Essay范文：About bedtime readings

今天Fanessay给大家分享一篇essay范文--About bedtime readings，本篇文章所讲述的有关的内容是关于睡前读物，可以供同学们了解下。作为一个新生代书型，那便是属睡前读物了，而这能成为广大的读者们的推崇和存有很大的生存空间，是因为现代人的个人精神空间都日益缺乏了，睡前故事便可以帮助人创造一个精神的独立空间，可以让人在这个独立的空间里自由自在的享受自我。睡前故事也能让人看完之后安然的入睡，令人找到了一种能消遣身心的一个方式。

The book plays a very important role in modern life. It can be said that the book is our enlightening teacher, which is the carrier of wide knowledge, which answers our questions. Gorky has said that books are a ladder for human progress. So the importance of the book must have been obvious to everyone. Reading a good book is like talking to a wise man. You can draw on the knowledge you lack in the book, and you can get the experience through the theory of the former. Books both in time and space with the significance of its existence, five thousand years of Chinese history and culture if not through learn some experience from the ancient books, people won't get so dramatic progress.


The benefits of so much reading are discussed, but the process of making a good book is also important. And I want to use our course paper design system and principles to apply classroom work as an example. First, the teacher will not ask you to do a book in what form, but rather to design a unique book by carefully understanding the real content of what you are going to do. By allowing you to appreciate the books that others have formed you need to design the properties that are unique to the book, and then use that to interpret what you have in the book.

And my idea is to want for modern young people in the busy day to travel between work and family, and not our own time to peruse a book of spiritual sustenance, so I chose the fledgling bedtime reading books of supply and demand, because the reader only in sleep it is time to really belong to oneself, this time to enrich himself is the best. Introduce me is how to choose a suitable for their own books, as a 90 after I itself is still very young, I would not choose poetry, the novel the literariness is very high, I prefer younger and rich individual character of the content, so I chose a has published a book called "don't want to curry favor with the world", is a little sad and joy of the stories. I defined as bedtime reading because the book is characterized by fragmentation of writing, the author itself belongs to the young writer his fans effect is very strong, his writing language very grounding gas will not give a person the sense with spanning thousands of miles, and the author is authentic Beijing big fellow, straightforward of the northern atmosphere is reflected in the whole from the article, is one of the young people prefer theme.

This article through I peruse I think it is very suitable for a short time before bedtime reading, because it does not like the novel is very long, but through the coming together of one short articles can be read as light reading material. The author is by putting his personal experiences and his own friends around the life story of his work together, create a very compact and rich rhythmic short stories. Bedtime reading books as a new generation model, can get the praise highly of readers, and has strong living space, because the personal mental space is increasingly lack of modern, while bedtime stories can give a person to create a spiritual independent space, can let modern people in this space to enjoy the freedom of self. Bedtime stories can be a great way to get people to sleep and find a way to relax.

I determined the location of this book in view of the crowd, because of the name of the book, select material is novel, can let a person peruse in the comfortable feeling, and the authors writing content is very pure and fresh and free from vulgarity, and he wrote the content is in line with the 20 to 35 years old young people, this age group is divided into college students or just enter jobs disadvantaged group, belong to low consumer groups, is still in a state of confusion about the future, seek direction in practice, so want to pass the book plays a guidance role in young group.

The main content of this book is about in our life, we always meet some people, although they can give a person the sense with very small, and will tend to belong to be ignored in the crowd of people, but they live, they have their existence. If let you to listen carefully to their story, although there won't be the big man's heroic deeds that fall but ups and downs, but if you carefully to taste their tiny story you feel a little also can have their own a piece of the sky, the little guy never special care yourself, don't ask others to recognize themselves, their life is their personal this monomer, which is another wonderful life.

As loyal, responsible, honest and always we would think it is easy to do things, but these would be hard to do things, the little guy can use lifetime to stick to their decisions made by who never need to approval. These personalities are the spirit that requires us to learn in this generation, and our little characters can live a different kind of sky. Through me in a crowd I also analyzed the pricing basis for populations belong to low consumer groups, through the consumption of this kind of people I conducted to determine the price of books, so the price must be very cheap. In general, readers with lower levels of consumption tend to value books for their economic benefits, while those who need it and value it will not be able to afford it.

Therefore, the price of the book must be low, and the book should be run according to the established price. It is an important part of the public bestseller. Cover design is a top priority, cover design in the form of text layout, no redundant graphic appears, because the content of the words can express what I think, so graphics becomes meaningless, and images for time-consuming and time-consuming, virtually increased publication costs, so how to integrate typography rhythmic unity have personalized again, all of the content of the important information, clever use of white space, reflect the style of simplicity, words come out like a perfect ink painting, it is also a layout design needs to learn from the Chinese culture.

Cover part there is no clear distinction, not be distinguish by color or by text to distinguish, this role is to bind the difficulty and cost, cost reduction from the drop down to low. The color of the cover printing is divided into red and black, reducing the troublesome process of printing with various colors. The folded part of the cover can fully protect the cover and prevent the frequently leaf from the problem. The binding method will be suitable for the mass production of wire glue, and the cover will choose the quality of the paper and attach the grinding film, and increase its wear resistance. In order to reduce the cost of production, the low price is more acceptable to the young people.

The catalog USES a symmetrical arrangement to ease the reader's time to find the article and increase its readability. Nevin with page Numbers as the segmentation method is used, the book to page divided into four parts, light read articles you will read is very few, such as the next time you begin to read you will still be very good, so not because the whole page is very long and can not find the location of the last reading. Therefore, the design of books is designed for readers to have a better readability, and any design that hinders the reader's reading is designed to bring convenience to life from design.

How designers turn their minds into words; Turn the beauty of your eyes into pictures. Through the organic combination of words and images, produce good chemical reaction, arrange in computer with beautiful typography, and then select a professional and affordable printing factory, the following procedure is the need to the factory proofing, a slice, printing, binding and so on the same job, a beautiful book appear in every bookstore and hold in your hands.

Therefore, a good book is not only the design, but the design is for the content, and the convenience of the readers to read the way is the designer needs to think seriously.

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美国留学如何选择专业？

随着社会经济的快速发展，人工智能、信息安全、生物化学等相关专业成为热门的稀缺职业，这也是这个时代最耀眼的几个专业之一，会一直延续到新的科技革命的到来。而留学选择专业恰恰会想到这一点，不少童鞋会选择这几个专业进行留学生涯。但你知道么？这些专业对于签证来说，是非常不友好的，不少童鞋们报考这些专业的时候被面试官拒签了。那还有哪些专业容易被拒签呢？该如何选择专业呢？下面，fanessay小编就和童鞋们聊一聊如何选择专业。

1.生化相关专业

Chemical and Biotechnology Engineering这个专业比较敏感，一方面涉及高精尖技术，另一方面研究的内容一不小心就会与生化武器等相联系，所以签证官格外注意，尤其是读博士的同学。
大部分同学做的项目都是有毒的试剂和实验，细菌学(特别是病原学)、诱变、菌学、神经毒素、毒素、毒液、病毒学、前体化学品、毒理学研究等等这些字眼非常敏感，所以在签证的时候要想办法不谈这些信息，否则，被拒可能性很大！

2. 信息安全

计算机设计的专业相对还好，但是安全方面除外，与密码学和加密系统相关联的技术，以确保通信、视频、数据和相关软件的保密。
还有黑客技术等等这些内容，看到这些字研究明白为什么敏感了吧！

3. 人工智能

人工智能、自动化、模式识别技术等等，以及机器人相关的技术还是很敏感的。

4. 武器/核工艺学/导弹或导弹技术

武器相关的毋庸置疑，基本是去美国很难，比如大口径炮弹，反应装甲和武装系统，飞机和导弹推进系统，以及用于军事用途的核材料生产和使用的技术等，大家只能自求多福，最好有充分的理由说明去美国的原因。

一些相关的专业比如远程成像和侦察等等也非常困难。核方面相对武器方面好一些，但是也是极其敏感，比如核燃料浓缩的技术，再处理辐照的核燃料的学习方向等等。

5. 材料专业

材料专业相对上面来说好一些，但是其中一些分支的研究，例如高分子方向就非常敏感，所以在准备签证的时候也要做好计划，想清楚什么应该说，什么尽量避免，否则签证官听到我们说的这些敏感词汇，会毫不犹豫的把我们拒之门外。

美国留学如何选择专业


1. 专业≠职业

事实上大多数公司更关心的是相关工作经验（例如兼职和实习）以及已获得的技能，除非这个工作需要专门的特别技术，比如机械工程等。
一个专业出来的学生可以从事不同的职业，而同一个职业也可以有不同的专业背景。事实上，大多数人从事的工作与自己的专业没有直接关系。

2. 不一定选择自己的强项专业

除了要考虑自己的强项外，兴趣以及价值也是同样重要的。在工作与生活中，喜欢什么才是最重要的。最擅长做的事并不意味最喜欢做。比如一个学生在数学方面有超人的天赋，但他也许并不享受数学，这种现象是常见的，因此，专业的选择也要从多方考虑。

3. 清晰自己的专业选择和职业规划

许多预先选定专业的学生，只有极少数人进入大学后还能坚持原先的选择，绝大多数学生在毕业前都改了专业。事实上，入学前就选定专业的学生，入学后往往改变专业三到五次，而没有选定专业的学生，只改变一到两次。

4. 一生并非只有一个职业

事实上职业生涯规划是一个动态的、持续的过程。一个人在一生中更换几种职业是很正常的。美国人从工作到退休，更换五、六种职业是常态。因此，选择一个一辈子的专业是不现实的，好的目标是选择目前看来“最好的”专业。

5.并不是只有一个适合你的工作

一旦学生清楚了解自己将来想做什么，便会发现有很多工作可做。比如想在医疗保健领域工作，就有医生、护士、理疗师、医疗实验室技师、兽医或药剂师等可以考虑。

6. 热门专业≠好专业

因为就业市场是不断变动的。就业前景趋势是有用的信息，但不是职业选择的唯一因素。

7. 人文科学专业不好找工作，No

人文科学专业的学生通常在人际沟通、写作、研究、批判性思维等领域很强，这些都是工作中普遍需要的技能，人文科学专业毕业生往往可以在更广的领域就职，不过，这些工作可能与所学专业没有直接的关系。

以上就是小编整理分享给童鞋们的，希望能对童鞋们有所帮助。综合以上不难看出，出国留学选择专业不一定要按照整个社会的发展选择，虽然对就业有好处，但360行行行出状元，只要自己热爱，相信都不会后悔自己的选择的。需要课业代写？请找fanessay，4年专业代写品牌。无论是留学Paper代写，Essay代写，Assignment代写或各类型代写辅导，fanessay通通帮你搞定。支付担保+原创保证+免费检测+及时送达。客服7*24小时在线，只为用心服务更好的你。

选择大学真的由专业研究能力决定吗?

中国人选择学校的时候特别看重学校的名气，非常热衷于选择名校，上了名校感觉说出去有面子，哪怕是上了不喜欢的专业也可以接受。但是美国的学生在申请学校的时候首先考虑的是专业是否合适，近期美国大学生评出了最受欢迎的大学，没有一所是我们最爱谈的常春藤名校，为何中美之间会产生这么不一样的选择呢。本期Fanessay小编就带大家去了解下。

一般来说，会评选出学生自己喜爱的大学，这种评选并不受外界的影响，所以，也就比较直观的显示出美国学生喜欢那所学校以及喜欢什么专业，也能够说明美国大学生就读倾向的趋势。

其实，最吸引学生的，还是专业以及未来的就业前景，除此之外，大多数美国大学生贷款付学费，会根据经济实力以及将来偿还能力选择学校。

大学选择由专业研究能力决定
美国学生选大学时，更看重各专业在全美的排名，而不是大学综合排名。
例如，普林斯顿是一所名气很大的学校，但是就某些专业来说，普林斯顿不如特拉华大学强。同时拿到两所学校录取通知书的学生，会根据所读专业选择学校。
如果专业差不多，那么学生才会选择名气更好的大学，但是这其中，学生还会考虑自己贷款的偿还能力。
选择大学参考大学运动项目
美国向来崇尚武力和运动，因此，美国学生在考虑专业的同时，还会考虑学校的运动项目。
而且，大部分美国学生会去他们所在州的大学，因为学费方面会有优惠。
美国各州的州立大学都很优秀，而且学费相对来说，比很多私立大学便宜，运动项目也是很丰富，有各州的特色，学生在选择上，为什么不选择自己所在的州立大学呢？

名师出高徒，学校的录取标准越严，那么学生的素质才会越高。
大学首先会看申请学生的SAT或ACT考试成绩（SAT和ACT被称为美国高考，是申请美国大学入学资格及奖学金的参考）。
此外，大学还看重申请人参加的活动、个人经历和导师推荐信。美国大学喜欢多才多艺的学生。如果在国内做过志愿者，有过支教、获奖等经历，还有一些特长，这在申请学校时起了很大作用。
推荐信由老师书写，会介绍学生的优点和缺点，个人经历写在推荐信里。除了SAT或ACT成绩，其他评价项目的比重能占到一半左右。

以上就是今天关于在美国该如何选择学校的参考内容了。 名校虽好，但是不一定是对所有有都是最好的选择，相对于名校，一个好的适合自己的专业才是能对自己的未来有最大帮助的。好了今天的分享就到这里，更多的内容大家可以关注fanessay。这里除了最新的资讯，还能提供课业代写服务，主要的业务包括留学论文代写，Assignment代写，Essay代写，Paper代写，课业代写，英语论文修改润色，申请留学文书等，如有需要可以进入官网www.fanessay.com了解下。

Eecotourism

下面是Fanessay给大家分享的一篇essay范文--Eecotourism，本篇文章所讨论的有关的内容是关于生态旅游方面的，可以供同学们学习了解下。对于生态旅游，是指以有特色的生态环境为主要景观的旅游，是以可持续发展为理念，保护生态环境作为前提的，统筹着人类和自然可以和谐发展，并且依托着良好的自然生态环境与独特的人文生态系统，采取了友好方式，展开的一系列生态体验、生态教育和生态认知能使得身心愉悦的一个旅游方式。


Ecotourism involves responsible traveling to fragile, pristine and mostly protected areas. This takes place for different purposes, from educating the traveler, fostering respect for different cultures to directly benefiting the economic and political empowerment of local communities (Garana, 2008). Ideally, ecotourism incorporates the following criteria; promote biological and cultural diversity, touring unspoiled natural habitats, and the main attractions being local culture, flora and fauna. In short, ecotourism operations are defined by their commitment to the environment, education, nature and culture. The main objectives of ecotourism are providing nature-based, environmental education experiences for visitors and managing this in a sustainable manner (Badan & Bhatt, 2005).


Education enables students to understand the interconnectedness of various aspects of the global environment. Ecotourism embraces cooperative education which is a structured educational strategy that integrates class work with learning through productive fieldwork experiences that for practical applications to be realized. The relationship between ecotourism and education is majorly concerned with ensuring that agencies deliver effective interpretations of cultural, environmental and resource management values (Morgan, 1999). This type of education involves explanation, stimulation, provocation, revelation and understanding in an interesting and enjoyable fashion. The main challenge lies in the interpretation and options of relying on signage and brochures so as to change people’s attitudes and actions towards their environment are considered as solutions to this challenge.


Ecotourism offers a great opportunity for educational as well as personal growth as values of appreciation and attitude changes are instilled in participants which would lead to significant involvement in environmental and social issues in the future. Essentially, the dimension of ecotourism as an educational experience creates a new window for viewing the whole world and one’s self. It offers an opportunity to show the growth and development of various learning experiences while at the same time exploring another country or culture and going beyond one’s preconceived limitations (Vitti, 2007, p. 60).


Nature-based ecotourism focuses on personally experiencing natural areas in ways that result in understanding and appreciation .It integrates opportunities to understand natural areas into each and every experience. Furthermore, it targets to proactively contribute to the conservation of natural areas and provides constructive contributions to local communities. It is distinguished from other tourism forms due to its natural area setting (Ravens, 1996). Nature based tourism includes a range of tourism experiences that entail adventure tourism, cultural and rural tourism. In addition, activities such as rafting and scuba diving are forms of nature based ecotourism.


On the other hand, sustainable ecotourism aims to address on the needs of visited environments to sustain them. The main focal points include sustaining the natural environment itself and contributing to help local communities understand the importance and value of their adjacent environment (Briffa & Lee, 2004). Sustainability is drawn from the concept of sustainable development which is development that focuses on meeting the needs of he present generation without hindering the ability of the future generations from meeting their own needs. The basic criteria for sustainable ecotourism include; the sustainable use of ecological resources, increased environmental and cultural awareness, conservation ethos, support of local economies through increased revenue from visitors and the use of local supplies and services.


It is important to note that for ecotourism to be realized the above components need to be integrated on a wholesome package. Eco tourism entails the incorporation of nature as the main laboratory for informal learning through which attitudes and values on conservation are appreciated and instilled. For these natural resources to be available for the unforeseeable future, sustainability has to come into play.


Several differences between ecotourism and other forms of tourism can be outlined. To start with, the key difference existing is that ecotourism involves learning about the environment whereas other forms of tourism such as adventure tourism only focus on personal accomplishments of successfully meeting the challenge of the natural environment (Morgan, 1999).


Generally, as envisioned by Ravens (1996), the tourism industry focuses on market demand by attempting to foster, maintain and expand the market world which mostly draws it away from focusing on maintaining the product or experience. The addition of facilities and infrastructures to cater for the demand result in the destruction of pristine environment and the indigenous experience which ecotourism attempts to reverse by reducing these impacts of tourism.


Ecotourism maintains a supply oriented management perspective with primary considerations being the nature and resilience of the resource, cultural or local community preferences and interpretive conservation programs (Badan & Bhatt, 2005). Tourism on the other hand, focuses on individual experiences that may overlook the relevance of in-depth learning of the natural environment and indigenous knowledge essential for changing people’s attitudes and perceptions.


Nature based tourism is seen as a subcomponent of alternative tourism and ecotourism is highlighted as being part of both alternative and natural based tourism. This is because nature plays a big role in both. In addition, the interaction between natural environment and adventure travel are components of adventure tourism. This points to adventure travel with certain risky elements which when lowered become logical extensions of ecotourism (Dimitrios, 1998, p.517).


Time, a very fundamental commodity would also be used to differentiate other forms of tourism from eco tourism. The time taken to interact with nature and local communities in ecotourism is substantial due to the time taken to appreciate what the environment provides.


Funds accruing from tourism activities are not absolutely used to improve the livelihoods of local populations, they may not trickle down to these communities when allocated on a national scale (Fridell, 2003). Instead they form a percentage of the Gross Domestic Product of most economies. On the other hand, funds collected from ecotourism institutions are diverted to activities aimed at improving the lives of local communities. This is because these populations play a vital role in ensuring the sustainability of the environment through proper management and protection to curb overexploitation.


The subsequent impact of human activities on the environment is yet another difference between ecotourism and other forms of tourism. The fact that ecotourism addresses the values and perceptions of individuals which impact to a greater extent the appreciation of the environment thereby reducing the magnitudes of exploitation of these resources is a prime definition of ecotourism different from tourism in general (Thomas, 2004). Behaviors such as the proper disposal of waste in campsites or tourist environs are emphasized in ecotourism as compared to other forms of tourism which overlook the importance of such actions.


Ecotourism emphasizes on interaction based on the proximity to the natural habitat, for example, watching dolphins in their natural habitat, the ocean, while mainstream tourism does not emphasize on the natural environment such as watching dolphins in an aquarium (Anderson & Beasley, 2002).


The levels of interactions described by Fridell (2003) are different in the two concepts. Ecotourism based activities involve a close interaction with the environment with actions such as species identity and indigenous knowledge on certain phenomena. The level of interaction related with tourism on the other hand is perceived to be shallow as little is learnt from the environment. In some areas, excursions are conducted using vehicles making it difficult for tourists to interact closely with the environment.


Despite the aforementioned differences, similarities also exist between ecotourism and other forms of tourism like sustainable tourism, adventure tourism amongst others. First of all, both recognize the environment as the main functional unit. Activities developed from both are environmentally related as it forms the main feature. Scuba diving, nature viewing, participating in eco-challenge activities are just but a few of the activities environmentally based (Briffa & Lee, 2004).


Secondly, as expressed by Anderson & Beasley, the human being is the main driver of both concepts. These concepts are developed and actualized by humans who also contribute to their continuous application. This is due to the fact that the human person recognizes the adjacent environment around him as it is important for his survival (69). The environment is the producer of goods and services for human consumption, and equally acts as an assimilator of waste produced from human activities that process final products for his use. Without it, humans cannot survive hence the essence to conserve and protect it.


The end result of both concepts is to create avenues of exposure to opportunities of the environment and its subsequent conservation. The environment offers more than just resources. It creates an aesthetic feeling as well as favorable atmospheres for relaxation both mentally and physically. Such opportunities are made available through ecotourism and tourism (Morgan, 1999)


Both venture in to pristine environments that are either protected by government policies or local populations. Pristine environments are less exploited or not ventured into at all and offer a great variety of species and ecosystems.


Both tourism and ecotourism aim towards sustainable development. There is usually a conflict between development and environmental conservation with both extremes bringing about inadequacies in adaptation owing to the current global situations of negative environmental impacts and effects of the global village. Ecotourism therefore attempts to meet the needs of the local people while tourism focuses on a much bigger population putting the country’s citizens in perspective (Morgan, 1999).


An eco- tour refers to a sightseeing excursion in physical nature. An ecotourist then refers to a tourist who joins an ecotour. With the above definition, it is worth noting that eco-tourists may fail to understand the difference between ecotourism and mainstream tourism (Dimitrios, 2008). This occurs in circumstances where they fail to understand the roles expected of them to distinguish them from other tourists. In addition, the sites chosen for excursion purposes may determine them as tourists. An eco-tourist who accesses a tourist site such as an aquarium or mausoleum located away from its original site would fail to understand the difference between him and a tourist.


In cases where tourists are given an opportunity to learn from the available environment with the help of tour guides or game rangers, they are awarded the same opportunity of acquiring knowledge just as those seeking such knowledge from ecotourism areas availed to them by local community members hence the difference between them is narrowed (Badan & Bhatt, 2005).


A case study on the educational experience in ecotourism in Peru, The Condor Lodge Conservatory is well discussed below.


The conservatory is located in Apurimac Canyon and is settled in a natural environment, with close proximity to the Antilla Community and surrounded by an eco-farm. Most families share sleeping space with the Kuyi, a type of guinea pigs. The area is also surrounded by gold mines and has been at the forefront of ecotourism efforts in the region. It has also created string networks with local tourist agencies, international tourists and planning small group visits that are aimed at creating a harmonious relationship with the environment. It is further characterized by undisturbed wilderness, wildlife diversity, hospitable people and a spectacular view of the Andean Condor which create an exceptional educational experience (Garana, 2008).


A case study of the Campi ya Kanzi, an ecotourism site in Kenya.


This site is stretched over 400 miles of African wilderness, within the Kuku Group Ranch of Southern Kenya. The area is owned by Maasai herdsmen and extends through to Mt. Kilimanjaro (Vitti, 2007, p. 55). This environment is well endowed with wildlife diversity of fauna and flora. The ranch also contains pools, a lake and springs. The lodge in the area has minimal impact on the environment as buildings are constructed from local material such as lava rocks, thatch and lumber obtained from a reforestation program. The foundations of the lodge was based on protecting wildlife, the wilderness and Maasai culture as well as obtain financial support for maintaining a place where wildlife can flourish (Vitti, 2007, pp. 56-60).


To sum up, Campi ya Kanzi is an ecotourism lodge, built, owned and run by the local community for the benefit of the environment and local people.


In conclusion, Ecotourism is an aspect that incorporates tourism but is specific in nature. There are limitless similarities that exist between ecotourism and tourism such as sustainability, nature being at the forefront in both and an offer to interact with the pristine natural environment. There are also significant differences that exist between them from the educational perspective, the natural environment to the levels of interactions. However, the impact of both tourism and ecotourism on the environment as well the changes in people’s attitudes is worth noting. The functional responsibility of both eco-tourists, soft and hard, and tourist plays a fundamental role in achieving the ultimate goals of both concepts.


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Historical materialism

今天Fanessay给大家整理饿了一篇paper范文--Historical materialism，本篇文章所讨论的有关的内容是关于历史唯物主义，可以供同学们了解。对于《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》，这是马克思新世界观的“新唯物主义”的奠基性的文献，是被誉为了历史唯物主义的起源了。书中，马克思是凭新的实践观作为基础，来批判了包括了费尔巴哈哲学在内的旧唯物主义和以往的旧哲学的不彻底性与局限性，重点阐述了马克思主义的实践观，这也开启了哲学史上的革命变革的序幕。


The outline of Feuerbach is the cornerstone of Marx's New World Outlook-"new materialism". In the outline, Marx based on the new concept of practice, criticized the old materialism, including Feuerbach's philosophy, and the limitation and the incomplete nature of all the old philosophies, emphatically expounded the Marxist practice view, opened the prelude of revolution in the history of philosophy, and laid a foundation for the establishment of "new materialism" world outlook. In the past more than 160 years, Marx's important thought in the outline has always shone the brilliance of the truth, and has been an important ideological weapon for the proletariat and its party to understand the world, to transform the world and to carry out socialist revolution, reform and construction.


"Outline" was written by Marx in the spring of 1845 for later research notes, Marx was not published in his lifetime. In the 1888, when Engels published the end of Ludwig feuerbach and German classical philosophy, to be published as an appendix, it is "invaluable as the first document to sprout the genius of a new worldview", calling these notes "11 of Feuerbach's outlines" and hence the name of the notes. The outline is the beginning and symbol of Marx's systematic construction of "new materialism" world outlook.


The main reasons for writing the outline are three points: first, in order to adapt to the development of the workers ' movement, to provide theoretical guidance for the proletariat, ideological weapons. In the early 1845, as a result of persecution by the German and French governments, Marx had to leave Paris for Brussels. In Brussels, Marx and Engels were among the workers and established extensive contacts with workers ' organizations. They gradually discovered that there were various bourgeois and petty-bourgeois socialist thoughts in the working class. The influence of the idealism of the youth Hegel on the working class continues to exist, and Feuerbach's humanism has a great influence on the working class. It is one of the important reasons for Marx to write "outline" to liquidate these erroneous thoughts, especially to criticize Feuerbach theoretically and to provide scientific theoretical weapons for the proletariat. Second, to criticize the old philosophy of the past, to clarify the need for a new worldview. Feuerbach's philosophy has played an important role in the transformation of Marx from idealism to materialism, but Feuerbach has not transcended the limitations of metaphysical materialism, especially in the history of idealism. Therefore, the paper expounds the difference between the principles of "neo-materialism" and Feuerbach's old materialism, and becomes the key task for Marx to clarify the essence of "new materialism". Third, in order to liberate philosophy from the Philosopher's Den, it becomes the material force of the people to understand the world and to transform the world. The former philosophy is more to explain the world, and Marx believes that the function of "new materialism" is not only to explain the world correctly, but also to instruct the proletariat to transform the world through revolutionary practice, to change the unreasonable old system and to build a more reasonable social institution.


"Outline" a total of 11, length is not long, language concise, the central idea is to put forward a scientific practice view, emphasizing the role of practice and significance, mainly including the following points of view.


The viewpoint of practice is the basic point of view which runs through the outline, each of which expounds the status and function of practice from different angles. First, the introduction of practice into the field of philosophy, a clear distinction between Marxism and idealism, the old materialist boundaries, expounded the Marxist philosophy and their fundamental differences; Secondly, the practice of the introduction of the field of knowledge, laid the basis of dialectical materialism epistemology, expounded the practice in human understanding of the important role; third, The introduction of practice into the field of social history, the realization of the revolutionary transformation of historical history, put forward the historical materialism.


It is pointed out that the main disadvantage of the old materialism lies in not understanding the meaning of the activity, but in the form of intuitive object to understand the object, rather than the subject to understand the object, in the historical view is still idealism. Secondly, idealism, although highly affirmed the initiative of the subject, it is proved that the process of cognition is to construct and grasp the external object through the consciousness of the subject itself, but it denies the material basis of the consciousness activity completely, so they only develop the creative and dynamic activity of the subject abstractly, but not comprehend the perceptual activities of the reality. Third, Feuerbach and other old materialism does not understand the meaning of "revolutionary" and "practice critical" activities. He shifted from the study of abstract thinking to the exploration of nature, from the illusory absolute concept to the reality of the people, has not realized the revolutionary practice of social history and philosophical development of the decisive significance.


Based on the new concept of practice, Marx opened the door to understanding the mysteries of human history and put forward a series of key issues in social history. First, emphasize that people should prove the truth of their thinking in practice. Marx criticizes the idealistic view of history thoroughly, he examines the relationship between thinking and existence from practice, and points out that "whether people's thinking has objective truth is not a question of theory, but a question of practice." The paper puts forward that practice is the thought of examining the path of the truth of thinking and lays the cornerstone of Marxist epistemology. It is in this sense that Lenin pointed out that the viewpoint of practice is the primary and basic point of Marxist epistemology. Secondly, the author expounds that practice is the realistic basis of the unification of man and environment, subject and object. Based on the viewpoint of Practice, Marx explores the relationship between man and environment, subject and object, and puts forward the idea that the foundation of practice is unified with environment, subject and object. "People create the environment, and the environment also creates people." "Social environment and people in the process of the development of interaction, social development and human development in the" reform of the practice, that is, people in the transformation of the environment and change their own. Thirdly, it clarifies the social root of religion and its ways of extinction. Marx believed that the social root of religion was the Self division and contradiction of the secular basis, namely private ownership and exploitation system, and the fundamental way to eradicate religion was to eliminate these contradictions and conflicts through revolutionary means and to change the secular basis of religion. Forth, the author suggests that human nature is the summation of all social relations in its reality. From the view of scientific practice, Marx put forward that human nature is the summation of all social relations in its reality, and the human nature is also changing and developing. The Marxist view of human nature provides us with a sharp ideological weapon to analyze the abstract theory of human nature scientifically. Five, to clarify that all social life is essentially practical. Marx used the scientific practice view to examine social life, and put forward "all social life is in essence practice". Practice is the foundation of human society's existence and development, the fundamental existence way and basic life content of human beings and society, the fundamental difference between social life and the living of animal group, all of which leads to the mystery of the theory. The essence of social life is the reform of man's practice of nature, social relations and human beings.


Old philosophy can not be based on practice to understand the real world of various problems, at best they can only provide the principles of the world to explain the world in one form or another, while Marx's philosophy is based on practice, and discusses the difference between "new materialism" and old materialism from the aspects of Class foundation, social function and historical mission. This paper expounds the proletarian standpoint of "new materialism" and the historical mission of "Changing the World". Marx's new philosophy should not only explain the world theoretically, more important is to transform the world, it resorted to the practice of struggle, through the "Critical weapons" and "Weapons of criticism", in the change of the old world to create a new world, reflecting the Marxist philosophy is different from all the essential characteristics of old philosophy, that is, the high degree of unity of practicality and class nature


The basic significance of the outline in the history of Marxist philosophy is the first comprehensive and overall realization of the old philosophy of the theoretical criticism and success beyond, and the confrontation and systematic and complete construction of Marxist philosophy of scientific practice view, has great theoretical value. First, the outline has established the scientific practice view, has completely drawn the boundary with the idealism, the old materialism and the Feuerbach philosophy, has laid the theoretical foundation for the creation of the new World outlook of Marxism. Second, the outline lays the basic theoretical framework of Marxist philosophy and outlines its embryonic form. Third, the outline highlights the salient features of Marxist philosophy. Marxist philosophy is not only practical, but also has a clear scientific and revolutionary, which is different from all other philosophy of the essential characteristics.


The basic viewpoint of "materialism of practical activities" expounded in the outline has strong vitality and important practical significance. First, the viewpoint of practice is the main line that we deeply understand Marxist philosophy. The viewpoint of practice is a red line running through Marxist philosophy, he not only constitutes the theoretical cornerstone of the complete view of practice, but also integrates the whole content of Marxist philosophy inside. The new government, with Mr. Xi as General Secretary, stressed the practical view of all the work of the party, in order to improve the ability of the masses to work under the new situation, the party's mass line education practice, which is the main content of the people's pragmatic and incorruptible, is focused on solving the strong problems of the masses. Second, adherence to practice is the only criterion for testing truth. Marx thinks, the person's understanding is correct or not, in the final analysis only then can prove in the practice, there is no other way. As Mao Zedong said: "There is only one truth, and who has found the truth, does not rely on subjective exaggeration, but rely on objective practice." Only the revolutionary practice of millions of people is the yardstick for testing truth. At present, our country is in the key period of socialist modernization, reform into the deep and critical period, social and government into the transition period, but also a prominent period of contradictions, to solve the problems faced by the contemporary China, adhere to the practice of testing the truth of the standards. Thirdly, the viewpoint of practice is an important methodology for us to understand and transform the world correctly. Practice is the basis of cognition, source, starting point and purpose, we should be based on practice, and actively participate in social practice, and profoundly understand the laws of things and society, all from the reality, theory with practice, seeking truth from facts, adhere to the mass line, to change the old world to create a better new world, so that the development of the results A communist society that truly realizes human freedom and all-round development.


Therefore, earnestly studying the outline which is called "The origin of historical materialism" has very important theoretical value and practical significance for further guiding the construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics, achieving the goal of "two 100 years" proposed by General Secretary Xi Jinping and the "Chinese Dream" of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.


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