Various Aluminum Alloy for Manufacturing

Aluminum is one of the most used metals in the world, along with iron, tin and copper. It’s a cornerstone of so many goods and industrial applications, and it’s easy to see why. It’s lightweight with a density far lower than a lot of its counter parts. It’s durable and a great conductor for both heat and electricity. It also has multiple alloys that can be given very specific properties.

Developers of aluminum alloys have revolutionized the art of mixing it with other elements and improving the properties of the end material. Usually, the aim is to improve the strength while retaining the desirable properties of aluminum, most notably its lightness and corrosion resistance. However, it can be daunting to keep track of all the various alloys, so hopefully this guide can prove to be useful in briefly explaining the basic ones, their elemental make-up and their uses.

It is worth noting that the 2000, 6000 and 7000 series are heat treatable while the rest are not. The list will work its way up to the series from 1000 to 8000 series of wrought aluminum alloys, so it’s best to start at the highest purity:

Aluminum content in mass fractions, w/%	Major impurities in mass fractions, w/%		Some typical uses
	Silicon	Iron
99.95 (high purity)	<0.006	<0.006	Extrusion joinery, electrical conductor, anodic trim, foil
99.80	<0.15	<0.15	Plumbing, reflectors, jewellery
99.50	<0.25	<0.40	Chemical plant, tanks, tubes
99.50	w(Si + Fe) < 1.0 %		Pots, pans, sheet-metal work

Relatively pure aluminum has a range of uses that are hard to narrow down. The 1000 series, for example, has a minimum content of 99%. This high purity produces quite a few interesting uses like conductors. As a conductor it can be a good alternative to copper even for industrial wiring, particularly the 1350. The main advantage over copper is weight, making it ideal for a lot of power lines. However, the downside of the series is its relative strength, although this can be remedied with the use of coating or strain hardening.

Still, the applications of the 1000 alloys are much more diverse due to its malleability. It is also the source of aluminum foil and food packaging (usually the 1100) due its corrosion resistance and ability to block out odors, smells and moisture.

However, the 1000 series is no slouch in harder more intense applications. The addition of a bit of magnesium and lithium (among other metals depending on the strain) makes it a competent aerospace component, much like its sister alloys in the higher number series’.

Copper and Manganese

The 2000 and 3000 series also stay above the 90% range, though they provide vastly different uses. Copper is the main alloying element for the former, while manganese is the most crucial for the latter. The 2000 alloys have good strength and toughness so they make for great for aircraft (2024 especially). 3003 is a popular alloy for general purpose due to it moderate strength and high propensity for workability. Its applications include heat exchangers and cooking utensils. ?Alloy 3004 and its modifications are used in the bodies of?soda cans.

Silicon

The 4000 series alloys feature silicon as the core ingredient. Sufficient quantities of this mixture lower the melting point of aluminum, but have the distinct advantage of avoiding brittleness.? The series has great potential in welding wire and brazing alloys, which require lower melting points. These are great for cladding, extrusion and architectural constructions.

Magnesium

Magnesium and various compounds featuring it are the most widely used materials to go in aluminum alloys. This is one of the reasons it produces such varying effects. Certain alloys in the 5000 series are not good for high temperatures, such as 5083 (with manganese and chromium), while others like the 5086 are great for welding. Both of the aforementioned alloys are used in conjunction with each other for sea vessels. 5052 is heavily featured in electronics, anodized 5005 sheet for architectural Cemented Carbide Inserts applications and 5182 makes the aluminum beverage can lid.

Magnesium Silicide

The 6000 series is harder and tougher as an aluminum alloy, yet still lightweight in comparison with the competition. Used in everything from ladders to airplane and truck frames to aerospace applications and even smartphones. The 6000 is even a great source of domestic and office furniture. This alloy has certain quantities of magnesium and silicon in it, forming magnesium silicide. It is most common material for extrusion and CNC machining.

Zinc

Similarly, the 7000 series (particularly the 7050 and 7075) are the most widely used alloys in the aircraft industry. Materials in this series are highly strong and heat-treatable, so it’s no wonder they make for good flying companions. The addition Carbide Turning Inserts of zinc makes it stronger, yet less weld-able. These particular alloys can be precipitation hardened to become the strongest of any of the aluminum series’.

Iron & Other Elements

The 8000 series is reliant on iron, allowing it to present a combination of properties similar to 1000 series alloys but with higher strength, better formability, and improved stiffness. 8000 series alloys are usually suitable for thinner gauge applications. It also makes adhesive bonding possible. These properties make it useful for hard frames and containers with 8019 is used for aerospace applications and 8090 being used for cryogenics.

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Fudan University Researches the Application of WO3 Nanowires in Gas

It is reported that tungsten carbide inserts the team of Professor Yonghui Deng of Fudan University used the cooperative co-assembly between organic block copolymers and inorganic heteropolyacid molecules to directly synthesize three-dimensional, equally spaced, orthogonally arranged Si-doped ε-WO3 orthogonal nanowire arrays for the first time. And the material has excellent sensor response performance to acetone (acetone is one of the physiological and pathological landmark volatiles in human exhaled breath), which is mainly because the metastable ε-WO3 nanowire array structure has 3D stacking porous structure, abundant interface active oxygen (O-, O2-, etc.) and good electron transfer behavior.

The core of the chemical resistance semiconductor gas sensor is the gas-sensitive semiconductor material, so creating high-performance gas-sensitive materials is the key to the development of advanced gas sensors. Because high-performance gas-sensitive materials should have significant surface effects and highly interconnected pores, most researchers believe that nanowire structural materials are the best choice of raw materials.

However, in previous studies, semiconductor nanowires need to be synthesized in advance, and then various assembly strategies are used to form assemblies and apply them. Using the "bottom-up" supramolecular assembly synthesis method to directly construct the porous assembly of metal oxide semiconductor nanowire arrays is beneficial to the development of micro-nano gas sensors, but it has always been a huge challenge.

In response to the above-mentioned challenges, Professor Yonghui Deng’s research group adopted the “bottom-up” supramolecular assembly concept, using laboratory design and synthesis of organic amphiphilic block copolymers rich in sp2 hybrid carbon (such as PEO-b-PS) and Inorganic heteropoly acid cluster molecules (such as silicotungstic acid) work together. The research team manipulated the electrostatic assembly of the interface between organic macromolecules and inorganic small molecules at the molecular scale, which can cause micellization and micellar fusion between the two, and further use solvent volatilization to induce the assembly of rod-shaped micelles at the nanoscale. 3D array of composite nanowires arranged closely intersecting. In the subsequent high-temperature calcination process, the research team found that this organic-inorganic composite structure has atypical "structural transformation" behavior, that is, along with the decomposition of organic polymers, silicotungstic acid molecules migrate to the rod-shaped micelle contact area. It is transformed into Si-doped tungsten oxide nanowires in situ, and finally forms a three-dimensional, equidistant, orthogonally arranged porous array structure of metal oxide semiconductor nanowires.

Experiments show that the regular octahedral structure of γ-WO3 is locally distorted due to the doping of Si in the lattice of tungsten oxide nanowires, so the tungsten oxide in the nanowire array is metastable ε-WO3. Experiments show that the regular octahedral structure of γ-WO3 is locally distorted due to the doping of Si in the lattice of tungsten oxide nanowires, so the tungsten oxide in the Cast Iron Inserts nanowire array is metastable ε-WO3. The Si-doped ε-WO3 orthogonal nanowire array material exhibits excellent acetone sensing response performance and can be well used in the medical field.

Studies have found that the above-mentioned supramolecular assembly synthesis method is also suitable for other heteropoly acid systems, such as silicomolybdic acid, phosphotungstic acid, phosphomolybdic acid and other single or multiple heteropoly acids can be used as inorganic precursor molecules, and can Used to synthesize various heteroatom in-situ doped semiconductor metal oxide crossed nanowire arrays.

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PVD Aluminum Coating Will Take Lead in the Future Auto Industry

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Posted on Sept 3rd, 2019| By Hazel, Estoolcarbide Project Manager

PVD Aluminum metalized parts are quite familiar to see from cars, buses, trucks, and even bicycles running on the road every day. Those parts can be car logos, lenses, optics, touch screens, mirrors, and some other exterior and interior decorative parts. They look like aluminum but when we hold it, we will find they are not metal actually. Most of them are plastics in fact.

In this article, we are going to talk about the applications of PVD Aluminum Metalized finish in automotive industry.

PVD (Physical Vapor Deposition) are sputtering and evaporation processes where materials like aluminum or hard alloys go from a condensed phase to a vapor phase and then condense as a thin film on the object to coat, which is also called Vacuum Metalizing.

PVD Aluminum Metalized Finish refers to process of coating aluminum to a non-metallic substrate through evaporation. The substrate has to be or to be made vacuum-compatible. The most common are tool materials, steels, glass, brass, zinc and ABS and polycarbonate plastic.

PVD aluminum coating will be a good option for applications requiring very thin functional coatings. PVD coating process deposited a layer of high density material

which is only a few microns thick. Once applied, the coating is hardly possible to remove and does not wear Carbide Stainless Steel Inserts itself off.

In Automotive industry, PVD Aluminum metalizing use has grown in recent years for some reasons, including the following:

• It provides the aesthetic appearance of metal parts while lowering the cost;
• It’s safer than other processes. Vacuum metalizing does not require the dangerous chemicals mixing.
• The purer process reduces the risks of chemicals in the part causing issues for people.
• It offers higher levels of resilience than metal coating in the other forms.
• It gives beneficial properties to the base material, such as high wear resistance, high hardness at high operating temperatures, high oxidation resistance, low friction, anti-sticking, high scratch resistance, etc…

In Automotive industry, almost all manufacturers, especially those auto tungsten carbide inserts manufacturers, will rack their wits about how to achieve ideal status between higher strength and lighter weight for their vehicle products. Therefore, aluminum has become a good catch instead of other metals for them due to its properties of good strength and light weight. Moreover, with the technology developing, when vacuum metalizing appeared, manufactures quickly got the idea to apply it in vehicles – PVD Aluminum metalized finish on plastic parts to replace their metal versions.

Above is a pair of glossy reflectors made by Estoolcarbide. They are prototypes for optical tests, made of PC/ABS by CNC machined and PVD Aluminum Metalized.

The optical functions can be achieved by either their aluminum version or PC/ABS + PVD aluminum metalized version. What are the advantages of PC/ABS version?

Regarding to the aesthetic effect, PVD AL metallization on plastics could have more brilliant mirror effect than mirror polished aluminum by hand crafts.

Regarding to the weight, the density of PC/ABS is 1.160 g/cm^3 while the density of Aluminum is 2.7 g/cm^3. For same volume, the AL version will be more than 2 times heavier than the PC/ABS version. The PC/ABS version favors the trend of lighter weight for car producers.

Regarding to the costs, aluminum surely costs higher than PC/ABS plastic. Besides, the heavier aluminum reflectors will cost higher on freight costs.

Besides lamp reflectors, PVD Aluminum metalized finish can also benefit for anything from luxury automotive trim to operational parts like exhaust pipes. If you are very interested in our special surface treatment services, there are more custom prototypes projects like this you can review.

Question.1: What is the difference between PVD aluminum coating and other coating processes?

PVD is a dry coating process. Usually the coating is transferred to the substrate through the aid of a medium, for example a solvent. With PVD the aluminum vapor is generated, transferred in the gas phase and deposited as a coating directly to the substrate without use of a medium. PVD only needs electrical power and cooling facilities to operate.

Question.2: Can I achieve different surface ?finishes by PVD aluminum metallization?

The PVD aluminum metallization closely follows the topology of the surface. No roughness is added or removed. Thus, the PVD finish depends upon the surface finish of the substrates. The polished or mirror surface will produce polished PVD aluminum metalized finishes; brushed or satin surfaces will produce satin or matt PVD aluminum metalized finishes. A polymer powder coating can be used as a pretreatment in order to provide a smooth glossy surface.

Question.3: Is it possible to remove PVD Aluminum Coatings?

Yes, there are de-coating processes available for removing most of PVD aluminum coatings. These processes remove only the coating layers while not affecting the majority of application substrates.

Question.4: Does PVD Aluminum Metalizing mask imperfections in the surface?

No. The process does not fill in or level out the surface. Surface imperfections will remain visible after PVD aluminum coating is applied. In fact, as PVD coatings in most cases have a high reflection, defects will become even better visible.

Question.5: Is it possible to mask certain areas on parts to prevent them from being coated?

Yes. PVD is a line-of-sight process. Therefore, it is possible to mask areas in order to prevent them from receiving coating deposits. Masking and substrate manipulation in the deposition process make it possible to coat the desired areas only.

The PVD aluminum coating favors the trend of greener and lighter manufacturing. It can even be said that the PVD aluminum coating will take a place in the future of auto manufacturing.No matter what it refers to visual or functional requirements, we can match the real production surface finfishing on both plastic and metal custom machined parts.If you are interested to know more about PVD Aluminum metalized prototyping projects of Estoolcarbide, you can contact us by the email address — info@waykerm.com. All inquiries from you will be appreciated, not only for a quote.

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North Carolina Start

?Photo courtesy: Dana Jo Photography ?

As factory openings go, it was altogether a splashy event with TV cameras and national media covering the launch of Keselowski Advanced Manufacturing (KAM) in Statesville, NC. All the attention was not too surprising given Brad Keselowski’s name recognition as a championship winning NASCAR driver Carbide Milling Inserts who currently competes for Team Penske.

Photo courtesy: Dana Jo Photography

The event was equally deserving of attention by the manufacturing world for the bold vision laid out by Keselowski and his management team. KAM promises to deliver end-to-end capabilities in engineering, hybrid manufacturing and quality control as a contract manufacturer for a range of industries from automotive to aerospace, defense and energy. “As the factory of the future, KAM will be a model in practice,” Keselowski said.

It’s a business concept that sounds great for sure, and the vision comes to life for visitors to the 70,000-square-foot facility in

North Carolina. It’s as welcoming, brightly lit and spotlessly clean as you can imagine any best-tech-company-to-work-for might be. “Impeccably maintaining our facility represents quality Cemented Carbide Inserts in manufacturing, but an orderly environment also shows respect to our people and a sense of pride in our work,” Keselowski explained.

The visitor area includes a dozen show cars as homage to the owner’s first career and his passion for speed. The rest of the facility is dedicated to engineering, material analysis, production and inspection. The aptly named subtractive room houses a neat row of new 5-axis and multi-tasking machining centers and wire EDM. Adjacent rooms are dedicated to tool management and quality control. The additive space houses the first two laser machines for printing metal, with future capacity for more than 75 similar machines.

Photo courtesy: Dana Jo Photography

The company’s value proposition is based on a “quality first” mindset in every part of the business, including vertical integration of manufacturing processes, and a fearless adoption and integration of cutting-edge technologies. In a speech to about 200 guests at the launch event, Keselowski explains his commitment to quality at each level, from the facility, equipment and tools to hiring staff, selecting suppliers and delivering product.

It’s a philosophy shared by the general manager of KAM, Steve Fetch, who was previously responsible for global quality at a leading 3D printing company. Now Fetch oversees KAM’s additive and subtractive machining processes, post-processing, and 2D/3D CT X-ray scanning to deliver complex, zero-defect parts with short lead times.

According to Fetch, it is both the capacity for serial production of hybrid parts and the full vertical integration of all of these processes that will make KAM unique as a manufacturer. “Our plan is to grow into Tier one, high-tech, high-volume production. We can do this with fast cycles of learning and customer feedback,” he said.

Photo courtesy: Dana Jo Photography

It seems logical that Keselowski’s passion for technology and manufacturing springs from an interest in how to build a winning race car. But it’s clear the connection goes deeper than that, as he explains how he plans to apply many lessons from the business of racing at his new company.

“From engineering to production, I’ve seen the top teams tackle the biggest challenges with speed and reliability,” he said. “We are ready to connect engineering and manufacturing to make parts never seen before. It’s the next industrial revolution.” ?

“It’s fantastic to work with a true entrepreneur like Brad Keselowski, and we are excited to be a partner with KAM for tooling and tool measurement systems. Brad has a bold vision for his company and great people on his team,” said Chris Kaiser, president/CEO of BIG KAISER. “We wish them all the best in this new endeavor.”?

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laser particle size analyzer

First, the basic concept of particle size analysis(1) particles: with a certain size and shape of small objects, is the basic unit of the composition of the powder. It is very small, but microscopic but contains a lot of molecules and atoms;(2) particle size: the size of particles;(3) particle size distribution: a certain way to reflect a series of different particle size particles, respectively, the percentage of the total powder;(4) the representation of the particle size distribution: table method (interval distribution and cumulative distribution), graphical method, function method, common R-R distribution, normal distribution;(5) particle size: the diameter of particles, usually in microns as a unit;(6) Equivalent particle size: When a particle of a physical properties and homogeneous spherical particles the same or similar, we use the spherical particles straightDiameter to represent the diameter of the actual particles;(7) D10, the cumulative distribution of 10% of the corresponding particle size; D50, the cumulative distribution of the percentage reached 50% of the corresponding particle size; also known as the median or median particle size; D90, the cumulative distribution of the percentage reached 90% of the corresponding particle size; D (4,3) volume or mass average particle size;Second, the commonly used particle size measurement method(1) sieving method(2) sedimentation method (gravity sedimentation method, centrifugal sedimentation method)(3) resistance method (Kurt particle counter)(4) Microscope (image) method(5) Electron microscopy(6) ultrasonic method(7) breathable method(8) laser diffraction methodAdvantages and disadvantages of various methodsSieve method: Advantages: simple, intuitive, low cost of equipment, commonly used in samples larger than 40μm. Disadvantages: can not be used for 40μm fine sample; results by human factors and sieve deformation of a greater impact.Microscope: Advantages: simple, intuitive, can be morphological analysis. Disadvantages: slow, poor representative, can not measure ultra-fine particles.Sedimentation method (including gravity settlement and centrifugal settlement): Advantages: easy to operate, the instrument can run continuously, low price, accuracy and repeatability is better, the test range is larger. Disadvantages: test time is longer.Resistance method: Advantages: easy to operate, the total number of particles can be measured, the equivalent concept clear, fast, good accuracy. Disadvantages: the test range is small, easy to be blocked by particles, the media should have strict electrical characteristics.Electron microscopy: Advantages: suitable for testing ultrafine particles or even nano-particles, high resolution. Disadvantages: less sample, poor representation, the instrument is expensive.Ultrasonic method: Advantages: direct measurement of high concentrations of pulp. Disadvantages: low resolution.Ventilation method: Advantages: instrument prices are low, do not have to disperse the sample, magnetic particles can be measured powder. Disadvantages: can only get the average particle size, can not measure the particle size distribution.Laser method: Advantages: easy to operate, fast test, test range, repeatability and accuracy, and can be measured online and dry. Disadvantages: the results affected by the distribution model, the higher the cost of the instrument.Third, the basic principle of laser particle size analyzerLaser diffraction technology began in the small angle scattering, so this technology also has the following name:Fraunhofer diffraction method(Approximately) positive light scattering methodSmall angle laser scattering method (LALLS)At present, this range of technology has been expanded to include light scattering within a wider range of angles, in addition to the approximate theory such as Fraunhofer diffraction and irregular diffraction, and the Mie theory is now used by instrument manufacturers Theory as one of the important advantages of its products.Mickey’s theory is named after a German scientist. It describes the uniform spherical particles in the uniform, non-absorbing medium and Carbide Grooving Inserts its surroundings in the space of the radiation, the particles can be completely transparent or can be completely absorbed. The Millerian theory describes that light scattering is a resonance phenomenon. If a specific wavelength of the beam encounters a particle, the particle produces an electromagnetic vibration at the same frequency as the emitted light source – irrespective of the wavelength of the light, the particle diameter, and the refractive index of the particles and the medium. The particles are tuned and received at a specific wavelength, and the energy is re-emitted within a particular spatial angular distribution as well as a relay. According to the Mie theory, it is possible to produce multiple oscillations of various probabilities, and there is a certain relationship between the cross section of the optical action and the particle size, the wavelength of Carbide Inserts light and the refractive index of the particles and the medium. If you use the Mie theory, you must know the refractive index and absorption coefficient of the sample and the medium.Fraunhofer theory is named after a German physicist, Franco and Fader, which is based on scattering at the edge of the grain and can only be applied to completely opaque particles and small angles of scattering. When the particle size is less than or equal to the wavelength, the Fraunhofer assumption that the extinction coefficient is constant is no longer applicable (it is an approximation of the Mie theory, that is, ignoring the Mi’s theory of imaginary subsets and ignoring the light scattering coefficient and Absorption coefficient, that is, all the dispersant and dispersive optical parameters are set to 1, the mathematical treatment is much simpler, the color of the material and small particles are also much larger error. The approximate Mickey theory is not applicable to the emulsion ).The laser particle size analyzer is based on the phenomenon of light diffraction, when the light through the particles when the diffraction phenomenon (its essence is the interaction of electromagnetic waves and substances). The angle of the diffracted light is inversely proportional to the size of the particle.Different sizes of particles through the laser beam when the diffraction light will fall in different positions, the location information reflects the particle size; the same large particles through the laser beam when the diffraction light will fall in the same position. The information of the diffracted light intensity reflects the percentage of particles of the same size in the sample.The laser diffraction method uses a series of photodetectors to measure the intensity of the diffracted light at different angles of the particle size of the particle, using the diffraction model, through the mathematical inversion, and then the particle size distribution of the sample.And the diffracted light intensity received by the position detector gives a percentage content of the corresponding particle size.The dependence of the intensity of the diffracted light on the particles decreases with the decrease of the particle size. When the particles are as small as several hundred nanometers, the diffraction intensity is almost completely dependent on the angle, that is, the diffracted light at this time Distributed in a wide range of angles, and the light intensity per unit area is very weak, which increases the difficulty of detection.The measurement of samples under 1um and wide particle size ranges (tens of nanometers to several thousand micrometers) is the key to the laser diffraction granulator. In general, the following techniques and optical path configurations are used:1, multi-lens technologyThe multi-lens system was widely adopted before the 1980s, using a Fourier optical path configuration, where the sample cell was placed in front of the focusing lens and equipped with a number of different focal lengths of the lens to accommodate different particle size ranges. The advantage is simple design, only need to be distributed in the tens of degrees range of focal plane detector, the cost is low. The disadvantage is that if the sample size is wide when the need to replace the lens, the results of different lenses need to be split, for some unknown particle size of the sample with a lens measurement may lose the signal or due to process changes caused by changes in sample size can not be timely reflect.2, multi-light technologyMulti-light source technology is also used in the Fourier optical path configuration that the sample cell in front of the focusing lens, generally only distributed in the range of tens of degrees angle detector, in order to increase the relative detection angle, so that the detector can receive small particles Diffracting the optical signal, and disposing the first or second laser at different angles relative to the optical axis of the first light source. The advantage of this technique is that it is only a detector that is distributed over several tens of degrees, and the cost is low. The measurement range, especially the upper limit, can be wide. The disadvantage is that the small area detector distributed in the small angle range is also used for small Particle measurement, due to the small particles of diffracted light in the unit area of the signal is weak, resulting in small particles when the signal to noise ratio is reduced, which is why the multi-light source system in the measurement range of more than 1500 microns or so, to ensure that a few microns The following small particles of accurate measurement, the need to replace the short focal length of the focus lens. In addition, the multi-lens system in the measurement of samples, the different lasers are turned on, and in the dry measurement, because the particles can only pass through the sample pool, only one light source can be used for measurement, so the general use of multi-lens technology The lower limit of the dry size is less than 250 nm.3, multi-method hybrid systemMulti-method hybrid system refers to the laser diffraction method and other methods of mixing design of the particle size analyzer, laser diffraction part of the distribution only a few tens of degrees range of the detector, and then supplemented by other methods such as PCS, generally a few microns The above is measured by laser diffraction, and particles below a few microns are measured by other methods. Theoretically, the lower limit of the particle size depends on the lower limit of the auxiliary method. The advantage of this method is that the cost is low and the overall measurement range is wide, The best measurement conditions required by the method, such as the concentration of the sample are not the same, are often difficult to balance, and in addition to the systematic error between the different methods, it is often difficult to obtain the desired result in the data fitting area of the two methods unless It is known that the particle size of the sample only falls within the range of the diffraction method or within the range of the auxiliary method. In addition, the multi-method mixing system requires two different sample cells, which is not a problem for wet measurement because the sample can be recycled, but the sample can only be circulated through the sample cell for a dry process, Method of simultaneous measurement, so a variety of methods mixed system in the dry measurement of the lower limit of the particle size can only be hundreds of nanometers.4, non-uniform cross-wide compensation for wide-angle detection technology and anti-Fourier optical systemThe wide-angle detection of non-uniform cross-wide area compensation and the anti-Fourier optical system are developed in the late 1990s. The anti-Fourier optical path configuration is used to place the cell behind the focusing lens, In a very wide range of angles, the general physical detection angle of up to 150 degrees, so that a single lens to measure tens of nanometers to several thousand microns of the sample possible, optical schematic diagram shown in the design of the detector On the use of non-uniform cross and with the increase in the size of the detector area also increased the arrangement, both to ensure that the resolution of large particles when the measurement also ensures a small particle detection signal to noise ratio and sensitivity. No need to replace the lens and other methods can be measured from tens of nanometers to several thousand microns of particles, even the dry measurement, the lower limit can reach 0.1 microns. The disadvantage of this approach is that the cost of the instrument is high relative to the previous methods.The laser beam emitted from the laser is focused by a microscope, pinhole filter and collimator collimation, into a parallel beam of about 10 mm in diameter, the beam is irradiated onto the particles to be measured, a portion of the light is scattered, Leaf lens, the radiation to the radio and television detector array. Since the radio and television detector is on the focal plane of the Fourier lens, any point on the detector corresponds to a certain scattering angle. The array of radio and television detectors consists of a series of concentric rings, each of which is a separate detector capable of linearly converting the scattered light projected onto the above into a voltage and then sending it to a data acquisition card which converts the electrical signal Zoom in, after the A / D switch to the computer.Now the actual structure of the laser particle size instrument has played a great change, but the same principle.At present, people have come to the following conclusions: (1) measuring less than 1mm of particles, you must use the Mie theory;(2) measuring more than 1mm particles, if the lower limit of measurement of the instrument is less than 3mm, the instrument still use the Mie theory, or in the particle size distribution of 1mm near the “out of nothing” a peak;(3) The laser particle size analyzer can use the diffraction theory of the conditions: the lower limit of measurement of the instrument is greater than 3mm, or the measured particles are absorbent type, and the particle size is greater than 1mm;(4) As a universal laser particle size analyzer, as long as the lower limit of measurement is less than 1mm, whether it is used to measure large particles or small particles, should use the Mie theory.Fifth, the composition of laser particle size analyzerA light source (usually a laser) is used to produce a monochromatic, coherent and parallel beam; the beam processing unit is a beam amplifier with an integrating filter that produces a beam of expanded, near-ideal light beams to illuminate the dispersed particles (A coherent strong light source with a fixed wavelength, a He-Ne gas laser (λ=0.63um).Particle disperser (wet and dry)Measure the scattering spectrum of the detector (a large number of photodiodes)Computer (for controlling equipment and calculating particle size distribution)Through technological advances, the lower limit of measurement can be 0.1um, some up to 0.02umSix, test operation steps1, preparation of equipment to install and disperse the liquid (gas)2, sample inspection, preparation, dispersion and sample concentration check the particle size range and particle shape and whether the full dispersion;3, measurement (select the appropriate optical model)4, the error from the diagnostic system of measurement error (deviation), can come from the incorrect sample preparation, deviation from the theoretical assumptions of the particles and / or due to improper operation and operation of the instrument caused;Seven, commonly used laser particle size meter manufacturersBritish Malvern laser particle size analyzer (abroad)Europe and the United States grams of laser particle size analyzer (Zhuhai)Dandong laser particle size analyzer (Liaoning)Eight, the test object1. All kinds of non-metallic powder: such as tungsten, light calcium, talc, kaolin, graphite, wollastonite, brucite, barite, mica powder, bentonite, diatomaceous earth, clay and so on.2. All kinds of metal powder: such as aluminum powder, zinc powder, molybdenum powder, tungsten powder, magnesium powder, copper powder and rare earth metal powder, alloy powder.3. Other powder: such as catalyst, cement, abrasive, medicine, pesticide, food, paint, dyes, phosphor, river sediment, ceramic raw materials, various emulsions.
Source: Meeyou Carbide

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