Dale, E. (1946, 1954, 1969). Audio-visual methods in teaching. New York: Dryden.
実はあの数字はでっち上げだという話．どこまで本当なのか．
http://www.willatworklearning.com/2006/05/people_remember.html
以下
http://www.internettourbus.com/arch/Dales_Cone_Drum_Corps-A072706.html
より
Dale's Cone of Nonesense
Audience: Educators, Librarians, and Trainers
Since many Tourbus riders are also educators or librarians, I thought I'd don my powder blue academic hood [see http://tinyurl.com/qjubv ] and share with you some interesting academic research. There is a concept in education called "Dale's Cone of Experience" that states that people generally remember:
10% of what they read
20% of what they hear
30% of what they see
50% of what they hear and see
70% of what they say or write
90% of what they as they do a thing
Often displayed graphically as a cone -- see http://teacherworld.com/dalescone.gif -- Dale's Cone has had a profound impact on the way we teach both children and adults.
And it is a complete and total fraud.
No, really. Will Thalheimer at Work-Learning Research delved into Dale's Cone and discovered that:
1. While Edgar Dale indeed did indeed create a model of the
concreteness of various audio-visual material back in 1946, the model contained no numbers and no research was conducted to create the model. Dale's Cone was just a hunch, albeit an educated hunch, one that Dale warned shouldn't be taken too literally.
2. The percentages -- 'people generally remember 10% of what they
read' and so on -- were most likely added to Dale's Cone by an employee of the Mobil Oil company in the late 1960s. These percentages have since been discredited.
You can see Thalheimer's complete report online at
http://www.work-learning.com/chigraph.htm
It's an eye-opening read, especially if you're an educator, librarian or trainer. Let me also put in a plug for Thalheimer's blog at
http://www.willatworklearning.com/
While I've known about Thalheimer's investigation into Dale's Cone for a couple of years now, I've only recently discovered his blog. It contains a collection of "research-based commentary on learning, performance, and the industry thereof."
実はあの数字はでっち上げだという話．どこまで本当なのか．
http://www.willatworklearning.com/2006/05/people_remember.html
以下
http://www.internettourbus.com/arch/Dales_Cone_Drum_Corps-A072706.html
より
Dale's Cone of Nonesense
Audience: Educators, Librarians, and Trainers
Since many Tourbus riders are also educators or librarians, I thought I'd don my powder blue academic hood [see http://tinyurl.com/qjubv ] and share with you some interesting academic research. There is a concept in education called "Dale's Cone of Experience" that states that people generally remember:
10% of what they read
20% of what they hear
30% of what they see
50% of what they hear and see
70% of what they say or write
90% of what they as they do a thing
Often displayed graphically as a cone -- see http://teacherworld.com/dalescone.gif -- Dale's Cone has had a profound impact on the way we teach both children and adults.
And it is a complete and total fraud.
No, really. Will Thalheimer at Work-Learning Research delved into Dale's Cone and discovered that:
1. While Edgar Dale indeed did indeed create a model of the
concreteness of various audio-visual material back in 1946, the model contained no numbers and no research was conducted to create the model. Dale's Cone was just a hunch, albeit an educated hunch, one that Dale warned shouldn't be taken too literally.
2. The percentages -- 'people generally remember 10% of what they
read' and so on -- were most likely added to Dale's Cone by an employee of the Mobil Oil company in the late 1960s. These percentages have since been discredited.
You can see Thalheimer's complete report online at
http://www.work-learning.com/chigraph.htm
It's an eye-opening read, especially if you're an educator, librarian or trainer. Let me also put in a plug for Thalheimer's blog at
http://www.willatworklearning.com/
While I've known about Thalheimer's investigation into Dale's Cone for a couple of years now, I've only recently discovered his blog. It contains a collection of "research-based commentary on learning, performance, and the industry thereof."
http://www.work-learning.com/chigraph.htm
言いたいことは分かったような気がします。Daleの元文献にはpercentageの記載はなかったみたいですね。伝言ゲームみたいに、少しずつ真実がすり替わっていくということが、validityとreliabilityが全てと言わんばかりのacademicの世界でも起こっている、ということでしょうか。
それにしても、情報を分析する機会が増すにつれ、広い意味でのメディア（論文、ネット、テレビ、雑誌、などなど）が、その一般的な理念とは裏腹に、中立公正ではあり得ない、ということをますます強く感じるようになりました。まあ、それだからこそ、（例えば批判的吟味のような）見分ける眼を養うことが大事なのだろうとは思いますが、一方で私のような怠け者は、諦め半分でもあります。ニャゴウ先生の気持ちも何となく分かるような気がします。
真に中立公正な情報（真実？真理？）というのは、どこに存在するのでしょうね。