 their heads and walked on.
□I myself have never been outside the United States, except twice to Canada. When I was eighteen, a friend and I made a list of experiences we intended to have before we reached twenty-one, which included hitchhiking to the West Coast, learning to play the guitar, and going to Europe. I've done none of them. When my son phoned, I sat down and leaned forward, eager【wanting to do something very much】 to catch every word. I have never listened on the telephone so intently and with so much pleasure as I did those three times. It was wonderful and moving to hear news from him. To me, he was the first man to land on the moon; I knew that I had no advice to give him and that what I had already given was probably not much help. The money that he'd left on the hall table — almost half the amount I sent him off with — is certainly evidence【the facts or objects which cause you to believe that something exists or is true】 of that.
□Youth travels light. No suitcase, no jacket, not much language, and not much money spent — and yet he went where he wanted to go, did what he wanted to do, and came back safely. I sit here amazed. The night when your child returns with dust on his shoes from a country you've never seen is a night that you wish would last for a week.
（注） exposed film: 撮影済みのフィルム．
traveler's check: 旅行者用小切手．
問１ What did the son do after exchanging greetings with his father?
① He dropped to the floor, half-unconscious.
② He slept for sixteen hours without waking.
③ He talked about his trip far into the night.
④ He went to his room and fell fast asleep.
問２ Why was the family so excited about the son's trip long before it began?
① Because he was the first in his family to travel outside the United States.
② Because he would be going overseas for the first time.
③ Because the family considered him much too young to travel by himself.
④ Because they couldn't believe he was to be the first to land on the moon.
問３ Why did the father advise his son to get a suitcase?
① Because he believed carrying a suitcase would make his son look older.
② Because he considered a suitcase to be better for carrying clothes.
③ Because he thought his son would look nice carrying one.
④ Because the boy's mother wanted him to have one.
問４ How well did the son communicate when speaking with the local people during his trip?
① He experienced difficulties in Scotland and Paris.
② He had no difficulties, thanks to the language tape he took with him.
③ He had no trouble in Scotland, but he couldn't communicate in Paris.
④ He managed to communicate in the local language in Ullapool.
問５ What does “youth travels light” in the last paragraph mean?
① Young people don't need much when they make a trip.
② Young people don't take a lot of money when traveling.
③ Young people like to wear light-colored clothes when they travel.
④ Young people prefer traveling in the daytime when it is light.
問６ What was it that amazed the father?
① The ease with which his young son was able to travel successfully.
② The evidence that the advice he had given was a great help during his son's trip.
③ The fact that his son only spent half the money which he had been given.
④ The story his son brought back about his trip.
Ｂ 次の①～⑩のうちから本文の内容と合っているものを４つ選び，その番号を答えよ．
ただし，解答の順序は問わない．
① The son switched off the electric light in the hall.
② The father was over fifty when his son went on the trip.
③ When the father said to his son, “Don't you want to look nice?”, he was remembering
what his own mother used to say.
④ The son made a telephone call to his father from London.
⑤ When a man in a Scottish village spoke to him, the boy was too polite to say he couldn't understand him.
⑥ The father had never been out of his own country.
⑦ The father learned how to play the guitar when he was his son's age.
⑧ The father listened intently to his son on the phone because he himself had wanted to
have a similar kind of experience when young.
⑨ Since the father had been to Europe himself when he was young, his son's stories didn't
impress him very much.
⑩ The father had no advice to give his son on the phone because he had given him enough
before the trip.
解答）Ａ 1④ 2② 3② 4① 5① 6① Ｂ ③④⑤⑧
大学入学共通テスト 時間内で解ける力がつく英英直読英単語・熟語は上記長文中の語彙を以下のように網羅的にカバーしています。
□My fifteen-year-old son has just returned from abroad with a dozen rolls of exposed film and several hundred dollars in unused traveler's checks. His blue bag lies on the hall floor where he dropped in, about four short steps into the house. Last night he slept in Paris, and the twenty nights before that in various beds in England and Scotland, but evidently he postponed as much sleep as he could; after he walked in and said hello and how much he'd missed home, his electrical system suddenly switched off, and he headed half-unconscious for his bed, where I imagine he may break his old record of sixteen hours.
□I don't think I'll sleep for a while. This household has been in a state of excitement over the trip since weeks before it began, when we said, “In one month, you'll be in London! Imagine!” It was his first trip overseas, so we bought him travel books and a cassette tape of useful French phrases, made a list of people to visit, and advised him on clothing and other things. At the department store where we went to buy him a suitcase, he looked at a few and headed for the bags and knapsacks. He said that suitcases were for old people. I am only in my forties, though, and I pointed out that a suitcase keeps your things — a jacket, for example — neat and tidy. He said he wasn't taking a jacket. The voice of my mother spoke through me. “Don't you want to look nice?” I said, but he just turned away.
□During his trip, he called home three times: from London, from Paris, and from a town named Ullapool in Scotland. “It's like no place in America, Dad,” he reported excitedly. He hiked through flocks of Scottish sheep and climbed a mountain in a heavy rainstorm. In a village near Ullapool, a man spoke to him in the unfamiliar local language, and, too polite to interrupt, my son listened to him for ten or fifteen minutes, trying to nod in the right places. The French he learned from the cassette was of little use in Paris; the people he spoke to shook their heads and walked on.
□I myself have never been outside the United States, except twice to Canada. When I was eighteen, a friend and I made a list of experiences we intended to have before we reached twenty-one, which included hitchhiking to the West Coast, learning to play the guitar, and going to Europe. I've done none of them. When my son phoned, I sat down and leaned forward, eager to catch every word. I have never listened on the telephone so intently and with so much pleasure as I did those three times. It was wonderful and moving to hear news from him. To me, he was the first man to land on the moon; I knew that I had no advice to give him and that what I had already given was probably not much help. The money that he'd left on the hall table — almost half the amount I sent him off with — is certainly evidence of that.
□Youth travels light. No suitcase, no jacket, not much language, and not much money spent — and yet he went where he wanted to go, did what he wanted to do, and came back safely. I sit here amazed. The night when your child returns with dust on his shoes from a country you've never seen is a night that you wish would last for a week.
①suggest【səgdʒést 】(Ex:I *suggest you get some rest.)
②force【fɔ'ːrs】(Ex:She *forced me to sing a song.)
③celebrate【séləbrèit】(Ex:Wedding *anniversaries are *celebrated in many different ways.)
④regard【rigɑ'ːrd】(Ex:We *regard Edison as a great inventor.)
(A)to make someone do something they do not want to do
(B)to tell your ideas for other people to *consider
(C)to think about someone or something in a *particular way
(D)to do something special or enjoyable to show that an *occasion or event is important
□Nowadays people spend more time away from their jobs than ever before. Technological developments have steadily shortened working hours for a large part of the population, and the fact that people are living longer has also increased the amount of time spent in non-work settings. As a result, a large number of people have had to adjust to more leisure 【time when you can relax and do things you enjoy without working or studying】 than they had expected, and this new-found leisure has created difficulties.
□Historically, the emphasis has been on work, and current attitudes still reflect the impact【the effect that something has on someone or something】of this earlier way of thinking. Even today, many people still believe that leisure should be used chiefly to restore one's energy and strength for more and better work. Leisure, therefore, has been viewed as a means【a method for doing something】 to an end.
□Along with greater production【the process of making or growing something for sale in large quantities】 efficiency and higher standards of living, there is a new idea in which leisure is viewed as more than simply a restorative for work. Leisure is now regarded by an increasing number of people as an important part of contemporary【happening or belonging to the present time】 life. They think that the use of leisure time should be a satisfying experience in and of itself.
□Attitudes【the opinions and feelings that you have about something, especially when this shows in the way you behave】 toward both leisure and work are changing. Increasing mechanization of work has meant that more people are now looking beyond their jobs for satisfying life experiences. This has led to some change in emphasis from job-centered activities to leisure and home-centered activities, especially among the younger generation. However, because the new idea has not entirely replaced【to be used instead of something】 the traditional one, many people face the problem of what role leisure should play in their lives. Some feel guilty about additional hours of free time and seek more work to avoid leisure hours, while others eagerly pursue leisure activities that resemble【to be similar to something】 work. As working hours are shortened, a more meaningful balance has to be found between work and play.
（注） restore [rist¦®r] v. 回復する．restórative a.n. 回復させる；回復剤．
問１ Due to the leisure brought about by technology, many people
① are puzzled【to confuse someone because they do not understand something】 by what to do with their working hours
② are unable to obtain satisfaction from their work
③ have difficulty in adjusting to an increase in population
④ have the problem of adapting to a new way of life
問２ In the past, leisure was considered to be
① a way to improve one's work
② an essential part of daily life
③ as important as work itself
④ more important than work
問３ Many people are now uneasy about increased leisure because
① their leisure activities are becoming more and more like work
② there is not enough time for them to pursue leisure activities and also do their work
③ they are not quite free from the influence of the traditional idea about leisure
④ they might be required to do more work at home
問４ The main point the writer wishes to make is that
① people need to learn how to deal with an increasing amount of leisure
② people want still more free time than they have at present
③ technological developments have permitted people to work less than in the past
④ the new idea of leisure is better than the historical one
□Nowadays people spend more time away from their jobs than ever before. Technological developments have steadily shortened working hours for a large part of the population, and the fact that people are living longer has also increased the amount of time spent in non-work settings. As a result, a large number of people have had to adjust to more leisure than they had expected, and this new-found leisure has created difficulties.
□Historically, the emphasis has been on work, and current attitudes still reflect the impact of this earlier way of thinking. Even today, many people still believe that leisure should be used chiefly to restore one's energy and strength for more and better work. Leisure, therefore, has been viewed as a means to an end.
□Along with greater production efficiency and higher standards of living, there is a new idea in which leisure is viewed as more than simply a restorative for work. Leisure is now regarded by an increasing number of people as an important part of contemporary life. They think that the use of leisure time should be a satisfying experience in and of itself.
□Attitudes toward both leisure and work are changing. Increasing mechanization of work has meant that more people are now looking beyond their jobs for satisfying life experiences. This has led to some change in emphasis from job-centered activities to leisure and home-centered activities, especially among the younger generation. However, because the new idea has not entirely replaced the traditional one, many people face the problem of what role leisure should play in their lives. Some feel guilty about additional hours of free time and seek more work to avoid leisure hours, while others eagerly pursue leisure activities that resemble work. As working hours are shortened, a more meaningful balance has to be found between work and play.
①spread【spréd】(Ex: *Rumors *spread quickly in social networks.)
②reserve【rizə'ːrv】(Ex:I'd like to *reserve a table for four at six.)
③guess【gés】(Ex:I *guess listening to the *boring *lecture made me tired.)
④realize【ríːəlàiz】(Ex:I didn't *realize you were *serious.)
(A)to know or understand a particular fact or situation
(B)to keep something for you so that you will be able to use it at a later time
(C)to give an answer or an opinion about something without definite knowledge about it
(D)to gradually reach or affect a larger area or more people
青字の英英定義はすべて大学入学共通テスト 時間内で解ける力がつく英英直読英単語・熟語に収録されたものです。 1991年追試-(5)
□□Do animals play? Certainly, many animals, especially the young, engage【to take part in a particular activity】 in behavior that seems like play. But why do they play? This question is difficult to answer, even for experts【someone who has a particular skill or who knows a lot about something】 . For one thing, there are considerable difficulties involved in observing animals at play when they are not in natural surroundings. Monkeys, for example, play a lot in the wild, but in cages it is hard to make them play when you want them to. You have to sit patiently, waiting for the right moments. And even when you do see them playing, it is still difficult to say why they are doing so.
□Scientists have noticed【to become aware of someone or something】 that when two monkeys are ‘play-fighting,’ they take turns winning. One will be on top, and it will look as if he is winning. Then suddenly he will give the other a chance to take control of the action. It is believed that this kind of play helps monkeys learn to take different roles when they are older. Like humans, animals sometimes need to take charge, and sometimes follow. Monkeys seem to learn this lesson by playing.
□Another likely purpose of play is to let animals learn how to get along with others of their own age. It has been found that while baby rats kept with their brothers and sisters engage in a lot of rough play, those raised alone with their mothers play just a little. However, when rats which have only been with their mothers are put with other young rats, they play a lot more than those brought up in a large family. It seems that they make up for lost time.
□Though much remains to be discovered about animal play, studies like these do seem to indicate【to show that something exists】 that animals learn some very basic skills by taking part in play-like activities.
問１ It is difficult to study monkeys at play in cages because .
① it is hard to tell whether they are playing or not
② they don't always play when scientists want them to
③ they play for such a long time that observers have to sit patiently
④ they prefer playing with humans to playing with other monkeys
問２ Through play-fighting, monkeys seem to learn that .
① it is very important to win the fight once it has started
② there are different social roles to perform within their group
③ they always have to attack 【to use violence to hurt or damage someone or something】other monkeys stronger than themselves
④ they can control the actions of others by winning the fight
問３ Rats that live with their brothers and sisters during their early days .
① hurt each other a lot through their rough play
② quickly learn to be independent【not depending on other people for help or money】 of their mothers
③ spend a lot of time playing roughly with them
④ still want to play with their mothers
問４ By they make up for lost time, the author means that the rats .
① come to enjoy their life without friends to play with
② decide to play even more with their mothers
③ learn to get along with other rats in a very short time
④ succeed in forgetting their earlier lonely days
解答）1② 2② 3③ 4③
大学入学共通テスト 時間内で解ける力がつく英英直読英単語・熟語は上記長文中の語彙を以下のように網羅的にカバーしています。
□1991追試-(5)
□Do animals play? Certainly, many animals, especially the young, engage in behavior that seems like play. But why do they play? This question is difficult to answer, even for experts. For one thing, there are considerable difficulties involved in observing animals at play when they are not in natural surroundings. Monkeys, for example, play a lot in the wild, but in cages it is hard to make them play when you want them to. You have to sit patiently, waiting for the right moments. And even when you do see them playing, it is still difficult to say why they are doing so.
□Scientists have noticed that when two monkeys are ‘play-fighting,’ they take turns winning. One will be on top, and it will look as if he is winning. Then suddenly he will give the other a chance to take control of the action. It is believed that this kind of play helps monkeys learn to take different roles when they are older. Like humans, animals sometimes need to take charge, and sometimes follow. Monkeys seem to learn this lesson by playing.
□Another likely purpose of play is to let animals learn how to get along with others of their own age. It has been found that while baby rats kept with their brothers and sisters engage in a lot of rough play, those raised alone with their mothers play just a little. However, when rats which have only been with their mothers are put with other young rats, they play a lot more than those brought up in a large family. It seems that they make up for lost time.
□Though much remains to be discovered about animal play, studies like these do seem to indicate that animals learn some very basic skills by taking part in play-like activities.
①suggest【səgdʒést 】(Ex:I *suggest you get some rest.)
②force【fɔ'ːrs】(Ex:She *forced me to sing a song.)
③celebrate【séləbrèit】(Ex:Wedding *anniversaries are *celebrated in many different ways.)
④regard【rigɑ'ːrd】(Ex:We *regard Edison as a great inventor.)
(A)to make someone do something they do not want to do
(B)to tell your ideas for other people to *consider
(C)to think about someone or something in a *particular way
(D)to do something special or enjoyable to show that an *occasion or event is important
(353)a large ( )公式の( ) where a lot of people
( )議論する a particular ( )＝( )会議
A *( ) was held to discuss the ( )さまざまな( )利点 of using insects as an ( )代替の( )源 of food to pigs, chickens, and cows.
(354)a ( )( ) in which the ( )温度 of your body is higher than ( )正常の＝( )熱
My grandmother always said you should sweat to ( )下げる the *( ) when you have the flu.
(355)a ( ) who has been ( ) to act
or speak ( )( )( )…を代表して a group＝( )代表
The *( ) made a plan ( ) the school festival, and the other students carried it out.
(356)an ( )公式の( )行動 that is carried out to ( )達成する a particular purpose＝( )手段
To ( )改善する business performance,
the company decided to ( )訴える to drastic *( ).
(357) ( ) something or ( ) somewhere at ( )正確に the time that has been ( )手配された＝( )時間に正確な
Trains in Japan are ( )信じられないほど*( ).
(358) ( ) or ( )失望した because something unpleasant has happened
＝( )落ち込んだ
Bruce was ( )ひどく*( ) when his girlfriend left him, but he soon ( )( )立ち直る it.
(359) ( )注目すべき＝( )傑出した
The story was *( ),
but his acting was ( )( )…にはほど遠い( )素晴らしい.
(360) ( ) a large ( )距離 between ( ) 反対のsides
＝( )厚い
*( ) eyeglasses sometimes make you feel like the ( ) of the world is ( ) your nose.
(361)to be ( )( ) each other＝( )異なる
Some people are ( ) to consider their own way of life as being the ( )正常な one and to ( )( )( )見下す life-styles that *( ) from it.
(362)to ( ) to ( )離れる your job＝( )やめる
Permanent employees ( )とどまる( ) until they are ( )解雇される or choose to *( ).
(363)to ( ) to ( )発見する all the facts about something such as a crime, accident, or scientific problem＝( )調査する
Not ( ) one percent of the ( )種 in today's rainforests have been *( ) by researchers.
(364)to ( ) someone ( )( )不安な about someone or something
＝( )心配させる
It never ( )( ) me that my actions had *( ) my parents.
(365)to ( ) and ( )調べる something carefully
over a ( )期間 of time＝( )監視する
Watching TV programs can be good for the education of children if it is carefully *( ).
(366)to ( ) the ( ) of something ( ) by using examples
＝( )例示する
This picture *( ) a method
of ( )防御( )利用される by many animals.
(367)to ( )拒否する( )( )受け入れる something such as a ( )提案,
a ( )要求, or an offer＝( )拒絶する
Although he had a lot of experience in teaching, John's ( )応募 for the position of full-time professor was *( ).
(368)to ( )許す a child to ( ) everything that they ( ) ＝( )甘やかす
Is it child ( )児童虐待 for parents to *( ) their children too much?
1991-(6)
□It began when I was a 16-year-old high school student. I was reading a popular youth magazine when I noticed【to become aware of someone or something】 a list of addresses of young people from all over the world who were seeking pen pals in Japan. I had often seen boys and girls in my class receiving fat airmail envelopes【a thin paper container used for sending letters】 from overseas. Having a pen pal was the fashion of the day. Why shouldn't I get one, too? So I picked out the address of one “Margaret K.” in Boston and, remembering that a girl from my class had once told me young ladies like to read letters on pink paper, I went out to buy some.
□“Dear Pen Pal,” I began, but then stopped. I was very nervous【worried and anxious about something that might happen】 and really didn't know how to continue or what to say. After much effort I finished the letter, though it didn't even fill one page. The reply from faraway America came sooner than I had expected. “I was surprised to receive your letter,” Margaret wrote. “I don't know how my address got into a magazine in Japan, because I have never asked for a pen pal, but it's so nice hearing from someone in such a fascinating country, and I look forward to corresponding with you.”I don't know how many times I read that letter.
□When writing to Margaret, I took care not to say anything that might upset her. While English came naturally to Margaret, for me it was a foreign language, so I wrote only about everyday matters. But somewhere in my heart there was a sense of romance which I dared not express【to show what you are feeling or thinking using words or actions】. For her part, though Margaret wrote long letters, she revealed little about herself.
□Big envelopes containing【to have something inside】 books, magazines, and other small gifts began to arrive. I had no doubt that Margaret was a rich American girl, and that she was as beautiful as her attractive gifts. I felt that our pen friendship was a great success. However, there was one thing I couldn't get out of my mind. I knew it would be impolite to ask a girl her age, but thought it would be all right to ask her to send a picture. So I wrote the request and at last came the reply. Margaret said simply that she had no suitable pictures of herself at that time, but that she would send me one someday. She added that “the average American girl”was much nicer-looking than she was.
□Years went by. Our letters became less frequent but we never lost touch. Meanwhile, I graduated from college, got a job, married and had children. I still hoped that I might be able to meet Margaret someday and that my family might also meet her.
□Then, one day I received a large airmail envelope addressed in unfamiliar handwriting. It contained a few magazines and a note from a lady named Alice. “I'm very sorry to inform 【to tell someone about something】 you,” the note said, “that Margaret died in an accident last month while she was driving home from church. We had been close friends for the past sixty years — ever since we were in high school together. Margaret often mentioned how happy she was to hear from you. Though she lived alone, she had many friends, and always tried to help others, both far and near.” There was also a photograph enclosed. Margaret had asked her friend to send it only in the case of her death. The face in the picture was one of great beauty and kindness. It was a face I would have loved even when I was still young and she was already quite old.
問１ What made the author【someone who has written a piece of writing】 decide to have a pen pal in a foreign country?
① He happened to receive a fat airmail envelope from abroad.
② He wanted to do the same as many of his classmates.
③ He wanted to have his address printed in a magazine.
④ He was urged【to advise someone to do something】 to have one by a classmate.
問２ How did the author obtain【to get something】 Margaret's address?
① He found it in a popular magazine.
② He received it from one of his classmates.
③ He selected it from a list given by his teacher.
④ He wrote to a popular magazine for her address.
問３ Why did the author ask Margaret for her picture?
① Because he thought it polite【having good manners and respect for the feelings of others】 to ask for a picture.
② Because he wanted to know how old she was.
③ Because he wanted to show her picture to his classmates.
④ Because his classmates had pictures of their pen pals.
問４ Why did Margaret's friend write to the author?
① Because she had been asked by Margaret to send a photograph to the author after she died.
② Because she had been asked by Margaret to write to the author about their sixty-year friendship.
③ Because she thought it was the right thing to do, although Margaret had requested her not to.
④ Because she thought that she could take Margaret's place as the author's pen pal.
問５ Why didn't Margaret want the author to see her picture while she was alive?
① Because she believed herself to be just an average-looking girl.
② Because she did not have any pictures of herself.
③ Because she thought impolite for a boy to ask for a picture.
④ Because she thought it would spoil his image of her.
問６ How did the author feel when he saw Margaret's photograph?
① He felt that she looked just as he had imagined.
② He felt that she looked just as she had described herself in her letters.
③ He felt that she was too old for a high school boy.
④ He felt that she was very lovely though much older than he had expected.
Ｂ 次の①～⑩のうちから本文の内容とあっているものを４つ選び，その番号を答えよ．
ただし，解答の順序は問わない．
① The author had written to pen pals abroad before he wrote to Margaret.
② Margaret said in her letter that writing to Japanese people was popular among American
students.
③ Someone in the author's class gave him the idea that girls found letters on pink paper
attractive.
④ When the author wrote to Margaret for the first time, he wrote a long letter.
⑤ Though surprised, Margaret indicated that she was pleased to receive a letter from the
author.
⑥ The author came to know a lot about Margaret through reading her long letters.
⑦ The author felt somehow romantic toward Margaret, but he didn't put it into words.
⑧ Margaret said in her letter that in appearance she was an average American girl.
⑨ Many of Margaret's friends came from far and near to help her, because she lived alone.
⑩ Even after the author got married and had a family, he still wished to meet Margaret.
1991-(6)
□It began when I was a 16-year-old high school student. I was reading a popular youth magazine when I noticed a list of addresses of young people from all over the world who were seeking pen pals in Japan. I had often seen boys and girls in my class receiving fat airmail envelopes from overseas. Having a pen pal was the fashion of the day. Why shouldn't I get one, too? So I picked out the address of one “Margaret K.” in Boston and, remembering that a girl from my class had once told me young ladies like to read letters on pink paper, I went out to buy some.
□“Dear Pen Pal,” I began, but then stopped. I was very nervous and really didn't know how to continue or what to say. After much effort I finished the letter, though it didn't even fill one page. The reply from faraway America came sooner than I had expected. “I was surprised to receive your letter,” Margaret wrote. “I don't know how my address got into a magazine in Japan, because I have never asked for a pen pal, but it's so nice hearing from someone in such a fascinating country, and I look forward to corresponding with you.”I don't know how many times I read that letter.
□When writing to Margaret, I took care not to say anything that might upset her. While English came naturally to Margaret, for me it was a foreign language, so I wrote only about everyday matters. But somewhere in my heart there was a sense of romance which I dared not express. For her part, though Margaret wrote long letters, she revealed little about herself.
□Big envelopes containing books, magazines, and other small gifts began to arrive. I had no doubt that Margaret was a rich American girl, and that she was as beautiful as her attractive gifts. I felt that our pen friendship was a great success. However, there was one thing I couldn't get out of my mind. I knew it would be impolite to ask a girl her age, but thought it would be all right to ask her to send a picture. So I wrote the request and at last came the reply. Margaret said simply that she had no suitable pictures of herself at that time, but that she would send me one someday. She added that “the average American girl”
was much nicer-looking than she was.
□Years went by. Our letters became less frequent but we never lost touch. Meanwhile, I graduated from college, got a job, married and had children. I still hoped that I might be able to meet Margaret someday and that my family might also meet her.
□Then, one day I received a large airmail envelope addressed in unfamiliar handwriting. It contained a few magazines and a note from a lady named Alice. “I'm very sorry to inform you,” the note said, “that Margaret died in an accident last month while she was driving home from church. We had been close friends for the past sixty years — ever since we were in high school together. Margaret often mentioned how happy she was to hear from you. Though she lived alone, she had many friends, and always tried to help others, both far and near.” There was also a photograph enclosed. Margaret had asked her friend to send it only in the case of her death. The face in the picture was one of great beauty and kindness. It was a face I would have loved even when I was still young and she was already quite old.
①obey【oubéi】(Ex:Should soldiers always *obey orders?)
②pray【préi】(Ex:We *prayed for peace.)
③melt【mélt】(Ex:What is the best way to *melt snow?)
④select【silékt】(Ex:He was *selected for the Japan National Team.)
(A)to cause something to change from solid to liquid
(B)to do what you are told to do
(C)to speak to a higher being in order to give thanks or to ask for help
(D)to choose someone or something carefully from among others
