What is Tungsten Alloyed With?

Tungsten heavy alloys, also called WHAs, Virtually all commercial WHAs are two-phase materials, with the principal phase being nearly pure tungsten in association with a binder phase containing transition metals plus dissolved tungsten.
WHA provides a very high density, as is apparent when compared to other metals, as shown in the table as follows:


WHAs was once referred to as “tungsten heavy metals,” but that nomenclature has been largely abandoned so as to avoid confusion with toxic heavy metals such as Pb, Hg, and others with which WHAs have no relation. While the primary selection is made on the basis of very high density, WHA provides tungsten alloy manufacturers a unique set of associated engineering benefits which includes:
• Low toxicity, low reactivity surface character
• Ability to be custom manufactured in a wide range of sizes and shapes
• Readily recycled for economy and environmental friendliness.
• Strength comparable to many medium carbon steels
• Ability to be machined with common shop tools and techniques
• High elastic stiffness
• Low CTE in combination with relatively high thermal conductivity

Due to these characteristics, as an ideal material, WHA is widely used for new mass property applications as well as the replacement of Pb or U in existing applications.

As a consequence, WHAs display a unique property set derived from both components — their fundamental properties resulting from those of the principal tungsten phase. The selection of a WHA for a given application is typically made on the basis of very high density — whether gravimetric or radiographic.

Tungsten heavy alloys are distinctly different from related materials such as pure tungsten metal and cemented carbides (most commonly WC-Co). Only very rarely could one material be used as a substitute for another. WHA provides many of the properties of pure W, yet in a form that provides:
• Lower fabrication cost due to the reduced sintering temperature,
• A greater range of both size and shape can be manufactured due to full density attainment via liquid phase sintering (LPS) as opposed to final densification by post-sinter thermomechanical processing,
• Generally improved machinability,
• Preservation of desirable properties of pure tungsten.

Tungsten heavy alloys are not related to “tungsten (T grade) steels.” In difference to pure W however, tungsten heavy alloys are not high temperature materials. Elevated temperature properties of WHA are strongly influenced by the lower melting temperature binder phase.
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Why is Boron Nitride Slippery?

Most people want to learn more about the 'soft' and 'slippery' crystalline nature of boron nitride, because of this special property, Hot Pressed Boron Nitride is used in lubricants and cosmetic preparations.

Firstly, we must know the definition of boron nitride.
What is Boron nitride?
Boron nitride (BN) was first found in 1840's by an English chemist, W.H.Balmain, by using molten boric acid and potassium cyanide, but unfortunately, he found that this new compound was un‐stable and required many methods to obtain a stable boron nitride.

For nearly a hundred years studies on boron nitride remained in laboratory scale due to the technical difficulties of different production techniques and high cost of the material which is obtained with these synthetic methods but in 1950's Carborundum and Union Carbide companies tried to obtain high purity boron nitride powder on an industrial scale and fabricated shaped parts of boron nitride for commercial applications with sophisticated hot pressing techniques.


What are the Properties of hexagonal boron nitride?

There are the main boron nitride properties as follows:
Non toxicity,
Easily machinability- non-abrasive and lubricious,
Chemical inertness,
Non-wetting by most molten metals,
High thermal conductivity,
Low thermal expansion,
Good thermal shock resistance,
High electrical resistance,
Low dielectric constant and loss tangent,
Microwave transparency.

Hexagonal boron nitride is being widely used because of its unique combination of properties which include:
Chemical inertness (corrosion resistance against acids and molten metals),
High temperature stability (melting point near 2600ºC),
Low density (2.27 g.cm-3 theoretical density),
Stability in air up to 1000ºC (in argon gas atmosphere up to 2200ºC and in nitrogen up to 2400ºC), Stability to thermal shock,
Easy workability of hot-pressed shapes,
Excellent electrical insulating character
Very high thermal conductivity.

As a thermal conductor, BN ranks with stainless steel at cryogenic temperatures and with beryllium oxide, BeO, at elevated conditions; above 700ºC, the thermal conductivity of hexagonal boron nitride exceeds that of toxic BeO.

The particular interest are its good dielectric properties (dielectric constant is 4, i.e half of that of α-Al2O3 ), also high dielectric strength and its ability to lubricate over a wide range of temperatures.

Its small coefficient of friction is retained up to 900ºC, whereas other solid lubricants like graphite and molybdenum disulphide are burnt away at lower temperatures.

Because of its high temperature stability and inertness against carbon and carbon monoxide up to 1800ºC it is as a refractory ceramic superior to the nitride ceramics Si3N4 and AlN and the oxide ceramics magnesium oxide, CaO, zirconia. ,

Due to its non-wetting properties it is stable to attack by molten glass, molten silicon, boron, nonoxidizing slags, molten salts (borax, cryolite) and reactive metal melts (e.g Al, Fe, Cu, Zn).

Because of its poor sinterability, dense shapes of hexagonal boron nitride are obtained almost exclusively by hot-pressing.

It must be recognized that the most chemical and physical properties of axial hot-pressed BN shapes depend on the nature and the amount of additives used for densification (up to 6 wt. % of B2O3, metal borates or SiO2 ).

Further some thermal (coefficient of expansion, thermal conductivity) and mechanical (flexural strength, Young's modulus) property values vary according to the direction of hot-pressing, BN being similar to graphite in respect of anisotropy.

By hot-pressing isostatic of canned boron nitride powder, theoretically dense and pure hot pressed boron nitride shapes without texture and with improved properties can nowadays be obtained.
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