◎Jade Tablet - Apocrypha - 03-03
Kukai was born in 774 (Hōki 5) in Byōbugaura, Tado District, Sanuki Province. He learned poetry, Chinese, and Confucianism from his uncle, Ato no Ōtari, who served as an educator for a prince of Emperor Kanmu. At the age of 15, he was invited by Ato no Ōtari to go to Heijō-kyō (Nara), where he devoted himself to learning at his clan temple, Saeki-in.
At 18, Kukai's exam studies with his uncle Ōtari as his tutor bore fruit, and he entered the Myōkyōka (a school for becoming high-ranking officials) of the Daigaku-ryō (the imperial university).
He studied diligently to a certain extent, but dissatisfied with his studies at the Daigaku-ryō, he began practicing in the mountains around the age of 19. He dropped out of school. Afterwards, Kukai's whereabouts until his journey to Tang China are unknown.
At the age of 20, Kukai, against the wishes of his relatives, became a monk under the high priest Gonzō of Daian-ji Temple in Nara. Furthermore, he received the Kokūzō Bosatsu Gumonji-hō (Method for Seeking and Retaining Wisdom from Bodhisattva Akashagarbha) from him.
Kukai practiced in famous mountains and caves such as Mount Ōmine in Nara Prefecture and Ōtakigatake in Awa Province. While practicing at Cape Muroto in Tosa Province, chanting the mantra of Bodhisattva Akashagarbha one million times, a star (Myōjō, Venus, considered an avatar of Akashagarbha) flew into his mouth. This is thought to be a minor enlightenment.
Examples of seeing a star as enlightenment include Shakyamuni and Krishnamurti, and I don't think we need to be fixated on it not being the "sun."
What is the Kokūzō Bosatsu Gumonji-hō?
It involves continuously chanting the mantra of Bodhisattva Akashagarbha, "Nōbō Akyashakyarabaya On Arikya Maribori Sowaka," ten thousand times a day for one hundred days, while simultaneously forming mudras, visualizing Bodhisattva Akashagarbha, and consecrating gyūso (clarified butter). If successful, miraculous signs occur, such as the gyūso emitting spiritual energy, light, or smoke. Eating this gyūso is said to grant superhuman memory, enabling one to never forget anything heard, including the words and their meaning.
Kukai's source for the Kokūzō Bosatsu Gumonji-hō is considered to be the translation by Śubhākarasiṃha of the "Kokūzō Bosatsu Nōman Shogan Saisōshin Dharani Gumonji-hō." The oldest remaining texts on the Gumonji-hō are the Kakuzen Shō (Gumonji Dōisetsu) or the Asabashō (Chapter 104) (written by Shōchō).
It is written in these texts that one should chant the mantra one million times while performing image training (visualization) of Bodhisattva Akashagarbha, along with instructions about eclipses and yogurt.
Furthermore, there is a procedure within it to worship the morning star (Venus) every early morning (late night). However, since Venus can only be seen in the morning for half the year, it seems that setting the day of a solar eclipse as the completion day and aligning the training period with the time when Venus appears in the morning would have been impossible without quite advanced astronomical knowledge at the time.
In terms of mountain asceticism, it was about a hundred years after the death of En no Gyōja (the founder of Shugendō), so there were likely still people who conveyed the essence directly from him. Saichō, a contemporary of Kukai, also practiced on Mount Hiei, which had no temple buildings yet, in a hut made of woven bamboo.
Speaking of mountains, the 500-year-old immortal whom Hidekazu Sasame encountered in the Kunlun Mountains comes to mind. He was someone who practiced at a power spot of the earth, and similarly, I imagine that in Kukai's time, there were power spots in various parts of the mountains, and practices that utilized them.
However, what Yōki Tanaka felt during his Great Traverse was that humans cannot survive for three days without water or food. In the mountains, water sources are limited, places to shelter from rain and dew and meditate are even scarcer, and there is no hope for grains, so they must have sustained themselves by eating nuts and roots while practicing.
I imagine that these conditions were completely different from the Great Peak Pilgrimage of a Thousand Days accomplished by the great ascetic Ryōjun Shionuma.
Also, the one million repetitions of the Bodhisattva Akashagarbha mantra, in terms of it being a mantra, is the same as "Namu Amida Butsu" or "Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō." Situations such as:
Mantra Siddhi The world where everything is that mantra Trance
are anticipated as being brought about by it. However, I probably think that the practice was conducted along the guidance to reach the ultimate in the style of Kundalini Yoga via trance. Enhancing memory is likely only a very small part of the aim of the Kokūzō Bosatsu Gumonji-hō.
However, after experiencing the descent of the star, Kukai encountered the Mahavairocana Sutra and realized that he had not reached the ultimate.
And because there were no suitable teachers in Japan, Kukai went to Tang China in 803 and entered Chang'an on December 23, 804.
This is similar to Dante Daiji going to India and having the secrets of Kundalini Yoga revealed to him by Mahavatar Babaji.
In May 805, Kukai visited the seventh patriarch of Esoteric Buddhism, Hui-guo of Qinglong Temple in Chang'an, Tang China. Hui-guo, at their first meeting, conveyed that he had known of Kukai's coming and had been waiting for him, expressing his joy at meeting him. He explained that he was troubled because he was nearing the end of his life and had no one to whom to transmit the profound mysteries of Esoteric Buddhism, so he proposed to begin the transmission immediately. Kukai received the initiation into the Mahakarunagarbhodhatu Mandala and the Vajradhatu Mandala. Furthermore, in August, he received the initiation into the rank of Ajari of the Transmission of the Dharma and was given the initiation name Henjōkongō, meaning "the supreme one who illuminates all things in this world universally."
This was the peak of his training in Chang'an, and it is thought that he reached Mahavairocana Buddha (Nirvana) at this time.
At this time, Kukai invited about 500 people from Qinglong Temple and Daxingshan Temple, which was associated with Amoghavajra, to a meal as an expression of his gratitude.
Indeed, on December 15, 805, Hui-guo passed away at the age of 60. Kukai was only able to study under Hui-guo for about half a year, just as the prophecy at their first meeting had indicated.
In 806, Kukai returned to Japan with a large number of scriptures, the Two World Mandalas, portraits of patriarchs, Esoteric Buddhist implements, and so on.
In 809, Kukai first stayed at Makinoo-san Temple in Izumi Province and in July entered Takaosan-ji Temple, which was a private temple of the Wake clan.
Afterwards, Kukai, leveraging the patronage of Emperor Saga, established Tō-ji Temple as a training hall for Shingon Esoteric Buddhism and founded Mount Kōya, among many other achievements.
In particular, from January 8, 835, he conducted the Go-shichinichi no Mishihō (Seven-Day Imperial Ritual) in the imperial court, which continues to this day. It should not be overlooked that this marked the beginning of the imperial family, who were originally Shintoists, also having Shingon Esoteric Buddhism as a backbone.
Kukai stopped eating the five grains three years before his death. On December 12, 832, he "deeply厌世 (en世 -厭世,厌う世を深く思う,厌う世を深く思う) and constantly devoted himself to zazen," entering a state of only meditating without eating the five grains, and spent the remaining two years or so in this way.
Thus, two years of meditative samadhi passed, and in January 835, he stopped accepting water and other drinks. His bewildered disciples still urged him to take water and drinks, but Kukai sternly refused, saying, "Stop, stop, do not use human flavors."
Even in the Ten Thousandfold Great Fire Ritual, seven days of water deprivation is the limit, but Kukai continued this for approximately two months until his death on March 21.
It is said that accomplished Kundalini Yogis can transform their bodies and survive by "eating mist," but it seems that by the time he stopped taking fluids in January, his body had already undergone such a transformation.
Given that Kukai was able to wield so many psychic powers, transforming his body would have been a piece of cake for him. Spending his last few years in meditation was likely the natural way of life for a first-rate mystic. His actions resemble those of immortals in biographies of immortals. Perhaps he was no longer attached to his physical body and his life had become centered on the astral realm.
He passed away on March 21, lying on his right side, which means that Kukai chose a way of dying that involved leaving his physical body behind. Since he could live without taking in fluids, he could have likely achieved shikai (corpse liberation) if he had wanted to, but I sense Kukai's intention in deliberately leaving his physical body behind in death. He was truly a Kundalini Yogi.