news20100817gdn1

[News] from [guardian.co.uk]

[guardian.co.uk > Environment > Wind power]

Scottish firm BiFab wins £4m contract to build prototype tidal energy turbine
Victory by Fife-based BiFab raises the prospect of thousands of new jobs for Scotland

Tim Webb
The Guardian, Tuesday 17 August 2010
Article history

{The Isle of Islay. Photograph: PA}

A Scottish company has won the contract to build one of the world's most advanced tidal energy turbines.

The contract could kickstart a marine energy manufacturing boom in Britain because project developer ScottishPower wants hundreds more turbines to be built in the next few years, creating the prospect of thousands of jobs for Scotland.

Fife-based BiFab (Burntisland Fabrications), which traditionally has manufactured equipment for the North Sea oil and gas industry, will today be named as winner of the £4m series of contracts. It will build ScottishPower's first full-scale working prototype device, which the company claims is the world's most advanced. The design will be used for the 10MW tidal energy project, the largest in the UK and potentially in the world, in the Sound of Islay, off the west coast of Scotland.

This month ScottishPower submitted a planning application for the project in the fast-moving channel between the islands of Islay and Jura. It intends to tender contracts in two years' time for manufacture of the project's 10 1mw turbines.

ScottishPower has also recently been given a licence by the Crown Estate to develop a 95MW project in the Pentland Firth, which separates the Orkney Islands from Caithness, in the north of Scotland. Manufacturing costs are expected to fall as techniques are refined and contracts for both these projects are likely to be worth more than £100m.

The prototype turbine, which will be built by BiFab in Stornoway, on Lewis, has been developed by Hammerfest Strøm, a joint venture between ScottishPower, Norwegian energy group Statoil and other energy companies.

Thousands more of the tidal energy turbines could be manufactured in the next decade and beyond for use in Scotland. According to a government report, the fast-moving currents of the Pentland Firth could eventually generate up to 4GW of electricity, more than enough to supply Glasgow and Edinburgh. More than 7% of the world's tidal energy resource is also thought to be in Scottish waters. The Scottish government has a target of generating 2GW (2,000MW) of electricity from tidal and wave power by 2020.

Welcoming the announcement, Keith Anderson, director of ScottishPower renewables, said it was delighted that Hammerfest Strøm was building the first HS1000 turbine in Scotland. "We know that the company looked internationally to find the right levels of expertise to deliver this contract, so it is a major boost to Scotland's renewable energy industry and to the wider economy to see this new technology going into construction in Stornoway. With our projects in Islay and the Pentland Firth also being developed, we hope that the announcement today is just the beginning of what could be a major stream of new opportunities for the renewables and manufacturing industries in Scotland."

BiFab will use its new facility in Arnish, on Lewis, to build the 22 metre tall steel structure of the turbine, including its foundation and legs. Another Scottish company will be announced today as the winner of the bid to manufacture the nacelle, which supports the turbine generator. This company will also assemble the device, which weighs 1,100 tonnes.

Politicians in Edinburgh and London, as well as UK-based energy companies, are determined to reap the economic benefits of marine energy. In the 1980s and 1990s, Britain missed the opportunity to become a major manufacturing base for the wind energy industry, even though it has some of the best conditions in the world. Denmark, thanks to grants and other forms of early government support, is now a world leader in the industry. Only a handful of small wind industry manufacturers exist in Britain, which imports the vast majority of the wind turbines it uses from countries including Denmark and Germany. Experts say that wave and tidal energy technologies are at a similar stage of development as the wind industry 20 or 30 years ago.

Scotland's first minister, Alex Salmond, wants to make sure that Scotland becomes a world leader for manufacturing marine energy devices and the services and supporting industries that go with it. As North Sea oil and gas production dwindles, the companies that service offshore rigs and platforms, many of which are already in Scotland, are keen to adapt their expertise to the offshore renewable industry.

Salmond welcomed the news today. "Awarding £4 million of contracts to Scotland is a massive vote of confidence in the talent, expertise and infrastructure we have to support the development of a clean, green renewables future," he said.

Scottish Power plans to have its Sound of Islay project operational in 2013. It will provide enough electricity for Islay's 3,500 inhabitants for 23 hours a day and export power to the mainland. ScottishPower has signed a contract with Diageo, the drinks group, to provide power from the project to eight distilleries and maltings on Islay, including the makers of the Laphroaig and Lagavulin whiskies.

This year, in Britain's first marine energy licensing round, the Crown Estate gave 10 licences for companies to develop projects around Orkney and the Pentland Firth, including to ScottishPower.

Most marine energy developers are still carrying out more tests to make sure their devices can stand up to the harsh operating environment. The economics of large-scale marine energy projects are still sketchy, as few exist, and UK developers are entitled to large subsidies. For tidal projects, these are worth one and a half times those earned by offshore wind farms, and two and a half times for wave farm projects.

Backstory

Unlike the basic design for a wind turbine, which is uniform, The development of tidal power has been complex. There are hundreds of concepts for tidal and wave devices which take time and money to test. With so many different technologies at different stages of development it is not easy to plot its development, unlike wind power which benefited from the uniform windmill-style design. Ironically, ScottishPower's tidal device sits on the seabed where currents turn its blades to generate electricity.One industry executive recalls visiting the Pentland Firth where an array of companies were testing their prototypes, with mixed success. "It was a bit like Wacky Races," he said, referring to the cult 1970s cartoon in which drivers competed to win the title of the "World's Wackiest Racer"., he said: But after years labouring in the shadow of its more advanced renewable rival, the wind industry, marine energy is finally coming of age.

news20100817gdn2

[News] from [guardian.co.uk]

[guardian.co.uk > Business > Vedanta Resources]

Vedanta's Indian mining project under threat
Mining company Vedanta's controversial project on sacred tribal land in India has been condemned by a government inquiry

Maseeh Rahman
guardian.co.uk, Monday 16 August 2010 19.05 BST
Article history

{Vedanta's project for a bauxite mine on sacred tribal land of the Dongria-Kondh has been stalled by an Indian government report. Photograph: Gethin Chamberlain}

Vedanta's controversial project to develop a bauxite mine on sacred tribal land in India was in jeopardy after a government inquiry said that mining would destroy the way of life of the area's "endangered" and "primitive" people.

In a strongly worded report, a four-member committee set up by India's environment ministry accused Vedanta Alumina, a subsidiary of the London-listed firm, of violating forest conservation and environment protection regulations and displaying "total contempt for the law". The report also noted "an appalling degree of collusion" by local government officials with Vedanta.

Campaigners who have fought to stop the development, whose supporters include the activist Bianca Jagger, welcomed the report "as the final nail in the coffin of Vedanta's plans".

Security forces are currently battling a Maoist insurgency in India's tribal districts, and the committee was concerned that the takeover of traditional tribal lands by large mining companies in the central and eastern parts of the country could be fuelling the unrest.

"Allowing mining in the area, by depriving two primitive tribal groups of their rights over the proposed mining sites in order to benefit a private company, would shake the faith of tribal people in the laws of the land, which may have serious consequences for the security and well-being of the entire country," the committee said.

Vedanta proposes to mine bauxite in the Niyamgiri Hills in the eastern state of Orissa, home to the Dongria and Kutia Kondh tribes, to expand its existing alumina refinery sixfold, something for which it had gained approval from the Orissa state government. But clearance for the mining project from the environment ministry has been delayed at least three years owing to strong opposition from environmental and tribal rights group.

Environment minister Jairam Ramesh said today that another panel would meet on Friday to study the inquiry report before his department takes a final decision on Vedanta's mining proposal. The mining project has been opposed for years by campaigners such as Survival International and ActionAid, along with Bianca Jagger and Michael Palin. For the first time, the anti-Vedanta campaign appears to have scored a victory.

"This report is utterly scathing about Vedanta's behaviour and confirms what Survival and others have been saying for years," said Stephen Corry of Survival International. "The findings are unequivocal – mining will destroy the Dongria Kondh and should not be allowed. Let's hope this is the final nail in the coffin for Vedanta's plans."

The Dongria Kondh, who number only 7,952, inhabit the upper reaches of the Niyamgiri, while the Kutia Kondh live in the foothills.

Vedanta wants to mine bauxite, which is refined to alumina and eventually turned into aluminium, at the top of the hill, which is considered by the Dongria-Kondh as sacred to their deity, Niyam Raja.

"More than seven square kilometres of the sacred undisturbed forest land on top of the mountain that has been protected for ages by the Dongria Kondh, and essential for the region's fertility, will be stripped of its vegetation, soil and rendered into a vast, barren exposed land," the committee said.

This would result in the inevitable degradation of the unique tribal enclave's rich wildlife and biodiversity and endanger the self-sufficient forest-based livelihood of the tribals and lead to their eventual extinction.

Bloomberg reported that Vedanta Alumina spokesman Bibek Chattopadhyay declined to comment on the committee's findings.


[guardian.co.uk > Business > Cairn Energy]

Greenland oil lures Cairn Energy from India
> Vedanta pays £5bn for 51% of Cairn India
> Cairn Energy will use proceeds to fund Greenland project

Simon Goodley
guardian.co.uk, Monday 16 August 2010 20.14 BST
Article history]

{Cairn Energy's offshore oil exploration project in Greenland has engaged 'iceberg management' experts to secure its rigs.}


Cairn Energy, the oil exploration group, confirmed that it had sold a 51% stake in Cairn India to Vedanta for £5bn to help fund its move towards exploration projects off the coast of Greenland, just as offshore drilling becomes more controversial.

The deal will also allow the Edinburgh-based company, which owns 62% of Cairn India, to return a "substantial sum" to investors while adding to its two rigs positioned 200km away from Aasiaat, on Greenland's west coast.

The explorer insists that the Greenland projects do not classify as "deep water" - a thorny issue after the controversy that engulfed BP this year – as the seabed is less than 1,000 metres below the surface. However, it has hired rigs with deep water capabilities for the drilling.

"We have probably over-engineered," a Cairn spokesman said. "We are very conscious of our responsibilities on Greenland and we are doing everything possible to ensure a safe operation there."

Drilling for oil in such harsh climates presents different challenges and Cairn has hired "iceberg management" companies to help secure its rigs. A recent presentation to investors described how these companies employ tactics such as a "water cannon" to knock icebergs off course, as well as using vessels to tow them away.

Vedanta will pay Cairn 405 rupees (£5.58) a share for up to 51% of Cairn India's shares, a 21.8% premium over the price on 11August, the day rumours of the proposed deal began circulating. However, the precise number of shares Vedanta will acquire from Cairn Energy will depend on the take-up of an open offer Vedanta will make along with its subsidiary Sesa Goa.

Blackrock, HSBC, Legal and General, Fidelity and F&C are among Cairn's largest investors who are set to benefit from the eventual cash windfall from the sale, although analysts suggested that the company's share register is set to change following the transaction.

Sanjeev Bahl, an analyst with stockbroker Numis, said: "Some investors buy Cairn shares to gain exposure to the oil price. That will no longer be the case. There will be a small exposure with their 11% holding in Cairn India, but the largest proportion will be quite high risk and the investor base will change as a result."

Confirmation of the deal came as Cairn monitors the progress of a Greenpeace protest ship heading towards the Artic, which has attracted the attention of a Danish navy special forces team.

The Esperanza is on a mission to target deep sea oil drilling sites and has pledged to highlight problems with oil that go "far beyond" the disaster at BP's Deepwater Horizon rig in the Gulf of Mexico.

The Cairn spokesman added: "We'll just have to see [if we get a visit]. We're comfortable with the operation we are carrying out. People have their views."

Cairn Energy was founded by Sir Bill Gammell, a former Scotland rugby international, in 1980 and was floated in 1988. Over the past 20 years it has focused on South Asia with more than 40 oil and gas discoveries and the development of major fields in India and Bangladesh.

news20100817nn1

[naturenews] from [nature.com]

[nature.com > Nature News]

Published online 17 August 2010 | Nature | doi:10.1038/466909a
News

FDA challenges stem-cell clinic
Injunction raises questions over regulation.

David Cyranoski

{Christopher Centeno, medical director of Regenerative Sciences.
Centeno–Schultz Clinic}

How should clinics that treat patients with injections of their own stem cells be regulated? That question is about to test the jurisdiction of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in a landmark legal battle — and is fuelling a war of words between doctors marketing such therapies and academics who urge caution.

The FDA asserted its authority on 6 August, when it requested a federal injunction from the US District Court of the District of Columbia to prevent stem-cell clinic Regenerative Sciences in Broomfield, Colorado, from preparing its treatments. The company isolates, cultures and processes adult stem cells from a patient's bone marrow or synovial fluid. Doctors then inject the cells to treat fractures, torn tendons and other ailments. The clinic charges patients US$7,000–9,000, carries out about 20 procedures each month, and says it will fight the FDA's injunction. Unlike conventional bone-marrow transplants of blood-forming stem cells, Regenerative Sciences' procedure relies on mesenchymal stem cells that can potentially transform into bone, cartilage or fat.

In July 2008, the FDA told Regenerative Sciences that its treatments are drugs according to the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, and biological products under the Public Health Service Act. But the company did not apply for FDA approval and continued to offer the treatment. Now the agency says that the company is not following good manufacturing practice, and that the treatment's safety and efficacy is unproven.

But Christopher Centeno, Regenerative Sciences' medical director, argues that as the treatment uses a patient's own stem cells, it is a medical procedure akin to in vitro fertilization, and therefore none of the FDA's business. He adds that his treatment has a much better safety record than conventional surgery (C. J. Centeno et al. Curr. Stem Cell Res. Ther. 5 , 81–93; 2010) and that animal (see go.nature.com/PiFFyf) and imaging (C. J. Centeno et al. Pain Physician 11, 343–353; 2008) studies have proved it effective.

The FDA's demand for scientific evidence from clinical trials "is a valid position. But it is not the only position," Centeno told Nature. He says that it is sufficient to follow the guidelines of the International Cellular Medicine Society (ICMS), based in Salem, Oregon, an association of 1,100 physicians and patients that he co-founded and of which he is medical director.

Centeno and his supporters say that the FDA's request for an injunction is another blow for stem-cell clinics in their David-and-Goliath struggle with an industry-led alliance that wants to put a stranglehold on stem-cell therapies and restrict individuals' use of their own cells. In an open letter on 30 July, ICMS executive director David Audley accused the International Society for Stem Cell Research (ISSCR), based in Deerfield, Illinois, and including some 3,500 stem-cell researchers, of setting out to close their clinics. Motivated by the interests of a pharmaceutical industry unlikely to profit from the treatments, Audley says, the society wants to "change the laws in all civilized countries to outlaw these therapies". When questioned by Nature, however, Audley admitted he had no hard evidence for these assertions.

ISSCR president Elaine Fuchs of the Rockefeller University in New York denies the claims. Although the society gets 12% of its funding from industry, its aim is to "motivate basic science" and not to support industrial interests, she says.

But the ISSCR is worried about unproven stem-cell treatments. In June, it established a service that, on request, will judge whether a treatment or clinic is safe and effective (see Nature 466, 7–8; 2010). Douglas Sipp of the RIKEN Centre for Developmental Biology in Kobe, Japan, and a member of the ISSCR's Task Force on Unproven Stem Cell Treatments, says that "the consequences could be severe" if Regenerative Sciences wins the US District Court case, likely to begin next summer. "Companies would likely feel empowered to ignore requirements for demonstrable safety and efficacy of autologous medicinal products, creating an 'anything goes' atmosphere," he says. "It would be, as they say, a bad thing."

But Centeno senses a landmark victory. "If we win, the entire regulatory structure for autologous cell processing, with or without culture, will be rewritten such that any physician using good practices and treating patients responsibly can use stem cells as part of his or her medical practice," he says.


[nature.com > Nature News]

Published online 17 August 2010 | Nature | doi:10.1038/466912a
News

Jet reveals atmosphere's secrets
Marathon flights test models with first pole-to-pole snapshot of trace gases.

Jeff Tollefson

{Researchers have been using instruments on this adapted Gulfstream V jet to profile Earth’s atmosphere.}
HIPPO/NCAR}

If only they could cash in the air miles. By flying nearly 50,000 kilometres between the Arctic Ocean and the Antarctic coast and repeatedly sampling the air at a broad range of altitudes, scientists are building the most detailed profile of the atmosphere yet.

In spring this year, during its third of five planned missions, a specially outfitted Gulfstream V jet, owned by the US National Science Foundation and operated by the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado, journeyed northwards, nearly reaching the Pole before turning south towards the Antarctic. The plane made occasional refuelling stops along the way, and then largely retraced its eastern Pacific route before returning to its home base (see map). As it flew, the plane (formerly known as HIAPER — the High-Performance Instrumented Airborne Platform for Environmental Research) repeatedly climbed as high as 13.7 kilometres and dipped down to a nail-biting 150 metres above the ocean waves, all the while sampling more than 100 atmospheric constituents, including greenhouse gases, aerosols and a suite of natural and industrial chemicals.

Now, early results from that flight and two previous ones with the same aircraft, presented on 9 August at a joint assembly of the American Geophysical Union and several Latin American societies in Iguaçu Falls, Brazil, are yielding surprises in the distribution of trace gases and airborne pollution.

Scientists generally have to rely on ground measurements and then use mathematical models to extrapolate upwards when they need to create a picture of the global atmosphere, says Steve Wofsy, an atmospheric researcher at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and the principal investigator for the US$4-million HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO) project. "That's like studying the ocean by studying what is on the surface of the ocean," he says. In contrast, HIPPO can help modellers to test their ability to reproduce the atmosphere in three dimensions.

Among the surprises to come out of HIPPO data are nitrous oxide concentrations that consistently seem to increase with altitude. "Yet the models all show concentrations decreasing with altitude," says Wofsy. The implication, he adds, is that models are either not properly accounting for the transport of nitrous oxide or they are missing a source of the greenhouse gas.

The HIPPO team also found that black carbon particles originating in Asia and beyond taper off much more quickly than expected over the Pacific. Wofsy and his colleagues report that the first HIPPO flight in January 2009 found levels of black carbon that average about five times lower than predicted by an ensemble of 14 global aerosol models (J. P. Schwarz et al. Geophys. Res. Lett. doi:10.1029/2010GL044372, in the press). The models underestimated how much black carbon is being scrubbed out of the air by precipitation, says lead author Joshua Schwarz, an atmospheric scientist with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in Boulder.

Prabir Patra, a climate modeller at the Japanese Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology in Yokohama who is already working with Wofsy, says that the HIPPO data will serve as a valuable new resource. By tracing various constituents in the database back to their likely sources, he says, modellers should be able to glean information about circulation trends and then improve the way their models represent the atmosphere.

Germany is currently developing a similar aircraft called the High Altitude and Long Range Research Aircraft, or HALO, which is expected to fly a parallel mission over the Atlantic Ocean in the coming years.

For Wofsy, who gave up his seat to make room for NOAA's laser-based black-carbon counter, the flights are bittersweet. Nevertheless, he has been up in the air for a few flights and has experienced the thrill of skimming over the waves at 150 metres, watching seals on ice floes as the jet whooshes past. "We want to see penguins," he says, "but we haven't seen any yet."

news20100817nn2

[naturenews] from [nature.com]

[nature.com > Nature News]

Published online 17 August 2010 | Nature | doi:10.1038/466908a
News

Harvard probe kept under wraps
Researchers call for the release of findings of the Marc Hauser misconduct investigation.

Heidi Ledford

{Evolutionary psychologist Marc Hauser’s research on primate cognition has been criticized.
R. Friedman/Corbis}

When news broke last week that famed Harvard University evolutionary psychologist Marc Hauser had been investigated for scientific misconduct, it was no surprise to many in the field. Rumours had been flying for three years, ever since university officials arrived to snatch computers from Hauser's laboratory at the start of the inquiry. By the time Harvard completed its investigation in January, the gossip had become standard cocktail-hour fare at conferences. Now, after a Boston Globe story threw a sudden spotlight on the investigation, some researchers are voicing frustration with Harvard's refusal to release the details of its findings.

Hauser studies the evolution of key human characteristics, such as morality, language and mathematical ability, by tracing the origins of these traits in non-human primates. A popular professor and mentor, his research output has been diverse and prodigious, generating about one peer-reviewed paper per month for the past four years and forming the basis for popular articles, books and media appearances.

Now that allegations of misconduct have surfaced, those working in related areas are adamant that a full account of any problems with Hauser's published work is needed. "Scientists working in these areas, some of whom would like to build on Marc's results, need to know exactly which may have been the results of misconduct," says Robert Seyfarth, an evolutionary psychologist at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, and one of Hauser's graduate-school advisers. "Keeping things secret simply fuels rumours."

Some even worry that without additional details, the field as a whole could become tainted. "It is disastrous," says primatologist Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia. "This is a very small field — if one prominent person is under suspicion, then everyone comes a little bit under suspicion."

Researchers close to those involved say that the Harvard investigation, launched after three of Hauser's graduate students became troubled by how he interpreted his data and reported their concerns to the university, has discovered eight instances of misconduct. Hauser, who has taken a one-year period of leave from Harvard, has not responded to requests for comment. Harvard will not discuss its investigation, but says the results have been reported to the two federal agencies that provide funding for Hauser's work. Both the National Science Foundation and the Office of Research Integrity at the National Institutes of Health, have declined to comment on the matter, but the practice in such cases is that findings are made public only if government officials conclude that a researcher has acted improperly.

{“Keeping things secret simply fuels rumours.”}

Harvard has also acknowledged that three of Hauser's publications have been singled out for correction. None is among his most influential, judging from citation data. One, a 2002 paper in Cognition¹ 1, is being retracted, says the journal's editor, Gerry Altmann of the University of York, UK. In the retraction letter, Hauser takes responsibility for the error, but fails to describe precisely what was wrong with the paper, which reports that cotton-top tamarins — diminutive New World monkeys with punk-rock hair — can learn to distinguish between different patterns of vowels and consonants, just as human infants do.

Meanwhile, a 2007 paper in the Proceedings of the Royal Society², which demonstrates that rhesus monkeys living on an island off Puerto Rico can correctly read specific human gestures, has been corrected. In an addendum³ to the paper, Hauser and his co-authors write that field notes and video records from the study were found to be "incomplete", leading two of the authors, Hauser and Justin Wood, now at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, to return to the island to repeat the experiments. The new data match the previously reported results, they write.

The status of the third paper⁴, published in Science in 2007, is still up in the air, says Ginger Pinholster, a spokeswoman for the journal's publisher, the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Washington DC. On 27 June, Wood wrote to the journal to report that data for this paper were also missing. Wood and Hauser have submitted new data that are now under review, but the editorial team is uncomfortable about making a decision without knowing the full results of the Harvard investigation, Pinholster says.

Hauser had his share of critics even before the investigation began. In 1995, a paper from Hauser's group in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences⁵ caught the eye of evolutionary psychologist Gordon Gallup of the State University of New York at Albany. The paper asserted that tamarins can recognize their reflection in a mirror rather than assuming that the reflection is another monkey. Gallup was intrigued — his earlier work⁶ had indicated that although chimpanzees could recognize themselves in a mirror, monkeys could not. He asked to see video footage of the experiment.

But when Gallup reviewed the tapes, he says he found no evidence of self-recognition. He published his concerns⁷ in Animal Behaviour in 1997. Hauser published a rebuttal in the same issue⁸, but four years later, in a paper in the American Journal of Primatology⁹, reported that he had been unable to reproduce the results of the earlier paper.

That does not necessarily mean the original claim was wrong, says Mark Liberman, a linguist at the University of Pennsylvania. Subtle variations between experiments can lead to contradictory results without clearly indicating that one result is wrong. But Gallup thinks that the paper should have been withdrawn or corrected, especially given his experience with the raw data. "Unfortunately, I think most people are unaware of the published failure to replicate," he says, noting that the original 1995 paper has been cited 40 times, whereas the 2001 paper has been cited only 10 times.

De Waal worries that the field will face more problems as pressure builds for young professors to publish in high-profile journals. "Now scientists facing tenure are asked to produce something new and exciting that can be summed up in three pages," he says. "It's craziness, because actually the study of animal behaviour is painstaking, slow, laborious, and rarely leads to unambiguous results."

References
1. Hauser, M. D. et al. Cognition 86, B15-B22 (2002).
2. Hauser, M. D. , Glynn, D. & Wood, J. Proc. R. Soc. B 274, 1913-1918 (2007).
3. Hauser, M. D. & Wood, J. N. Proc. R. Soc. B doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.1441 (2010).
4. Wood, J. N. et al. Science 317, 1402-1405 (2007).
5. Hauser, M. D. et al. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 92, 10811-10814 (1995).
6. Gallup, G. G. Science 167, 86-87 (1970).
7. Anderson, J. R. & Gallup, G. G. Anim. Behav. 54, 1563-1567 (1997).
8. Hauser, M. D. & Kralik, J. Anim. Behav. 54, 1568-1571 (1997).
9. Hauser, M. D. et al. Am. J. Primatol. 53, 131-137 (2001).