井上達夫『法という企て』

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法哲学の課題は結局，二つの問いに集約されます．「法とは何であるか」と「法は何であるべきか」です．前者は法概念論，後者は正義論と呼ばれます．

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法の脱物神化とここで言うのは，正義をめぐる私たちの論争・闘争を超えた中立性の高みに鎮座する特権的存在としてではなく，この論争・闘争のただ中で絶えず自己自身を問い直し批判的に再編する実践として法を位置づけ直すことです．
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References
『法という企て』著者からのメッセージ:井上達夫
http://www.utp.or.jp/bulletin/kuwadate-hitokoto.html

Palmer, E. M., & Kellman, P. J. (2003).

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This model makes an unintuitive prediction: If two parts of a moving object appear together perfectly aligned, and then one part becomes occluded, there will be a strong illusion of misalignment. Results from 2 experiments confirm this prediction, and suggest that it takes approximately 40ms to bind visible and occluded regions of an image.
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References
Palmer, E. M., & Kellman, P. J. (2003). (Mis)Perception of motion and form after occlusion: Anorthoscopic perception revisited [Abstract]. Journal of Vision, 3(9), 251a, http://journalofvision.org/3/9/251/, doi:10.1167/3.9.251.
http://journalofvision.org/3/9/251/

Multiple comparisons

10. Examples of Linear Model Analyses (manchp10.pdf)
10.8 Randomized complete blocks
10.8.1 Multiple comparisons
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Macro pairedcomp in file design.mac distributed with MacAnova is to be run immediately after an anova() command. It computes all the pairwise differences in the effects for a factor and displays them in a form that indicates which are significantly different.
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References
MacAnova 4.07 Users' Guide
ftp://ftp.stat.umn.edu/pub/macanova/docs/manual/ManualTOC.html

Randomized Block ANOVA

Randomized Block (Two-way) Analysis of Variance (anova(), factor(), tabs())

Cmd> failures <- vector(8,10,12,13,11, 2,6,7,11,5, 4,10,9,8,10, 3,5,9,10,6, 9,7,5,5,3)

Cmd> reps <- factor(rep(run(5),5))#vector(1,2,3,4,5,1,2,3,4,5,...,)

Cmd> treatment<-factor(rep(run(5),rep(5,5)))#vector(1,1,1,1,1,2,..)

Cmd> hconcat(reps, treatment, failures) # see them all
(1,1) 1 1 8
(2,1) 2 1 10
(3,1) 3 1 12
(4,1) 4 1 13
(5,1) 5 1 11
(6,1) 1 2 2
(7,1) 2 2 6
(8,1) 3 2 7
(9,1) 4 2 11
(10,1) 5 2 5
(11,1) 1 3 4
(12,1) 2 3 10
(13,1) 3 3 9
(14,1) 4 3 8
(15,1) 5 3 10
(16,1) 1 4 3
(17,1) 2 4 5
(18,1) 3 4 9
(19,1) 4 4 10
(20,1) 5 4 6
(21,1) 1 5 9
(22,1) 2 5 7
(23,1) 3 5 5
(24,1) 4 5 5
(25,1) 5 5 3

Cmd> tabs(failures,treatment,mean:T,count:T) # treatment means component: mean
component: mean
(1) 10.8 6.2 8.2 6.6 5.8
component: count
(1) 5 5 5 5 5

Cmd> tabs(failures, reps, mean:T,count:T) # block means component: mean
component: mean
(1) 5.2 7.6 8.4 9.4 7
component: count
(1) 5 5 5 5 5


Cmd> anova("failures = reps + treatment",fstat:T) # do ANOVA Model used is failures = reps + treatment
Model used is failures = reps + treatment
DF SS MS F P-value
CONSTANT 1 1413.8 1413.8 261.32348 p<1e-08 treatment 4 83.84 20.96 3.87431 0.021886
ERROR1 16 86.56 5.41

出力画面どおりの画面配置ではない。もとの画面は見やすいし、必要充分で使いやすいと思う。

References
An Introduction to MacAnova
pp.62

describe()

Cmd> x <- vector(prob_1[,1]); y <- vector(prob_1[,2])

Cmd> describe(y) # y is the second column of prob_1
component: n
(1) 8
component: min
(1) 1.9
component: q1
(1) 3.05
component: median
(1) 4.2
component: q3
(1) 5.6
component: max
(1) 7.9
component: mean
(1) 4.4375
component: var
(1) 3.6027

Combining vectors and matrices

Combining vectors and matrices vector(), hconcat() and vconcat()
Example

Cmd> vector(prob_1) # prob_1 is the 8 by 2 matrix used before
(1) 0.34 0.35 0.39 0.39 0.41
(6) 0.41 0.49 0.68 2.8 1.9
(11) 3.3 5.6 4.2 5.6 4.2
(16) 7.9

First you get all the values in column 1 of data, followed by the values in column 2. Sometimes you will want to make a larger matrix by combining together side by side two or more vectors or matrices. Obviously all the pieces must have the same number of rows. For example, suppose you want to put vectors x and y back together in a matrix, together with a column containing the case numbers.
Example
Cmd> data1 <- hconcat(vector(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8),x,y); data1
(1,1) 1 0.34 2.8
(2,1) 2 0.35 1.9
(3,1) 3 0.39 3.3
(4,1) 4 0.39 5.6
(5,1) 5 0.41 4.2
(6,1) 6 0.41 5.6
(7,1) 7 0.49 4.2
(8,1) 8 0.68 7.9
This has produced the 8 by 3 matrix data1.

MacAnova : 入力 例（行列）

Cmd> prob_1 <-matrix(vector(.34,.35,.39,.39,.41,.41,.49,.68,2.8,1.9,3.3,5.6,4.2,5.6,4.2,7.9), 8)

Cmd> prob_1
(1,1) 0.34 2.8
(2,1) 0.35 1.9
(3,1) 0.39 3.3
(4,1) 0.39 5.6
(5,1) 0.41 4.2
(6,1) 0.41 5.6
(7,1) 0.49 4.2
(8,1) 0.68 7.9

MacAnova : help 例

Cmd> help(anova:"?")
Available subtopics for topic 'anova' are:
usage
examples_1
weights
omitting_model
side_effect_variables_created
keywords
balanced_designs
nonbalanced_designs
after_regress
see_also
Type help(anova:vector("subtopicA","subtopicB",...))

MacAnova 出力例

Example
Cmd> w <- sqrt(10); w # print w with default significance
(1) 3.1623